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American Society for Horticultural Science
HortScience

American Society for Horticultural Science

0018-5345

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    Growth, Gas Exchange, and Mineral Nutrients of Albizia julibrissin and Sophora japonica Irrigated with Saline Water

    Paudel, AsmitaSun, Youping
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Albizia julibrissin (mimosa tree) and Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) are drought-tolerant landscape plants; however, salinity responses of these two species are not well documented. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of these two species to three salinity levels in greenhouse conditions. Two studies were conducted in the summer/early fall of 2020 and the spring of 2021. In 2020, uniform plants were irrigated weekly for the first 2 weeks and every other day for the following 3 weeks with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS.m(-1) as a control or saline solution at ECs of 5.0 or 10.0 dS.m(-1). In 2021, plants were irrigated weekly for 8 weeks with the same treatment solutions as described previously. Albizia julibrissin and S. japonica survived in both experiments with minimal foliar salt damage (leaf burn or necrosis). Irrigation water at ECs of 5.0 and 10.0 dS.m(-1) reduced plant height and dry weight (DW) of both species. In the fall experiment, A. julibrissin irrigated with a saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS.m(-1) had the highest reduction in plant height (61%) compared with the control. Albizia julibrissin and S. japonica irrigated with a saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS.m(-1) had 52% and 47% reductions in shoot DW compared with the control, respectively. In the spring experiment, compared with the control, there were 72% and 45% reductions in height of A. julibrissin and S. japonica, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS.m(-1). In addition, compared with the control, A. julibrissin and S. japonica had 58% and 64% reductions in shoot DW, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS.m(-1). Increasing salinity levels in the irrigation water also reduced leaf greenness [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAR)], leaf net photosynthesis rate (P-n), stomatal conductance (g(S)), and transpiration rate (E) of both species. Furthermore, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations in leaves were affected by elevated salinity levels in the irrigation water. Visual score, P-n, g(S), and E negatively correlated to Na+ and Cl- concentrations in leaves. But Cl- accumulation had more impact on the growth of A. julibrissin and S.japonica. In summary, both species were tolerant to saline solution irrigation up to 5.0 dS.m(-1) and moderately tolerant to saline solution irrigation up to 10.0 dS.m(-1).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Using Plugs and Hydrogels to Establish Populations of Prairie Dropseed, a Critical Native Grass, in Restored Prairies in Minnesota

    Brewer, KatherineErry-Meyer, Mary Ho CkenbGalatowitsch, SusanHokanson, Stan C....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：Prairie dropseed [Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray] is a critical North American native grass that is often not incorporated into prairie restoration seed mixes due to its low survival and growth rates. This project investigated using hydrogels, landscape plugs, and native field soil to improve the survival and growth of prairie dropseed. At three tallgrass prairie restoration sites at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, we planted prairie dropseed plugs in Fall 2019, Spring 2020, and Fall 2020. When grown in the field from 42 to 94 weeks, we found that potting mix-grown plugs had increased growth as measured by dry weight compared with plugs grown in native soils. Soil medium did not influence survival rates. The use of hydrogels did not demonstrate increased survival or growth compared with plugs planted with water. We recommend land managers and restorationists use plugs grown in commercial potting mix rather than grown in native soils, and we found no advantage in using hydrogels over watering at planting.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Effect of Light-emitting Diodes, Ultraviolet-B, and Fluorescent Supplemental Greenhouse Lights on Strawberry Plant Growth and Response to Infection by the Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

