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Industrial Crops and Products
Elsevier Science Publishers
Industrial Crops and Products

Elsevier Science Publishers

0926-6690

Industrial Crops and Products/Journal Industrial Crops and ProductsSCIISTPEI
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    Lignin properties and cell wall response to deconstruction by alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in brown midrib sorghums

    Singh, Sandip K.Saulnier, Brian K.Hodge, David B.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Lignin has an adverse impact on the deconstruction of plant cell wall biopolymers in biorefining processes and its reduction and/or alteration during biosynthesis is one target for decreasing plant cell wall recalcitrance. In this work, the impact of two brown midrib mutations (bmr6 and bmr12) in two sorghum background lines (the commercial hybrid Atlas and near-isogenic BTx623) on lignin properties and the plants' response to cell wall deconstruction to monomeric sugars via alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis is investigated with the goal of assessing how differences in lignin content and properties impact the plant's response to pretreatment. We identify that both bmr sorghum lines show significantly lower abundance of water-extractable sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) and alkali-saponifiable p-coumarate. Furthermore, both these properties exhibited identical trends across both background lines. Next, both untreated and mild alkali-pretreated bmr sorghums were shown to exhibit higher glucose hydrolysis yields following enzymatic hydrolysis than the control lines. Following pretreatment, the Atlas bmr sorghums exhibited more lignin solubilization and the solubilized lignin was of lower molar mass than the background control line suggesting that differences in the lignin response to pretreatment resulted these differences. Finally, significant differences were observed in the lignin content, lignin monomer distribution, and inter-unit linkages in the Atlas bmr line relative to the control line with key differences including lower syringyl monomer content in both bmr lines, higher relative abundance of beta-O-4 linkages in the bmr6 line, and the presence of 5-hydroxy guaiacyl monomers and benzodioxane (alpha-O-5/beta-O-4) linkages in the bmr12 line.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The alkaline extraction efficiency of bamboo cell walls is related to their structural differences on both anatomical and molecular level

    Zhu, JiaweiGuo, FeiMa, ChengyeWang, Hankun...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Biomass recalcitrance is believed to be related to the hierarchical and heterogeneous structures of plant cell walls. In this study, the alkaline extraction efficiency of bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells is found to be highly related to their structural differences on both anatomical and molecular level. Advanced NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the lignin and hemicelluloses (mainly xylan) from fibers and parenchyma cells are significantly different in their molecular structure. The parenchyma lignin contains more beta-O-4 linkages with much higher syringyl/guaicyl (S/G) ratio. By contrast, the fiber lignin contains more stable beta-beta and beta-5 linkages as compared to parenchyma lignin. Although the hemicelluloses from both bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells shows similar molecular structure of L-arabino-4-O-methyl-D-glucurono-D-xylan, the latter contains more 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronic acid units. These structural discrepancies can provide explanations why the parenchyma cells have much higher "alkaline extraction efficiency" than fibers, further indicating the former is a promising feedstock in the current biorefinery scenario.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Structure and rheological studies of phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils suspensions

    Patoary, Mohammed KayesFarooq, AmjadYinan, FanChaudary, Aneeba...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are normally handled in the form of aqueous suspensions. Therefore, their rheology and intrinsic flow features in an aqueous state also fascinated the researchers. However, understanding the structure-rheology relationship remains a profound challenge to design CNFs with desirable properties. For that purpose, jute fibers were used as source material (Corchorus olitorius) to produce CNFs, and pretreatment using phosphorylation was applied to facilitate the fibrillation during ultra-sonication. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the microstructure and their rheology for CNF aqueous suspensions as influenced by the temperature and concentration of CNF. The surface chemistry, fiber diameter distribution, crystalline structure, thermal stability, and rheological properties of the obtained CNFs were characterized and compared. The grafting of phosphorous moieties on the surface of the fibers was confirmed by the FTIR, XPS analyses, elemental analyses, and zeta potential. Despite influencing crystallinity, phosphorylation enhanced the diameter of nanofibers. The results demonstrated that phosphorylation did not alter the main chemical structure of cellulose. The crystallographic form of the obtained CNFs remained cellulose I. The resulting fibers have nanometric dimensions ( 100 nm) with high absolute zeta potential values ( 30 mV). A substantial improvement in flame retardancy has also been noted for CNF due to the presence of phosphate groups. Both steady-state and dynamic rheological measurements were improved significantly upon increasing concentration from 0.5 to 2.5 wt%. All the CNF suspensions demonstrated typical shear-thinning behavior and gel-like viscoelastic character even at low concertation (0.5 wt%) due to the construction of a wire-like matrix structure. The frequency and temperature alteration, however, do not affect the viscoelastic gel-like properties of the CNF suspensions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Economic and environmental sustainability assessment of guayule bagasse to fuel pathways

