查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Plant essential oils (EOs) are often used as ingredients in the development of new biopesticides. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of three EOs of two juniper species against weed seeds. The EOs were extracted from Juniperus sabina L. Male (M) and Female (F) and J. excelsa Bieb. by means of steam distillation in a semi-commercial extractor. The monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the predominant classes of J. excelsa EO. The major class of J. sabina EO was monoterpenes (sabinene). The bioherbicidal activities of the three EOs were tested in four concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 90 μL) against three weed species; Melilotus officinalis L., Trigonella besseriana Ser., and Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. The three EOs used in the experiment exhibited different inhibitory effects on weed seeds. The tested juniper EOs enhanced the germination energy of M. officinalis seeds. Compared with the 15% germination energy in the non-treated (control) treatment, germination energy (measured at Day 4) increased by up to 70–100% with increasing EO application rate. However, after Day 7, an inhibitory effect occurred, and the seed germination of the treated seeds was reduced to 12–37% compared with the 63% in the non-treated control. In M. arvensis seeds, J. sabina EO reduced germination energy and germination itself, while J. excelsa EO stimulated germination. ЕОs оf J. sabina, M (30, 60, and 90 μL) showed greater inhibition on the germination of seeds of T. besseriana. Sprout and root lengths of the three weed species varied with juniper species and EO concentration. Overall, J. sabina (M, F) EOs showed the highest inhibitory effect on seed germination, as well as on sprout and root lengths. The tested juniper EOs showed promise as ingredients to be included in new certified organic weed control products.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Heat stress is one of the most challenging environmental factors for plants, which have evolved various mechanisms to cope with it. However, the role of lipid remodeling caused by heat stress is not yet fully understood. Here, we integrated UPLC-QTOF/MS-based lipidomic and transcriptomic analyzes to uncover the molecular basis of lipid remodeling under heat stress in castor bean (Ricinus communis), an important non-edible oil crop. We detected 297 lipid compounds in castor bean seedlings, of which 54 displayed altered abundances under heat stress. In particular, polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) (e.g., TAG54:6, TAG54:7, TAG54:8, and TAG54:9) and diacylglycerols (DAGs) (DAG36:6) significantly increased, while polyunsaturated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) (MGDG34:3) markedly decreased. When heat stress was subsequently relieved, these lipid molecules recovered to their normal levels. We found that heat-induced TAGs primarily accumulate in the cytosol. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) used for TAGs are not derived from de novo synthesis, but likely from the lipids remodeling via lipase activity, and are subsequently esterified into TAGs via diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Our results suggest that TAGs may act as intermediates in lipid turnover and provide one mechanism by which plants respond to heat stress, broadening our understanding of how lipid remodeling functions in plant adaptation to heat stress.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.In this paper, acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were grafted onto the main chain of soy protein isolate (SPI) in 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazole chloride ionic liquid ([BDMIM][Cl]), to prepare a renewable soy protein graft copolymer via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effect of unfolding degree of soy protein structure on pretreated SPI was studied via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H NMR), surface tension (ST) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The results of FT-IR, 1 H NMR and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) indicated the successful synthesis of 2-bromoisobutyryl-functionalized SPI.The analysis of FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra showed that the soybean protein graft copolymer was successfully synthesized. In addition, the grafting of acrylate onto soybean protein enhanced the hydrophobicity of the copolymer, and the static contact angle was above 90°. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the thermal stability of pretreated SPI was reduced. The new glass transition temperature in the copolymers also proved the successful synthesis of the copolymers. The tensile strength of the carbon fiber multifilament infiltrated with the copolymers was improved, indicating their potential application in the reinforcement of carbon fiber material.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.To decrease strength loss of flame-retardant cotton fabric using polycarboxylic acid as the crosslinker, a series of multi-amino phosphoramide (BPEI/DPn) was synthesized using branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and dimethyl phosphite (DP). The flame retardant coating was fabricated on cotton fabric with the assist of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). The optimum multi-amino phosphoramide was obtained by investigate the effect of different BPEI/DPn on washing durability and flame retardancy of modified cotton fabrics. The results found that BPEI/DP4 (mole ratio of BPEI and DP was 1:4) coated cotton fabric presented superior flame retardancy with self-extinguishing action and 27.9% of LOI value. Also, this flame-retardant cotton fabric can withstand a certain number of standard washing cycles. The heat and smoke release of cotton fabric during the combustion were significantly inhibited after modification with BPEI/DP4, and HRR value decreased by 35.0% compared with the unmodified cotton. Additionally, BPEI/DP4 can greatly improve the mechanical capability of cotton fabric modified with BTCA, and almost 80% of breaking force can be remained owning to partially neutralizing the acidic circumstance of BTCA solution, which might provide an efficient method to prepare functional cotton fabric with high performance.