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The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

0019-5022

The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences/Journal The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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    Site-specific nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa): Status and prospect-A review

    L K BAISHYASHIVA DHAR MISHRATEEKAM SINGH
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) plays a vital role in increasing crop profitability, maintaining soil health and reducing environmental pollution. Field experiments and demonstrations conducted across southeast (SE) Asia were conducted during2020-21 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and observed that SSNM includes various nutrient management practices and each practice have a positive impact on fulfilling its vital role. After a thorough study, this review reflects that fertilizer recommendations based on targeted yield concept were more balanced, profitable and helpful in controlling soil nutrient mining and essential for sustainable crop production. Establishment of an attainable yield target, based on location, season, climate, rice cultivar and crop management ensures effective use of existing indigenous nutrients such as from soil, organic amendments, crop residue, manure and irrigation water and application of fertilizer to dynamically fill the deficit between crop needs and indigenous supply and to maintain soil fertility. Moreover, use of nitrification inhibitor, deep placement of nitrogen (N) and NPK fertilizers reduces the loss of N fertilizers up to 20% and increases rice yield up to 10%. The leaf colour charts (LCC), chlorophyll meter or SPAD are inexpensive need based tools for fertilizer N management that can reduce the excessive application of N (10-50%). Optical sensor-based nitrogen management is an alternative to LCC and SPAD that can quickly and reliably monitor N requirements of rice. On the other hand, the dissemination of SSNM through LCC, SPAD, QUEFT models, optical sensor etc., requires training of researchers, local extension workers, fertilizer retailers, and farmer leaders on techniques and guidelines for enabling rice farmers. Therefore, a simple nutrient decision support tool, Nutrient Expert~R (NE) is useful to develop strategies to manage fertilizer N, P and K tailored to farmer’s field or growing environment. However, comparative evaluation of different SSNM approach is essential for location wise fertilizer prescription for increasing crop profitability, soil health and environmental safety.
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    Morpho-physiological studies associated with flowering in high-density planted guava (Psidium guajava)

    P H NIKUMBHEJ UCHOIV K SINGH
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：The study was carried out to know the mechanism of less or no flowering in well maintained high-density planted (CHDP) guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard (2 m x 2 m) during 2014 and 2015. Biochemical parameters determine flowering and fruiting in high-density planted guava orchard of 15 years old. Maximum length (17.48 cm), diameter (3.68 mm) of shoot and number of leaves pair (5.49) per shoot were found in flowering plants; highest leaf area (32.20 cm2) was observed in non-flowering plants. With respect to biochemical parameters, total chlorophyll (5.05 mg/g), chlorophyll a (3.02 mg/g), chlorophyll a (2.03 mg/g), total sugars (15949.57 pg/g dry wt.), starch in leaves (2361.50 pg/g dry wt.) and roots (2024.45 pg/g dry wt.) were highest in matured leaves of flowering plants. Whereas, mature leaves of flowering plants of guava showed lowest Chlorophyll a: b ratio (1.58 mg/g). Anthocyanin content was highest (0.052 mg/g) in the immature leaves of flowering plants. Similarly, Chlorophyll b content in leaf was found less (0.72 mg/g) in the non-flowering plant compared to a flowering plant. Allahabad Safeda and L-49 cultivars are better among the four cultivars in such phenomenon of in bearing level of old guava orchard. Relevant information got in thestudy of Chlorophyll b, which indirectly plays important role in flowering and fruiting. Chlorophyll b increases the range of light, which is used by the plant for producing energy.
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    Performance of marker-assisted backcross bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety Vnnat PBW 343 under diverse environments

    HARI RAMNEHA GUPTAGURBRINDER SINGH
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：The field studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of newly developed wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) variety Unnat PBW 343 through marker-assisted backcross breeding under different sowing environments. The experiment was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2014—15 to 2016-17 in split-plot design replicated thrice with two main plot treatments [timely sown conditions-1st week of November and late sown conditions-lst week of December] and five wheat genotypes {Unnat PBW 343, PBW 343, HD 2967, PBW 621 and WH 1105) including one developed through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Based on the pooled analysis, timely sown crop recorded significantly higher grain yield (23.8%) than late sown crop. Lowest yellow rust score was recorded in Unnat PBW 343 over all the check varieties. Among wheat varieties, mean grain yield of Unnat PBW 343 was the highest and statistically at par with PBW 621 and WH 1105 in different years and showed significant improvement over check varieties PBW 343 and HD 2967. So, Unnat PBW 343 found to be resistant to yellow rust and can be sown under timely sown conditions in northwestern Indian conditions.
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    Impact of chitosan on quality and storability of plums (Prunus salicina) under supermarket conditions