    Moreno, Paula MendozaSproul, EvanQuinn, Jason C.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) is a desert-dwelling crop that can produce hard rubber for tires and has the potential to help meet the water conservation needs of arid regions such as the Southwest U.S. Previous work has quantified the cost and environmental impact from guayule rubber production. However, establishing the economic viability of a domestic guayule industry requires identifying value-added products from the residual non-rubber guayule biomass, referred to as bagasse. Using guayule bagasse for bioenergy production is one potential solution, but the best pathway for thermochemical conversion of bagasse to fuels has yet to be defined. In this work, process models of pyrolysis and pelletization of bagasse are developed to inform a path to commercialization. A facility processing 200 tonnes of guayule bagasse per day is considered with a system boundary defined from biomass cultivation to fuel combustion. The materials and energy inventory results enabled the first comparative assessment of bagasse to fuels by concurrently performing techno-economic analysis and well-to-wheels life cycle assessment on both pathways. The minimum fuel selling price for the bagasse to fuels pathway was $0.076 per MJ ($9.26 per gallon of gasoline equivalent) and the minimum selling price of pellets from bagasse was $176 per tonne. This work compares the economic and life cycle results of both processes to make conclusions about the economic potential of bagasse and environmental impact of its conversion, areas to reduce production cost of biofuels, and potential for greenhouse gas emissions reduction compared with conventional fuels. In addition, the work identifies areas where future research may optimize production costs such that these fuels can be integrated alongside guayule rubber into a successful bioeconomy for the Southwest United States.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals the elicitation of important secondary metabolites upon treatment with various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in Hypericum perforatum L. cell suspension cultures

    Kruszka, DariuszSelvakesavan, Rajendran K.Kachlicki, PiotrFranklin, Gregory...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this study, the effects of treatment with Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, CeO2, CuO, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on plant secondary metabolism were tested using an untargeted metabolomic approach in cell suspension cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Variations in the accumulation of secondary metabolites were observed in cultures after exposure to NPs. Overall, the number of compounds increased by metal NPs was higher than that of metal oxides. Among the metal and metal oxide NPs tested, Ag and CuO respectively induced the greatest changes in secondary metabolism. Ag NPs induced the cellular accumulation of bisxanthone (540.3 fold) gancaonin O (214.2 fold) and fusaroskyrin (98.6 fold). Compounds that were most induced by other NPs were: hyperxanthone C (Au), apigenin (Cu), emodin (Pd), emodin anthrone (CeO2), dihydroxydimethoxyxanthone I (CuO), quercetin (TiO2) and gallic acid (ZnO). The presented results show that the secondary metabolites elicited in H. perforatum vary between the types of NPs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Insights into Ionic liquids-resistance mechanism and lignocellulose-degradation model of Aspergillus terreus in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

    Sun, YixinLi, PeishanSun, QiLiu, Xin...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Ionic liquids (ILs)-assisted microbes and enzymes are potential approaches for converting lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars in a biorefinery. In the present study, an ILs-tolerant strain Aspergillus terreus NEAU-7 with ILs-stable cellulase production ability was isolated and identified. A comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that A. terreus NEAU-7 could promote ion transport and acquire metabolic energy to reduce the adverse effect of ILs. The results further confirmed that the strain could increase the accumulation of compatible solutes to offset the osmotic pressure of ILs and reduce the cell membrane permeability to prevent ILs. A secretome analysis of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) showed no significant reduction in the Glycoside Hydro lases (GH) families of cellulolytic enzymes, while a significant reduction was observed for Carbohydrate Esterases (CE) families and Glycoside Hydrolase 43 (encoding alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases and beta-xylosidases), indicating that the presence of ILs could decrease the expression of hemicellulolytic enzymes. Herein, a model for lignocellulose degradation of A. terreus NEAU-7 was interpreted. Overall, this study will provide insights into further exploration of the ILs-resistance mechanism of lignocellulolytic fungi and employment of ILs-assisted fungi in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of alkaline extraction of hemicellulose on cocksfoot grass enzymatic hydrolysis recalcitrance

    Sun, Shao-FeiYang, Hai-YanShi, Zheng-JunYang, Jing...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：In order to verify the inhibitory influence of hemicellulosic structure and content on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from cocksfoot grass for bioethanol production, the fractional isolation and structural characterization of hemicelluloses and cellulose-rich substrates from the delignified cocksfoot grass was studied in detail. The results showed that the removal of hemicelluloses by alkaline treatments can greatly improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose in cocksfoot grass. As compared with the enzymatic hydrolysis yield (74.3%) and crystallinity index (30.5%) of the delignified cocksfoot grass (consisting mainly of cellulose and hemicelluloses), the enzymatic hydrolysis yields and crystallinity indexes of the four cellulose-rich substrates increased to 90.3-95.1% and 37.3-43.7%, respectively, due to the partial removal of hemicelluloses and some amounts of amorphous cellulose by alkaline treatments. Besides, the hemicellulosic fractions extracted with aqueous NaOH and KOH solutions from the delignified cocksfoot grass exhibited similar structures, which were composed of ?-arabino-(4-O-methyl-?-glucurono)xylans, galactoarabinoxylans, and beta-glucans.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Electrocoagulation pretreatment reduced the synergistic inhibition of anaerobic granular sludge by micro stickies and Ca2+ and delayed the calcification of granular sludge