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Soil microflora disorder has been regarded as one of the critical causes for the continuous cropping obstacles that result in stunted plant growth, serious disease incidence, and low yield and quality in crops. Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is a traditional Chinese herb with important pharmacological values in its dried tuber. However, this plant is subject to the continuous cropping obstacles when growing in the same block of land for several years. In this study, both field and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of Streptomyces jingyangensis T. and Bacillus mucilaginosus A. additions on the mitigation of continuous cropping obstacles for Pinellia ternata over 3 years. The tuber yield and quality were measured, and the soil enzymes and microflora structure examined. The results showed that the tuber yield of Pinellia ternata was increased by 40%? 68%, the plant morbidity reduced by 12%?67%, and the tuber quality improved under the two bacteria applications. High-throughput sequencing on soil samples revealed that, higher fungal richness and fungi: bacteria (F/B) ratio result in microflora disorder in the continuously cropped soil. The additions of Streptomyces jingyangensis and Bacillus mucilaginosus or fallowing decreased the fungal richness and the F/B ratio in the soil. Streptomyces jingyangensis addition converted the fungal community composition in the continuously cropped soil to a level that is similar to fallowed soil. The additions of the two bacteria selectively suppressed some soilborne pathogenic or harmful microbes such as Acremonium, Fusarium, and Acidobacteria genera, but promoted some beneficial microbes such as Lysobacter, Bacillus, and Chaetomiaceae genera, in ways that are different from fallowing. The activities of soil enzymes including urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and peroxidase were increased by the two bacteria additions. The results of this study suggest that the additions of beneficial bacteria can improve soil health and provide an effective tool to overcome the continuous cropping obstacles for Pinellia ternata.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Lignin heterogeneity, including molecular weight polydispersity and structural complexity, causes undesirable properties of lignin in its valorization. In this regard, the current work focuses on the effect of lignin heterogeneity on the green synthesis of lignin nanosphere (LNS) supported Pd nanoparticles (Pd@LNS) and their catalytic performance. Three lignin fractions with reduced heterogeneity (F1, F2, and F3) were used for LNS fabrication and the as-prepared LNSs were further applied as carriers for Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) synthesized using lignin as an in-situ reducer. It was found that the three LNSs exhibited a gradually decreased particle size from F1 to F3, while all of them revealed improved particle size uniformity compared to that from the initial lignin. Owing to the superior reducing power of F1, the LNS prepared from F1 presented the highest loading amount of Pd NPs among the three LNSs. Moreover, these Pd NPs had the smallest particle size and they were dispersed in a much more uniform way than those on the LNSs from F2 and F3. Therefore, the Pd@LNS prepared from F1 exhibited significantly increased catalytic activity in the Cr(VI) reduction compared with those from F2 and F3, as well as the initial lignin. Consequently, the work implies that lignin heterogeneity has considerable influences on the green formation of Pd NPs on LNS, and the catalytic performance of Pd@LNS can be substantially improved using low molecular weight lignin fraction as the feedstock.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The fungicide formulation has been identified as an alternative to revalorize the wax waste generated in producing orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oils. This study is to identify opportunity areas in the scaling up of the fungicide production process through a prospective life cycle assessment. Data from lab experiments were scaled up to a pilot plant considering as functional unit “the production of 1 m3 of fungicide”. The orange waste wax (OWW) dilution and the fungicide formulation were considered the main stages of the studied process; two management scenarios for insoluble wax were considered: the disposal in landfills and the transesterification for biodiesel production. The calculation of potential environmental impacts was performed using the software OpenLCA v.1.10.3 considering the database ELCD v. 4.2. and the method CML (baseline). The obtained results show that the extraction medium of the active ingredients, the fungicide package, and energy contributed the most to the potential environmental impacts of the fungicide production process. Improving these elements allow to reduce the potential environmental impacts around 3%, 24%, and 86%, respectively. Moreover, the transesterification of insoluble wax produced few benefits to the global process since the current biodiesel yield is low. It is concluded that from an environmental viewpoint, fungicide production is a feasible alternative for the OWW revalorization.