    PUSHPENDRA KUMARSHRUTI SETHI
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the present study, effect of chitosan coating on storage quality of plum fruit (Prunus salicina Lindley, cv. Santa Rosa) was investigated under supermarket conditions during 2013 at ICAR-IARI. After coating the plum fruits with 2% chitosan and water, they were stored at 20±l°C and 90±2% RH for 15 days. Fruit firmness, colour characteristics (hue and chroma), respiration and ethylene evolution rate, physiological loss in weight, antioxidant activity and total phenols were measured along with theactivities for pectin methylesterase and malondialdehyde content. Chitosan application resulted in better firmness of fruits, retarded ethylene evolution and respiration rates and least colour changes as compared with the control. Reduction of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were also significantly inhibited by chitosan. Furthermore, fruits coated with chitosan also exhibited a significantly lower pectin methylesterase activity throughout the storage period. Moreover, the production of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced in the coated samples. The results clearly demonstrate that dip treatment of fruits in 2% chitosan could be an effective means to enhance the shelf-life and maintain postharvest quality of Santa Rosa plums during storage.
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    Economic impact assessment of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resistance breeding in India: An ex-ante analysis

    PURUSHOTTAM SHARMAB U DUPARESANJAY GUPTA
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) is one of the most prevalent soybean diseases particularly in Krishna basin area of Karnataka and Maharashtra, which can cause losses from 10-100%. The research conducted to estimate benefits from adoption ofrust resistant soybean varieties in rust prone districts of Karnataka and Maharashtra using primary data collected from adopter and non-adopter fanners for the crop year 2017-18. Rust resistant varieties require less chemical pesticides and reduce yieldloss. The study estimated potential economic benefits in terms of economic surplus for rust resistant varieties. In normal conditions, total benefits from the adoption of rust resistant soybean varieties using the economic surplus model was estimated at198.8 crores per annum at a discount rate of 5% and 99.3 crores at 8% discount rate, respectively. Adoption of rust resistant varieties performed well over other varieties in reducing yield loss and cost of cultivation. The popularization of these varieties in rust prone areas to cope up with this biotic stress is needed.
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    Performance of newly developed faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties in different agro-ecological condition of Eastern India

    ANIL KUMAR SINGHR S PAANR K SINGH
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：Two varieties, the Swarana Suraksha and Swarana Gaurav of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), developed at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna; were evaluated against check variety Vikrant, for its suitability under different agro-ecological conditions of Eastern region of India. Performance evaluations were done at multilocation in eastern Indo Gangetic plains of Bihar; semiarid saline condition of Uttar Pradesh and in the acidic condition of hills and plateau region of Jharkhand. The multiplication testing was conducted during 2013-14 to 2015-16. Significantly higher yields of 3.03 t/ha and 4.32 t/ha were recorded with Swarana Suraksha while 2.31 t/ha and 4.91 t/ha for Swarana Gaurav under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Location wise significantly maximum seed yield of 3.61 t/ha was recorded at IARI, Pusa and the corresponding minimum of 2.33 t/ha was recorded at ICAR Ranchi centre. Individually, under irrigated condition, Swarana Gaurav produced significantly higher yield of5.57 t/ha at IARI, Pusa. Swarana Suraksha was found suitable for both, rainfed and irrigated conditions; whereas Swarana Gaurav was suitable for irrigated condition. These two varieties are already been notified by the Cenral Varietal Release Committee for its cultivation in Bihar; but both the varieties could be recommended for its cultivation in Eastern states. Currently, both the developed varieties are under multiplication at ICAR Research complex for Eastern Region, Patna, right from 2015-16 onwards to introduce in seed chain by 2020-21.
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    Weed competition affecting growth and yield in ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi)

    RAVINDRA SINGHSHARDA CHOUDHARYR S MEHTA
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Weeds compete with crop plants throughput the plant growth period and causes significant losses in quality, productivity and profitability. Seed spices are more sensitive to crop weed competition as they are grown under arid conditions where moistureis the limiting factor. A study was carried out to identify the critical period of weed competition in ajwain (Trachyspermitm ammi Sprague) during 2012-13 to 2014-2015 at ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan. Treatments includedweedy and weed-free condition for different growth periods, i.e. 15, 30,45, 60, 75, 90,105,120 days after sowing (DAS) along with weed free throughout growth period and weedy throughout growth period. Weedy period up to 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 DASand weedy throughout growth period reduced the seed yield significantly to the tune of 321.4,463.0, 607.7, 705.9, 852.9, 950.4,1072.9 and 1162.4 kg/ha respectively as compared with the weed free throughout growth period. Weed free up to 15 DAS to 120 DASdecreased the seed yield from 1039.4 to 99.0 kg/ha as compared to the weed free throughout growth period. Weedy period up to 75 DAS gave tough competition to the crop for growth which was reflected in yield attributes and seed yield of ajwain. The maximum yield of 1244.5 kg/ha was obtained with the treatment weed free throughout growth period, this was also found economically viable which resulted in highest gross return of <= 136891/ha, net returns <= 102953/ha and B: C ratio of 3.03. Critical periodfor weed competition in ajwain was found to be 54 days after sowing.
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    Irradiation effect on leaf sclerophylly, gas exchange and stomata in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)

