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Industrial Crops and Products
Elsevier Science Publishers
Industrial Crops and Products

Elsevier Science Publishers

0926-6690

Industrial Crops and Products/Journal Industrial Crops and ProductsSCIISTPEI
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    Suitable pollen source for the improvement of fruit and seed traits in Xanthoceras sorbifolium

    Luo F.Jiang Y.-G.Liu S.-X.Zheng Y.-Q....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Xanthoceras sorbifolium with high oil content in seeds has been used for various purposes, including as edible oil and feedstock for biodiesel production; however, the large-scale commercial cultivation of this species is severely hindered by the poor seed yield. As a self-incompatible species, whether a suitable pollen source can effectively improve yield and fruit traits of super clones has not been confirmed in X. sorbifolium. In the present study, cross pollination, mixed pollination, and natural pollination were conducted in five super clones. For all clones, the highest pollen germination was observed one day before flowering 84.26–90.25% (**p < 0.01). The final fruit set ratio (FFSR) was significantly influenced by the pollen source (*p < 0.05). Hand pollination had a positive effect on FFSR and seed yield (*p < 0.05). Fruit width and 1000-seed weight were significantly influenced by pollen source (*p < 0.05). Fruit weight, length, seed number per fruit, seed-producing ratio, seed yield, seed size, kernel ratio, and chemical components were significantly affected by the recipient × pollen source (**p < 0.01). In all combinations, the maximum seed yield occurred in the combination No. 2 × No. 3. The xenia effect occurred in the 1000-seed weight and kernel starch concentration. Based on these traits, the most suitable pollen source for each super clone was identified. This study suggests the significance of a suitable pollen source and collocation of pollinizer trees, especially in X. sorbifolium plantations, which can be applied in its cultivation and yield improvement.

    Reliable and realistic models for lignin content determination in poplar wood based on FT-Raman spectroscopy

    Gao W.Zhou L.Jiang Q.Guan Y....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Studying lignin content is critical for analyzing the inherent constitution, performance, and application of lignocellulosic materials. However, the traditional methods (wet chemical methods) for the determination of lignin content have several limitations such as labor intensive, time-consuming preparations, and the use of toxic reagents. To address these shortcomings, based on 140 groups of poplar samples, a strategy of 1064 nm FT-Raman spectroscopy combined with several algorithms was proposed in our study. Before modeling, smoothing algorithm (Savitzky-Golay), baseline correction algorithm (adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares), and deconvolution algorithm (Gaussian and Lorentzian) were applied to extract the Raman information. Also, several peaks including 1095, 1378, and 2895 cm?1 were selected as the candidates of internal standard peak for normalizing the lignin-related peaks. Subsequently, lignin content predictive models were established based on data extracted from FT-Raman spectra combined with regression algorithms, including principal components regression (PCR), partial least square regression (PLSR), ridge regression (RR), lasso regression (LR), and elastic net regressions (ENR). Consequently, credible models were obtained based on data normalized by peak of 2895 cm?1 combined with RR, LR, and ENR algorithms (Pearson's R > 0.88, RMSE < 0.62, MAE < 0.46, and MAPE < 1.92%). Thus, the lignin quantitative models based on Raman spectroscopy developed here can be used to predict the lignin content in poplar clones accurately and efficiently.

    Concurrent weed growth suppression with essential oils and species-specific response to fractionated coconut oil

    Giannini V.Harris J.R.McElroy J.S.Todde P....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 The AuthorsPlant-derived oils are phytotoxic and thus are potential non-synthetic herbicides. The present study investigated the effectiveness of three essential oils (red thyme, clove bud, cinnamon bark) and a vegetable oil, fractionated coconut oil (FCO), used alone or in 2-way essential/FCO mixes for controlling some troublesome weeds at seedling stage. The tested weeds were mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), crown daisy (Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach), milk thistle (Sylibum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), dense-flowered mullein (Verbascum densiflorum Bertol.), goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. (Gaertn.)), entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), small-flower morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill). Greenhouse trials included a negative control (non-treated) and a positive control (glyphosate) and were conducted in Sassari (IT) and Auburn (USA). In both locations, all the essential oils used severely injured weeds by 5 days after treatment (DAT), with least or no recovery by plants, with no harvestable plant biomass 20 DAT. FCO provoked more diverse species-specific responses, reducing biomass of crown daisy, large crabgrass, entireleaf morningglory and hemp sesbania compared to the non-treated control while it stimulated the growth of mugwort, dense-flowered mullein, goosegrass, and small-flower morningglory. Milk thistle was the only plant not influenced by FCO compared to the non-treated control. The essential oils mixed with FCO confirmed high phytotoxic effects with a significant improved action when red thyme oil + FCO was applied to goosegrass. Our research confirms the potential herbicidal effect of some phytotoxic essential oils and the potential beneficial growth effect of FCO to some species.