    Smith, Barbara J.Rezazadeh, AmirStafne, Eric T.Sakhanokho, Hamidou F....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Supplemental lighting is frequently used to extend daylength for strawberries (Fragaria xananassa) grown in greenhouses and high tunnels; however, information is limited on the effect of these lights on disease development. We evaluated the effect of ambient light and six supplemental light treatments [red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), separately; a combination of red, blue, and white LEDs; wide-spectrum fluorescent (WSF); and WFS + ultraviolet B (UV-B)] on plant growth and disease response of strawberries grown in a greenhouse. Plants were exposed to supplemental light treatments for 17 h each day. In the WSF+UV-B treatment, plants were exposed to WSF light during the day and to UV-B light for 3 hours during the night. Two trials were conducted; each trial contained five or six cultivars and was replicated three times. Twice during each trial, detached leaves from each cultivar in each light treatment were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the anthracnose crown rot pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and rated for disease severity 10 days later. There was a significant difference due to light treatment and to cultivar in relative chlorophyll content and plant growth parameters. Plant injury ratings were lowest in the white LED, WSF, and WSF+UV-B treatments. Plants in the combination LED and red LED light treatments received higher injury, lower vigor scores, and lower relative chlorophyll content values than plants in all other light treatments. After inoculation of detached strawberry leaves with C. gloeosporioides in Trial 1, there was a significant effect due to light treatments on disease severity ratings (DSRs) after 18 weeks' exposure to light treatments with the DSRs in the WSF+UV-B treatment being lower than those in all other treatments except those in the red LED treatment. There was not a significant effect in DSRs due to light treatments after 24 weeks in Trial 1 or after 4 or 22 weeks in Trial 2. There were significant effects due to cultivar on DSRs in both trials: 'Strawberry Festival', 'Pelican', and 'Seascape' received the lowest DSRs. This study showed an effect of supplemental light on several strawberry plant growth parameters, including a harmful effect of high-intensity red LED irradiation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Comparative Performance of Fungicides, Biofungicides, Host-plant Defense Inducers, and Fertilizer in Management of Phytophthora Root Rot on Boxwood

    Neupane, SandhyaBaysal-Gurel, Fulya
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, is one of the destructive diseases of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) and can affect all growth stages of field- and container-grown boxwood plants. Management is a problem and is only possible through an integrated approach. In this study, the efficacy of fungicides, biofungicides, host-plant defense inducers, and fertilizer were evaluated to manage Phytophthora root rot of boxwood. The objective of this experiment was to develop fungicide and biofungicide recommendations for Phytophthora root rot management in boxwood production. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2019 (Trial 1) and 2020 (Trial 2). The field experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four plots per treatment with five single 'Green Velvet' boxwood plants per plot. The greenhouse experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five single 'Green Velvet' container-grown boxwood plants per treatment. Plots/containers were inoculated with P. nicotianae grown on rice grains. Plant growth data such as height and average width were recorded at the beginning and end of the experiments. Total plant fresh weight and root fresh weight were recorded at the end of the experiments. Roots were assessed for root rot disease severity using a scale of 0% to 100% roots affected. Treatments used in both experiments were fungicides-ametoctradin + dimethomorph, fluzapyroxad, mefenoxam, oxathiapiprolin, pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin + boscalid; host-plant defense inducers-aluminum tris-drench, aluminum tris-foliar, potassium salts of phosphoric acid; biofungicides-Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain T-22 + Trichoderma virens strain G-41, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Priest; fertilizer-water-soluble nitrogen (nitrogen 5%) and soluble potash; and combination of water-soluble nitrogen, soluble potash, and T. harzianum Rifai strain T-22 + T. virens strain G-41. All treatments were drench applied except one of the aluminum tris, which was applied as foliar. The controls were nontreated, inoculated and nontreated, and non-inoculated boxwood plants. In the greenhouse experiments, treatments that effectively reduced disease severity were pyraclostrobin, ametoctradin + dimethomorph, and oxathiapiprolin. In the field experiments, treatments such as pyraclostrobin, oxathiapiprolin, mefenoxam, fluzapyroxad, and combination of water-soluble nitrogen (nitrogen 5%), soluble potash, and T. harzianum Rifai strain T-22 + T. virens strain G-41 effectively reduced Phytophthora root rot severity. Oxathiapiprolin and pyraclostrobin are the chemical fungicides that were effective in both field and greenhouse experiments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Rain-shelter Cultivation Affects the Accumulation of Volatiles in 'Shuijing' Grape Berries during Development