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The medicinal value of Coix lacryma-jobi L. has been recognized worldwide, but yields are unstable. Potassium (K) is one of the three most required and widely used nutrients, but the global soil K storage and K utilization rates are low. Based on a strategy of K fertilizer separate application, 20% K fertilizer (i.e., 30 kg K2O ha?1) was applied in three ways (K soil application–SK30, K foliar spray–FK30, and no K application–K0) at the flowering stage, to compare the effects of K application methods on coix seed filling process, source–sink balance, and economic yield. Results showed that K application increased coix seed yield and lipid yield by 25.7% and 39.6%, respectively, and increased the 100-seed weight and seed setting rate by 10.7% and 7.4%, respectively. The increase in lipid yield caused by FK30 was due to the increase in seed yield, since there was no significant difference in oil content between SK30 and FK30. Coix has the characteristics of a large source and small sink, and FK30 has a strong promoting effect on sink organs. Potassium foliar spray significantly increased the rate of seed filling and accelerated seed maturity by 1.2–2.8 days compared to soil application. In summary, K foliar spray based on K fertilizer separate application is a feasible strategy for improving coix seed and lipid yields, promoting seed maturity, and reducing the leaf area per sink capacity. This strategy could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of K deficiency on coix economic yield during the seed filling stage.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Natural rubber (NR), an important source of elastomeric material, has superior comprehensive properties compared to synthetic high cis-1, 4-polyisoprene, which are attributed to its peculiar architecture. However, it is a challenge to identify the precise structure of NR, especially the structure of NR particles, as there are no direct characterization methods to perform in-situ investigation of structure of NR particles at an intact state. In this study, we used cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to directly explore the morphology of NR particles existing in the latex without drying or chemical fixation. Then, the spatial organization of proteins and phospholipids on the surface of NR particles was visualized by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). The results show that NR particles are spherical particles with an average particle size of 88 ± 15 nm, and the exterior of NR particles is a mixed monolayer of proteins and phospholipids (ca. 4.6 ± 0.77 nm in thickness). Thus, a more complete model for the Hevea brasiliensis rubber particles was proposed. Moreover, we explicated the relationship between the particle size of NR particles, molecular characteristics, and mechanical properties of NR. The Mn and Mw of small rubber particles (SRPs) with a particle size of 106 nm are (1.56 ± 0.06) × 106 g/mol and (2.21 ± 0.07) × 106 g/mol respectively, which are much larger than those of the large rubber particles (LRPs) with a particle size of 628 nm (Mn: (0.41 ± 0.05) × 10 6 g/mol; Mw: (1.63 ± 0.10) × 106 g/mol). After vulcanization, the SRPs have better mechanical properties. Compared with LRPs, SRPs exhibit a 4.3-fold increase in tensile strength (from 5.7 to 24.6 MPa) and a 3.5-fold increase in toughness (from 12.9 to 44.9 kJ/m2). This work not only provides rational design for the new biomimetic synthetic rubber with unique hierarchical structures and excellent properties, but also offers a new possibility for tuning the mechanical properties of NR by preparation of LRPs/SRPs blend of various ratios.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) are one of the available sources of renewable feedstock which can be used in the medical, chemical and power industries. The current study evaluated the usability of the bark from different SRWC genotypes as a source of bioactive compounds. The specific objectives were to determine the concentrations of six bioactive substances in bark, bark yield and potential bioactive substance yield. A two-factorial field experiment was carried out in north-eastern Poland and comprised 14 SRWC genotypes, including one Robinia genotype, five Populus genotypes, seven clones and one variety of the genus Salix and two cycles of biomass harvest: annual and quadrennial. The genetic variability had a significant impact on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the bioactive substances in the bark of the studied SRWC, whereas the biomass harvest cycle determined the quantitative concentration of individual bioactive substances. Extending the biomass harvest rotation decreased the mean concentration of the substances under analysis by ca. 20%. The highest total concentration of bioactive substances was found in poplar bark obtained from P. balsamifera. Among the six studied bioactive substances, the highest mean concentration was determined for salicin (20.61 mg g?1 d.m.), followed by salicortin (12.58 mg g?1 d.m.). A significantly lower concentration was determined for salicylic acid (2.74 mg g?1 d.m.) and salireposide (2.51 mg g?1 d.m.), whereas kaempferol and quercetin were determined in trace amounts. The total potential yield of the analyzed bioactive compounds varied significantly, both with respect to genetic variability and biomass harvest cycle.
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