    Morpho-physiology and cannabinoid concentrations of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) are affected by potassium fertilisers and microbes under tropical conditions

    De Prato L.Hardy G.E.S.J.Howieson J.O'Hara G....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a crop with the potential for multiple products. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effects of some key nutrients and soil microbiology. Potassium (K) and microbes can affect plant physiology, growth, and secondary metabolite production. A glasshouse experiment in a fully controlled growth room was undertaken to assess K requirements and effects on physiology on a tropical/subtropical variety of industrial hemp, ECO-GH15, bred for Australian conditions by Ecofibre (Brisbane, QLD, Australia). Increasing rates of K of conventional fertiliser liquid applications were applied to hemp plants and compared to a slow-release form containing soil microbes (SRK) under short daylength (12.5 h), simulating a tropical environment. Application of 11, 43 and 129 ppm of conventional fast-release potassium K as potassium sulphate (K2SO4), or a slow (controlled) release form (131 ppm of K), were applied to plants and their growth parameters compared. A series of physiological and growth response data was collected, including photosynthesis response to increasing active radiation (PAR or PPFD) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and cannabinoid production. Plant growth responses, such as stalk diameter, height, and shoot dry weight, increased with SRK application, while no differences were observed between the three increasing conventional K rates. The lower conventional K rate (11 ppm) resulted in increased photosynthetic activity up to 600–700 PPFD. Physiological data showed that the increasing K rate produced less efficient plants in terms of PPFD and CO2 utilisation. Cannabinoid analysis showed an increase in cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidivarin (CBDV) at the higher K rate, while the SRK increased the production of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and similar cannabinoids. This study revealed that sustained nutrient application improved plant photosynthesis and gas exchange regulation resulting in increased plant growth and cannabinoid production under tropical conditions, and helped to better understand the role of K in plant stress and physiological efficiency.

    Insecticidal and antifungal activities of Melaleuca rhaphiophylla essential oil against insects and seed-borne pathogens in stored products

    Zimmermann R.C.Poitevin C.G.Bischoff A.M.Beger M....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Essential oils (EOs) are substances with biological properties that can be used to inhibit insects and fungi in storage systems. The EOs from plants of the genus Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) show insecticidal and antifungal activities. However, so far, there are no reports regarding Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (Myrtaceae) EO. Therefore, we sought to investigate the insecticidal and antifungal activities of M. rhaphiophylla EO against storage pests and fungi. The plant's EO was extracted in a vat using the steam drag method and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The insecticidal effect against Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was evaluated through contact and fumigation methods in order to select the optimized exposure route. Then, the lethal concentration (LC), lethal time (LT), and mean survival time (MST) were estimated. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nomius and Fusarium graminearum was tested through volatilization and direct contact. Twenty-two compounds were identified in the chemical composition of M. rhaphiophylla EO and the major compounds were α-terpinene (6.46%), 1,8-cineole (11.54%), γ-terpinene (13.2%), terpinolene (28.72%) and terpinen-4-ol (19.82%). The fumigation method of application caused the highest mortality in both insects. The values for LC50 (90.55 and 72.88 of substance L-1 of air), LT50 (0.92 and 1.23 h) and MST (92.17 and 92.67 h) were similar between species (S. zeamais and S. oryzae, respectively). The volatilization method showed low fungicidal activity (< 30% of inhibition) against all isolates. The contact method showed an inhibition greater than 90%with higher toxicity for Aspergillus. Our results showed that M. rhaphiophylla EO has potential as an alternative product to control storage pests and fungi.

    Iso-oleic estolide products with superior cold flow properties

    Biresaw G.Chen Y.Vermillion K.E.Cermak S.C....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022One of the drawbacks of using vegetable oils directly as a lubricant is poor low temperature performance, mainly pour and cloud points. Oleic estolides were developed to improve these properties as well as increase the oxidative stability of the oil. However, additional low temperature properties are desirable to increase the field of use of these materials. A new series of iso-oleic estolide free acids and 2-ethylhexyl (2-EH) esters capped with various fatty acids had superior physical properties and cold flow properties, compared to traditional oleic based estolides. The average pour point of the iso-oleic estolide 2-EH esters was ? 41°C, compared to ? 23°C of iso-oleic estolide free acids. The iso-oleic-octanoic and iso-oleic-decanoic estolide 2-EH esters had excellent pour points of ? 60°C. The cold flow properties of iso-oleic estolides decrease with increasing the carbon number of the saturated capping fatty acid, while the viscosity index and oxidation stability were only slightly improved. Therefore, saturated mid-chain fatty acids are more suitable as the capping fatty acid for iso-oleic acid based estolides. Iso-oleic-coconut estolide 2-EH esters exhibited good physical properties, with pour points as low as ? 45°C. The iso-oleic estolide free acids and 2-EH esters are a new kind of low-cost materials for bio-lubricants with excellent cold flow properties.