    Sun, QingyangZhao, YueZhu, ShushengDu, Fei...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rain-shelter cultivation could protect grape berries from many diseases and affect grape berry quality. However, there have been few studies of the effects of rain-shelter cultivation on the accumulation of volatiles in Shuijing grapes grown in Yunnan Province. Therefore, the goal of this research was to explore the effects of rain-shelter cultivation on the accumulation of volatiles in Shuijing grape berries during development. The Shuijing grapes used during this study were grown in the Yunnan Province of southwest China in two consecutive vintages (2018 and 2019). The results showed that rainshelter cultivation promoted grape ripening and inhibited volatiles synthesis in Shuijing grape berries. However, the application of rain shelters did not affect the accumulation patterns of volatiles; instead, it affected the concentrations of volatiles in Shuijing grape berries, especially during the maturation phase [12-15 weeks after flowering (WAF)]. The concentrations of isoprenoid-derived volatiles (2019), fatty acid-derived volatiles, and amino acid-derived benzenoids in Shuijing grape berries were decreased by rain-shelter cultivation during the maturation phase. The concentration of 2,5-dimethy1-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone (mesifurane) was also decreased by rain-shelter cultivation during the late maturation phase (14 and 15 WAF). A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the vintage had a much greater influence on the physicochemical parameters and volatiles of the Shuijing grape berries than the cultivation method. This work reveals the formation and accumulation patterns of volatiles of Shuijing grape berries under rainshelter cultivation during development and has significance for exploring the potential of rain-shelter cultivation in grape-producing regions with excessive rainfall.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Watermelon Seedling Quality, Growth, and Development as Affected by Grafting and Chilling Exposure During Simulated Transportation

    Ertle, John M.Kubota, Chieri
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Grafted watermelon plants available in the United States are typically transported for a long distance from a specialized nursery to the production field. To investigate the effects of chilling stress during transportation on the early plant growth and development, grafted and nongrafted ???Tri-X-313??? seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings were subjected to low-temperature treatments applied over a 72-hour period. The first experiment exposed grafted and nongrafted seedlings to 0, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours of 1??C chilling, and then were moved to a 12??C growth chamber for the remainder of the chilling treatment period. The second experiment exposed nongrafted seedlings to seven different combinations of chilling duration (0, 24, 32, 41, 44, or 48 hours) to create varied chilling degree hours (CDH) at different temperatures (between 20.4 ??C and 1.2??C). After 72 hours, seedlings were transplanted in pots filled with a commercial substrate in a greenhouse to evaluate the early plant growth and floral development. Each experiment had two repeats (spring and summer) with a randomized complete block design (n = 10). Although greater exposure to chilling negatively affected visual quality and photosynthetic capacity [measured by chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm)] in both repeats, delay in flowering after transplanting was significant in spring only and increased with increasing CDH (up to 6 days with 48 hours of 1??C exposure). Grafting was found to mitigate the degree of flowering delay when the same chilling exposure was applied. When chilling temperatures were varied, visual damage of leaves, decrease in Fv/Fm, and delays in female flower development were best correlated with CDH at a base temperature of 15??C, 3??C, and 4??C, respectively. Our experiments and further analyses with available literature data suggest that 50 to 70 CDH4 [CDH with base temperature (BT) = 4??C] seems to be a critical threshold to cause significant delay in female flower development (3.5 days for grafted and 1.3 days for nongrafted plants). Therefore, if temperatures lower than 4??C are expected during transportation of seedlings, we suggest mitigation measures be taken so that CDH4 do not reach greater than 50 degree hours.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Effects of Glyphosate Application on Preharvest Fruit Drop and Yield in 'Valencia' Citrus