    KULDEEP SINGHO P AWASTHIAWTAR SINGH
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：The study was carried out in mutated population of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. Mosambi developed from varying dose of gamma rays (10-35 Gy) to determine its effect on leaf sclerophylly, photosynthesis and leaf anatomical charactersat the Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2017 and 2018. As compared to wild type leaf area, fresh and dry mass was stimulated by 19.53,18.42 and 20.37% in mutant GS-3 developedfrom 10 Gy, while in the mutants GS-33 andGS-35 developed from 35 Gy >50% inhibitory effects were noticed. Leaves were however, 82.06% more succulent in the mutant developed from 30 Gy. Mutated population showed dose dependent effect with regard to SLA,SLW and DFT. A significant decline in the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance was noticed at 35 Gy in GS-32, whereas mutant GS-34 developed from the same irradiation dose had the minimum transpiration rate. Stomata length and width in the mutants GS-17 and GS-15 as compared to wild type registered an increase of 25.50% and 15.96%. A general reduction in stomata number was observed in the mutated populations. Our result indicated alteration in traits of the mutated population which are of significance and can be used as a selection criterion for improvement of sweet orange.
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    Plant protection module on management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and other lepidopteran pests in cabbage

    RAJENDRA PRASADB S MANJUNATHB SAVITA S M
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) is the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous crops throughout the world. The use of trap crops, pheromones, botanicals, bio-agents and safer insecticides for pest control promises to be an important integrated approach in the management of DBM and other lepidopteran pests which helps to solve major environmental and human health problems. A study was designed and carried out at Ramanagara and Bengaluru Rural district during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to understand the effectiveness of IPM module, recommended practices and farmers' practice in cabbage fields.The results revealed that 15 days prior to cabbage transplanting, sowing of Indian mustard (2 rows after 25 rows of cabbage) attracted DBM moths for oviposition, 7 days after transplanting (DAT), installation of WOTA-T traps @ 5 Nos./acre helped in monitoring and mass trapping of DBM moths. The spraying of botanicals, bioagents and safer insecticides as per the schedule, viz. neem soap (10 g/1)after 15 DAT, Spinosad 2.5 SC (1.25 ml/1) after 18 DAT, Emamectin benzoate 5SG (0.5 gm/1) after 21 DAT, Bt (Dipel) (1 g/1) after 35 DAT, Chlorfenapyr 10 SC (1.5 ml/1) after 50 DAT, Spinosad 2.5 SC (1.25 ml/1) after 65 DAT and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.5 gm/1) after 80 DAT, effectively reduced the damage caused by DBM in cabbage fields. The pest incidence in IPM module was negligible resulted in fetching higher yields, quality heads and better returns compared to farmers' practice. Farmers can adopt IPM module as an alternative to insecticides as it is ecologically safe, economically viable and socially well acceptable.
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    Characterization of native Bacillus thuringiensis strains against Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua

    SOURAV SARKARVINAY K KALI A
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the present study 12 native Bt strains isolated from insect cadavers were screened for their bioefficacy against neonates of economically important polyphagous pests Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua by feeding assays at single concentrationsof 10 pg/g of diet. Toxicity of Bt strains against neonates of S. litura and S. exigua varies from 39.04% (VKK-EV and VKK-PX2) to 70.97% (VKK-AC1) and 20.0% (VKK-AC1 and VKK-MPS) to 88.00% (VKK-AC2) on 7th day after treatment respectively. The LC_(50) values for potential Bt strains against S. litura varied from 0.87 gg/gm (VKK-AC1) to 9.36 pg/gm (VKK-AG2) while, against S. exigua ranged from 1.00 pg/g (VKK-AC2)to 13.95 pg/g (VKK-SO) of diet. Gene profiling of potential Bt strains revealed the presenceof crylA, crylD, cry II, and cry 2 gene. Further studies on characterization of these novel cry genes from potential native Bt strains will be valuable for management of Spodoptera spp.
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    • NSTL