    Exploring the impact of Verticillium wilt disease on the mechanical properties of elementary flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibres

    Nuez L.Melelli A.Bourmaud A.Baley C....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022Verticillium wilt is a disease caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) which is widespread in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultures. V. dahliae negatively impacts the fibre yield with up to 60% loss at the scutching step of fibre transformation. Yet, little is known about the consequences of V. dahliae on the mechanical properties of flax fibres. In this study, we investigated the tensile characterisation of elementary flax fibres impacted by V. dahlia. Using elementary tensile tests, we observed an important decrease in the mechanical properties of the studied flax fibres, with a 32% decrease of the tensile strength at break and a 15% decrease of the strain at break. Further investigation of the flax fibres cell wall using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in peak-force non-quantitative mechanical mapping mode, showed a 23% decrease in the longitudinal indentation modulus of flax fibre cell walls, measured directly in their cross section. This is arguably due to the important enzymatic arsenal of V. dahliae revealed by a bioinformatic analysis of secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes targeting plant cell wall components. The coupling of this analysis with electron microscopy observations and sugar analysis highlighted the degradation mechanisms of this fungus which significantly affects the mechanical performance of flax fibres

    Activated Carbon/Carborundum@Microcrystalline Cellulose core shell nano-composite: Synthesis, characterization and application for heavy metals adsorption from aqueous solutions

    Mubarak M.F.Zayed A.M.Ahmed H.A.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The ubiquitous existence of heavy metals in wastewater and natural water bodies has deteriorated the quality of water environment and exerted significant hazardous impacts on ecosystems. Herein, a novel effective Activated Carbon/Carborundum@Microcrystalline Cellulose core shell nano-composite (AC/CB/MCC) was synthesized to be utilized for aqueous solutions detoxification from As (III) and Cu (II) ions. Various principal characterizations including XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, BET surface area, and zeta potential were performed to examine the different characteristics of activated carbon, carborundum, microcrystalline cellulose and the synthesized AC/CB/MCC nano-composite. The kinetic studies illustrated that the pseudo-second-order is the most favorable model for ion adsorption among the examined models. The sorption experimental data of the optimized AC/CB/MCC were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm with optimal adsorption capacities of 422.9 and 423.55 mg/g for As (III) and Cu (II) ions, respectively. The electrostatic interaction was the main mechanism for ion adsorption onto AC/CB/MCC nano-composite at moderate pH values (pH above 6), while the chemical complexation was the main mechanism at high acidic conditions (pH=2–6). This study would extend the potential application of Activated Carbon/Carborundum@Microcrystalline Cellulose nano-composite, acting as an exceptional active adsorbent for As (III) and Cu (II) ion adsorption in water treatment.

    Analysis of inter-nodal properties of two industrial hemp cultivars (Fasamo and Ferimon 12) and their relationships with plant density and row spacing

    Livingstone H.Ang T.N.Yuan X.Swanepoel Q....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022Research and development of an efficient production system for industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fiber needs to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge from cultivation to processing of plant materials. This study investigated two industrial hemp cultivars (Fasamo and Ferimon 12) for their inter-nodal properties, i.e., length and diameter. The relationship of the inter-nodal properties with agronomic factors such as planting density (40, 80, 120, 160 plants/m2) and row spacing (15 and 30 cm) was examined in a field experiment. The findings suggested that plants cultivated at higher plant densities (e.g., 80 and 160 plants/m2) had a smaller inter-nodal diameter and longer inter-nodal length. Row spacing did not show a significant effect on the Fasamo cultivar. However, row spacing had a significant effect on the Ferimon 12 cultivar that might imply more intense intra-specific competition of the taller plants for sunlight. The inter-nodal length pattern resembling a bimodal distribution might indicate crop maturity. However, further research into the inter-nodal length pattern is recommended. When the inter-nodal properties and other crop parameters (e.g., bast fiber yield) were interpreted together, they could convey important information, including the extent of crop maturity and a suitable harvesting period for more bast or hurd fiber production. Although the study generated interesting and promising results from the inter-nodal property analysis, further research into the internodal properties in relation to other influential agronomic factors is recommended.

    Efficient short extraction and purification procedures of kinsenoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii with deep eutectic solvent by column chromatographic extraction

    Yuan X.Hu S.-Q.Ni H.Hou Y....
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要:? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Kinsenoside is the main bioactive compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Anoectochilus roxburghii with multiple health benefits. In this work, short extraction and purification procedures of kinsenoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii by deep eutectic solvent (DES) were established to extract kinsenoside, which is much more efficient, energy-saving and environment-friendly than conventional methods. To assess the extraction efficiency of kinsenoside by different methods, the total kinsenoside content in dried whole plants of Anoectochilus roxburghii was determined firstly as 157.77 ± 2.87 mg/g. The extraction efficiency of 98.06 ± 1.36% was obtained at 25 °C using column chromatographic extraction (CCE) with the ratio of column height to diameter (H/D) of 10 and the elution flow rate of 2 minimum volume per hour (MV/h), and 60% DES consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and malic acid with the molar ratio of 1∶1 was used as extract solvent. Then the crude extract could be directly purified to 98% purity and > 75% total recovery rate by silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative liquid chromatography without extra separation and concentration. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that kinsenoside has been extracted from Anoectochilus roxburghii by CCE with DES. The results explore a new strategy for the extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plant materials.