    Gairhe, BiwekDittmar, PeterKadyampakeni, DavieBatuman, Ozgur...
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：The use of glyphosate as a post-emergent weed management tool is crucial in Florida citrus production. However, extensive and nonjudicious application of glyphosate has drawn increasing concerns about its inadvertent effects on citrus, mainly linked to its possible impacts on preharvest fruit drop. Our study investigated the effect of applying glyphosate in the tree rows near the fruit harvesting window on fruit drop and yield in ???Valencia??? sweet orange. Field trials were conducted at Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL. The experiments had a randomized complete block design with four replications. Three different doses of glyphosate within the labeled range of rates in citrus (i.e., low, medium, and high at 0.84, 2.10, and 4.20 kg acid equivalents of glyphosate per hectare, respectively) along with a water control treatment were sprayed in ???Valencia??? citrus tree rows close to the harvesting period and assessed for their effects on preharvest fruit drop and yield. Our findings show that glyphosate application near the harvesting window may influence the fruit detachment force (FDF) in Valencia citrus; however, no significant effect on increasing fruit drop or reducing yield was observed during this 2-year study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Anti-hail Net in Korla Fragrant Pear Planting

    Wang, HaoSu, Yuan-haoBao, Jian-ping
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Korla fragrant pear is the main pear variety and one of the most famous fruits in Southern Xinjiang. The use of protective nets in fruit tree production is in-creasing; however, the cultivation of Korla fragrant pear in Xinjiang has yet to be de-veloped. Therefore, we used the ground and underground microclimate anti-hail network and open-air conditions to determine the fruit quality and measure tree growth-related indicators. Additionally, we subsequently recorded the average yield of fragrant pear fruits to evaluate their economic value under the anti-hail net and open-air environments. Furthermore, we performed a correlation analysis to explore the correlation between environmental factors and fruit quality and growth under the two conditions. We found that the anti-hail net cover provided a conducive environ-ment for the vegetative and reproductive growth of trees. Under similar fruit quality conditions, the average yield was markedly higher under the anti-hail net environ-ment than under the open-air environment. Furthermore, the economic benefit under the anti-hail net was higher for all factors, except for the average facility cost during the previous year, than that under the open-air condition.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    Controlled Pollination to Assess Intraspecific Compatibility Among Passiflora incarnata Genotypes from Different Provenances

    Stafne, Eric T.
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Passiflora incarnata L., commonly known as maypop, is a wild passion fruit na-tive to many areas of the eastern and southern United States where the climate ranges from subtropical to temperate. Although P. incarnata has had little attention paid to it for breeding purposes, it could be used in breeding for fruit production and possibly con-tribute cold hardiness genes in combination with other Passiflora species. The study was performed in 2018, 2019, and 2021 at the Mississippi State University South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS, United States. Passiflora propagules were collected from various locations: Florida (FL), Illinois (IL), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), and Oklahoma (OK). Of the 122 flowers across the five P. incarnata genotypes from differing locations, none of them produced a fruit or had any indication of success-ful or partially successful fertilization when selfed, indicating strong self-incompatibility. If self-compatibility does exist in nature, it is likely to be rare. However, certain combina-tions of P. incarnata from different locations produced successful fruiting, including IL x MO (52% success), FL x MO (85%), FL x OK (80%), MS x OK (40%), MO x IL (50%), MO x OK (40%), and OK x MO (80%). The differences across provenances show that incompatibility exists within P. incarnata but can depend on location. Overall, fruit weight, fruit size, and soluble solids content measured in this study were similar to and, in some cases, greater than those previously reported. These differences help to illus-trate the diversity within P. incarnata and the still-untapped potential for breeding im-provements. The problem of self-incompatibility is complex and there is much to learn about how Passiflora species, especially P. incarnata, function. Much of the U.S. domestic market is not familiar with passion fruit, especially as a table fresh product. This could be a barrier to adoption, but it could also prove to be an opportunity to create a niche within the present market and expand it. Although maypop fruit quality is not equal to that of Passiflora edulis Sims, selecting superior wild genotypes with desirable attributes to be used in future intra-and interspecific breeding is possible based on the results of this study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science

    A New Flowering Crabapple Cultivar Named Malus 'Juan Zhulian'

    Zeng, JieZhou, TingZhang, DonglinZhang, Wangxiang...
    2页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Amer Soc Horticultural Science