    Liu, HuiYang, XiaoZhu, KailiDang, Wenhao...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：The presence of micro stickies and Ca2+ in papermaking wastewater leads to a decrease in anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) digestion performance and granular sludge calcification. This study, evaluated the effects of micro stickies and Ca2+, combined or alone, and following electrocoagulation pretreatment, on AnGS calcification and anaerobic digestion in wastewater from old corrugated container recycling. The results showed the degradation rate of organic matter, extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) content, specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and biological activity was improved noticeably via electrocoagulation pretreatment with micro stickies and Ca2+. Further, the pre-removal of micro stickies and Ca2+ not only enriched the functional microorganisms but also delayed the calcification of AnGS thereby causing a significant reduction in the damage of AnGS. Therefore, as a promising way to minimize the harmful effects of micro stickies and Ca2+, electrocoagulation pretreatment provides a new idea for delaying the calcification of AnGS.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Preparation and characterization of aminated co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation lignin as a renewable building block for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethanes

    Meng, XianzhiZhang, ShuyangScheidemantle, BrentWang, Yun-yan...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Lignin is a major bioresource from 2nd generation biorefinery process streams and from pulp and paper production that is still severely underutilized nowadays. Its natural polymeric and aromatic structures make it suitable as a potential building block for biopolymer production. Due to the growing environmental and health concerns over conventional polyurethane (PU) manufacturing processes that utilize toxic isocyanates, there is a great interest to develop a non-isocyanate PU (NIPU) route. Herein, we demonstrate a novel strategy that uses highly pure lignin isolated from co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment of poplar wood to produce biobased NIPUs. In this strategy, hardwood poplar is firstly fractionated via a CELF pretreatment to produce a clean lignin stream that is rich in phenolics. The CELF lignin was then aminated by a Mannich reaction, and the aminated CELF lignin was finally reacted with bicyclic carbonates to yield an advanced NIPU. The structure, mechanical, and thermal properties of these novel NIPUs were elucidated by FTIR, NMR, tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties of these lignin based NIPUs could be tuned from highly rigid to elastic polymers by simply modifying the lignin constituents of the polymer. The thermal stabilities of NIPUs were improved because of the addition of aminated lignin, and NIPU containing 55 and 23 wt% lignin showed the highest tensile strength (-1.2 MPa) and elongation at break (-140%), respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the reaction of cyclic carbonate with aminated lignin represents an interesting pathway for the synthesizing of lignin based NIPU with a relative high lignin content.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Metabolomic and proteomic signature of Gloriosa superba leaves treated with mercuric chloride and phenylalanine, a precursor of colchicine alkaloid

    Gandra, JawaharPatel, Hitendra KumarKumar, S. AnilDoma, Madhavi...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Gloriosa superba is a tropical, medicinally important plant used in the treatment of gout, rheumatism, and other ailments. It produces pharmaceutically important alkaloids like colchicine, gloriosine, thiocolchicoside and others. In the present study, gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) method has been deployed for the identification of low abundance phytochemicals in mercuric chloride (elicitor)-treated leaves. The analysis revealed nearly 500 molecules including 15 key secondary metabolites like estragole, N-methylloline (alkaloid), aphidocolin, 3-hydroxykynurenine, octyl salicylate, butibufen, anonaine (aporhine alkaloid), bolasterone, austricin, bolandione, octahydrocoumarin, jacaranone, bonducellin, quinacridone, and beta-carotene that may have medicinal importance. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of leaf proteome in the control and phenylalanine (a precursor of colchicine)-treated tissues revealed a total of 982 and 937 proteins respectively. In precursor-treated tissues, 364 differentially expressed proteins were noticed besides others. Key proteins involved in shikimate/chorismate pathway such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone-flavone isomerase (associated with flavonoid biosynthesis), chalcone synthase (involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds in plants), chorismate synthetase, chorismate mutase, tryptophan synthase, and medium chain triglyceride protein were detected. Importantly, detection of nearly 154 proteins with unknown functions may hold key and play a role in colchicine biosynthetic pathway. These studies suggest that while metabolomic studies help to detect new secondary plant products, proteomic studies assist us in identifying key enzymes implicated in the biosynthetic pathway of alkaloids in G. superba.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier