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Journal of Applied Entomology
Verlag Paul Parey
Journal of Applied Entomology

Verlag Paul Parey

0931-2048

Journal of Applied Entomology/Journal Journal of Applied EntomologySCIISTP
正式出版
收录年代

    High virulence of a naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungal isolate, Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi, against Spodoptera frugiperda

    Dong HuiZhang Li‐shengGu Zu‐minZhou Jin‐cheng...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a new and dangerous invasive pest in many countries. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been considered as potential biological control agents against the FAW. In this study, eight natural fungal strains were isolated from diseased larvae of FAW, and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (EFNL‐1), Metarhizium rileyi (EFNL‐2 and EFNL‐8), Fusarium proliferatum (EFNL‐3 and EFNL‐6), F.?equiseti (EFNL‐4 and EFNL‐5) and F.?tricinctum (EFNL‐7), using the morphological and molecular tools or methods. The instantaneous death risk and mortality of 3rd‐instar larvae inoculated with EFNL‐8 (1?×?108 conidia/ml) were significantly higher than for any other fungal isolates and for the control group. Thereafter, we tested the pathogenicity of EFNL‐8 (1?×?107 conidia/ml) against 1st‐ to 4th‐larvae, pupae, and eggs of FAW. The instantaneous death risk and mortality of 1st‐instar (Median lethal time?=?9.02?days; Corrected motality?=?88.68%), 2nd‐instar (12.00?days; 62.50%) and 3rd‐instar larvae (13.79?days; 56.67%) inoculated with EFNL‐8 were significantly higher than that of larvae in the control groups. When the eggs of FAW were inoculated with EFNL‐8 (1?×?107 conidia/ml), EFNL‐8 caused eggs (56.62%), and newly hatched neonates after 3?days (68.75%) and 6?days (80.60%) mortality, compared with the control groups. However, the mortality of the EFNL‐8 isolate to 4th‐instar larvae (5.00%) and pupae (14.81%) was low and did not differ from the control groups. This study identified M.?rileyi EFNL‐8 as a pathogenic isolate against eggs and 1st‐ to 3rd‐instar larvae of FAW. However, further studies including field validation of this EPF biopesticide candidate should be undertaken in newly invaded areas by the pest.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Composition of landscape impacts the distribution of the main vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in southern Spain

    Martin GodefroidJosé M. Durán
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a harmful insect‐borne plant pathogen that causes severe diseases to major agricultural crops and many forest, ornamental and uncultivated plants. The pathogen, native to the Americas, has recently been detected in Europe, where it causes huge agricultural losses. The effect of landscape composition on the distribution of the vectors of the bacterium in Europe remains little explored. The present study aims at identifying how landscape composition impacts the distribution of the spittlebugs Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris, which can carry and transmit the pathogen to plants and are considered to be the main vectors of Xf in the Mediterranean region. During the period 2015–2018, we thoroughly sampled the distribution of both species in the southwest of Iberian Peninsula. We characterized landscape composition in the sampling area by computing landscape metrics and fitted multivariate analyses and species distribution models (SDMs) to investigate spittlebugs’ response to climate and landscape structure. High densities of Mediterranean agro‐forestry systems (named “dehesas” in Spanish), sclerophyllous vegetation and broad‐leaved forests in the landscape, were positively associated with the presence of P.?spumarius. Conversely, the high density of coniferous vegetation in the landscape was positively associated with the occurrence of N.?campestris. For P.?spumarius, SDMs accounting for ecologically relevant landscape descriptors yielded better predictive accuracy than models relying on climate only. These results highlight the importance of considering landscape information when modelling pests’ distributions and provide practical information to design landscape‐informed monitoring plans to prevent the spread of Xf in Europe.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Alkaline hydrolyzed torula yeast as an attractant for Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae)

    Rodrigo LasaTrevor Williams
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Acid hydrolyzed proteins with borax and torula yeast pellets are attractants commonly used for monitoring the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). Alkaline hydrolysis of proteins has been poorly studied as a source of attractants for tephritids, despite it increasing the production of ammonia, a known attractant for A. obliqua and other tephritids. Laboratory experiments revealed a significantly greater response of flies to torula yeast alkalized with NaOH at pH 10.3, 11.3, 12.3 and 13.3 compared with torula yeast + borax at pH 9.15. Traps baited with alkalized torula yeast at pH 13.3 captured significantly higher numbers of flies than torula yeast at pH 10.3, 11.3 or 12.3. The emission of ammonia from these traps was positively correlated with pH. Anastrepha obliqua was less attracted to torula yeast at pH 13.3 when alkalized with KOH than with NaOH, although no significant differences were detected in the emission of ammonia. In mango orchards in Mexico, the mean number of A. obliqua flies per trap per day was higher for traps baited with torula yeast at pH 13.3 than for acid hydrolyzed protein + borax or torula yeast pellets containing borax. While ammonia emissions from torula yeast at pH 13.3 and acid hydrolyzed protein + borax were reduced after one week in the field, the ammonia emission of torula yeast pellets increased after one week to levels similar to those of the other attractants. Alkaline hydrolysis of torula yeast at pH 13.3 increased the release of ammonia, reduced the surface tension of the liquid and proved more effective at capturing A. obliqua flies in laboratory cages and mango orchards when compared with standard attractants. This preparation is simple, cheap and stable and could find application in monitoring programmes targeted at A. obliqua.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Effects of domestication on quality control parameters of the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)

    Sushil K. GaireSaluna PokhrelMd Jamil Hossain BiswasBishwo P. Mainali...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The Queensland fruit fly (Q‐fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a major horticultural pest in Australia. Sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly used in area‐wide integrated management of Q‐fly, as well as for eradication of outbreaks in Q‐fly‐free regions. Quality control (QC) procedures are important to monitor and maintain high standards of mass‐reared insects for SIT. Effective use of QC procedures, and the setting of meaningful standards, requires a clear understanding of the short‐term factors that can cause changes in key parameters, such as failures in production systems, and also of the longer‐term effects of domestication on the performance of mass‐reared colonies. Artificial rearing conditions impose substantial selection pressures that can lead to changes in performance, and hence changes in the expected baseline values in QC assays. We investigated the effects of domestication on QC parameters of old and young Q‐fly colonies originating from three distant geographical locations in Australia: Sydney (Generation >100 and 7), Brisbane (Generation 59 and 14) and Cairns (Generation 29 and 9). Standard QC parameters including development time, pupal recovery, pupal weight, adult emergence, sex ratio, flight ability, fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity were assessed. Regardless of their origin, older Q‐fly colonies had lower egg hatchability, shorter developmental time, higher fecundity, higher survival under stress and greater longevity. We emphasize the importance of understanding the effects of continued domestication on QC measures when setting standards for assessment of fruit fly strains used in SIT programmes, particularly when using strains that are regularly replaced or infused with wild stock.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    First micro‐transcriptome of the third instar larvae of Anastrepha obliqua and its association with polyphagia

    Cesar A. Lemos‐LucumiSandra M. Velasco‐CuervoNelson Toro‐Perea
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Phytophagous insects are organisms that use a part of a plant as a food resource. Within this group, we focused on the pest insect Anastrepha obliqua, a fly that feeds on fruits of plants of different species and causes economic losses on the American continent. The ability of the larvae of this species to feed on various fruits (polyphagia) has been studied from different perspectives but never at the level of microRNAs. These interfering RNAs can regulate gene expression in tissues and organs of an organism. The objective of this work was to obtain the first micro‐transcriptome and to determine its expression levels and possible target mRNAs when the third instar larvae of the species A. obliqua feed on fruits of plants of three different species: Spondias purpurea, Mangifera indica and Averrhoa star fruit. A total of 116?microRNAs were identified in the study, of which 37 were completely new. Fifty‐four microRNAs were expressed in all larvae, regardless of the fruit, while 44 were detected in larvae that fed on a specific fruit. Twenty‐one microRNAs showed differential expression, and the annotation of the targets showed that these interfering RNAs have important genes that play roles in the development, feeding and detoxification of the larvae as possible targets. The construction of the first micro‐transcriptome and the identification of possible targets for A. obliqua provide new information for understanding the mechanisms that control gene expression in this species of dipteran.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Volatile organic compounds released by wheat as a result of striped shieldbug feeding and insect behaviour

    Sebastian SendelJan BocianowskiBogus?aw BuszewskiMagdalena Piesik...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The most popular plant protection method is chemical; however, this is often connected with repeated treatments. Therefore, eco‐friendly strategies need to be investigated. A good alternative is to use the natural repellent properties of plants. The aims of this study were to determine how adult striped shieldbugs (Aelia acuminata L.) feeding on spring wheat plants affect the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to determine the reaction of these insects to synthetic blends of VOCs. Using GC/MS for VOC analysis, we find that Aelia acuminata L. (1 or 2 adult pairs) significantly induced VOC emissions from wheat plants. In comparison with controls, larger amounts of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, 1‐hexyl acetate, 4‐heptanone, (Z)‐ocimene, linalool, linalool oxide, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, indole, β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐β‐farnesene were released as a result of the biotic stress, with two pairs of insects causing a significantly stronger plant reaction. On the basis of the VOCs identified and their emitted concentrations for two pairs of feeding adult striped shieldbugs, two blends of VOCs were prepared in three concentrations: blend I—(Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate and 1‐hexyl acetate, and blend II—(Z)‐ocimene, linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐β‐farnesene. Using an olfactometer (Y‐tube) to study insect behaviour, it was found that the male striped shieldbugs were not attracted to any of the blends at any concentration. Female shieldbugs were attracted to blend I at concentration 1. As for the remaining concentrations of both blends, females and males were repelled, with the higher the concentration the stronger the insect reaction.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Monitoring of Diaphorina citri populations from Florida reveals reduced susceptibility to cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam

    Xue Dong ChenJawwad A. QureshiLukasz L. Stelinski
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is an important pest that transmits the causal pathogens of huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus. In Florida, HLB threatens citrus production and insecticide overuse for the vector has resulted in evolution of resistance among populations of D.?citri to commonly used insecticides. Cyantraniliprole is effective against nymphal and adult D.?citri. However, since the introduction of cyantraniliprole use in Florida, observations have suggested that duration of population suppression following foliar sprays against D.?citri has decreased from 60 to 28?days during the period between 2012 and 2020. Here, we sampled populations of D.?citri from four locations in FL and measured their susceptibility to four insecticides compared with a susceptible laboratory culture. A vial bioassay method was used to measure direct toxicity of insecticides to D.?citri. For bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, dimethoate and thiamethoxam, the resistance ratios of field populations were 6.67–11.33, 3.20–36.37, 12.50–82.50 and 4.60–10.08, respectively. Data suggested that susceptibility levels of D.?citri populations to cyantraniliprole have decreased over 10‐fold at three separate citrus growing locations in Florida. Although some shifts in the resistance ratio of cyantraniliprole appear to have occurred since its use began in FL citrus, the resistance ratios are congruent with field observations indicating that D.?citri should remain susceptible to label rate applications of this mode of action without control failure. However, our results indicate that sufficient field variation in susceptibility to cyantraniliprole exists among populations of D.?citri to justify careful management of this insecticide for prevention of insecticide resistance development.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Attraction of Choristoneura rosaceana to pheromone blends in ratios produced in glands or emitted by females

    Juan HuangLarry J. GutMatthew J. Grieshop
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Trap captures of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), to pheromone blends in ratios approximating those reported in pheromone glands and a novel blend based on a volatile headspace collection from live virgin females were evaluated in field experiments in Michigan apple orchards. In an initial field trapping study, pheromone lures composed of either a three‐ or four‐component blend approximation of the blend present in female pheromone glands at doses ranging from 0.1 to 20?mg/lure were compared. The four‐component blend was a combination of (Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z11‐14:Ac), (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (E11‐14:Ac), (Z)‐11‐tetradecenol (Z11‐14:OH) and (Z)‐11‐tetradecenal (Z11‐14:Al) in a ratio of 96.5:1.8:1.4:0.2, respectively, while the three‐component blend lacked Z11‐14:Al. Pheromone emissions by groups of virgin females and commercial lures were collected in the laboratory and analysed by gas chromatography. These data were used to formulate a new pheromone lure that was compared to a commercial lure in a second trapping study. In the first field study, traps baited with 10?mg pheromones or above captured significantly more moths than traps baited with 1?mg or less, regardless of the blend. Surprisingly, groups of virgin females only emitted two detectable pheromone components, Z11‐14:Ac and Z11‐14:OH in a ratio of 37:63, which was substantially different from the blends detected in pheromone glands in the literature. The newly formulated pheromone lure based on females’ emission was more than twice as attractive as the commercial lure which emitted a 74:5:21 three‐component blend of Z11‐14:Ac, E11‐14:Ac and Z11‐14:OH. Our results suggested that the actual pheromones released by females may not translate directly to the content of pheromone glands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Improving Osmia lignaria and O. cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) retention with preferred nest materials and attractant spray

    Mario S. Pinilla‐GallegoLogan M. RoweJason GibbsTheresa L. Pitts‐Singer...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Mason bees (Megachilidae:?Osmia) are alternative managed pollinators with the potential to supplement pollination by honey bees in many crops. However, challenges for their management in orchards still remain. If nesting conditions are not optimal, females can show high dispersion rates, which decrease their economic viability at commercial scales. One way to improve female retention is by offering attractive nesting substrates. We tested the effect of several combinations of substrate materials and shelter types, as well as an attractant compound, on the retention and performance of?Osmia lignaria?and?O. cornifrons?females. We compared nesting in three types of shelter (blue and white plastic totes and brown pine plywood), with cardboard tubes of four different diameters (5–8?mm), reeds, and wood blocks as substrates at an experimental farm orchard. In a separate experiment with plywood shelters and 7‐mm cardboard tubes, we tested an attractant spray based on decanoic acid (patent number US 9301521B2), a compound isolated from?O. lignaria?cocoons and expected to encourage females to nest in artificial cavities. In both experiments,?O.?cornifrons?showed higher female retention than?O. lignaria. The combination of plywood shelters with reeds had the highest nesting for both species, although?O. cornifrons?also readily used cardboard tubes of 5–6?mm diameter. The attractant spray increased nesting by?O.?cornifrons, but not by?O.?lignaria. We also found a significant interaction between the effect of the attractant and the year of the experiment, indicating that weather and other environmental variables could affect the efficacy of the attractant. Together, our results suggest that using the right combination of shelters and substrates, as well as the attractant spray, is an effective strategy to increase?Osmia?female retention for orchard pollination.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Thermal requirements for egg development of two endemic Wiseana pest species (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) of economic importance

    Sylvester R. AtijegbeSarah MansfieldColin M. FergusonMichael Rostás...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Several endemic hepialid species in the genus Wiseana have become serious pests in New Zealand. Two species, in particular, reach high numbers, causing significant economic damage to pasture. Key developmental parameters for egg hatch for both species are needed along with monitoring and weather data to estimate the optimal time to apply control measures to the vulnerable early instar larvae. In this study, thermal requirements for the egg stage of Wiseana copularis and W. cervinata were determined to provide the basis of a prototype phenology model designed to improve the timing of application, therefore, the efficacy of an insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, against early instar larvae. The standard linear regression method and the Ikemoto and Takai method of insect development were compared for the goodness of fit to the egg‐stage development of W. copularis and W. cervinata at constant temperatures to determine a developmental lower threshold (T0) and degree day (DD) requirement for the egg to the larval stage for each species. The Ikemoto and Takai method gave the highest estimate of T0 for W. copularis at 7.9°C compared with 6.4°C for the standard regression method. For W. cervinata, the estimates ranged from 6.6°C (Ikemoto and Takai method) to 4.1°C (standard regression method). Of the two methods, the Ikemoto and Takai method had the better fit and lowest standard error for the parameters of interest. Thus, the Ikemoto and Takai model was chosen to estimate the critical parameters, T0 and the requirement for egg‐larval development of W. copularis (7.9°C, 185 DD) and W. cervinata (6.6°C, 177 DD).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley