查看更多>>摘要：This typescript has been written to provide a brief history of the commercial egg industry and the modern laying hen from the beginning of the 20th century to present. Certainly the hens' husbandry and production practices will continue to change at the onset of this publication and thereafter. Farmers, egg distribution centers, and commercial egg companies in the U.S. have done an excellent job in keeping eggs affordable and in plentiful supply during the cited 100 yr plus (e.g., 1900 to present) of population growth, urban and suburban growth, and declining egg farmers and producers. Further, as industry efficiency and company consolidation increased, so did hen rearing practice misconceptions among U.S. consumers. The 2010 U.S. Census indicates that 1.6% of the US population is engaged in agriculture production, which feeds the remaining 98.4% of the population. This review highlights over 100 yr of table egg production in the U.S., beginning in 1900 when approximately 25% of the U.S. population was engaged in agriculture production.
查看更多>>摘要：Recent years have seen commercial broilers reach market weights at systematically younger ages. These broilers have more efficient growth rates and higher meat yields due to advances in breeding programs and improvements in poultry husbandry, health, and nutrition. Nonetheless, some critics have voiced concerns with possible negative impacts on the skeletal integrity of broilers. To address these concerns, we provide in this paper time trends of breeding values for 11 to 14 yr for 5 skeletal (limb) health traits in broilers of 3 pedigree pure lines. Results presented are based on well over a million chickens per line. Of the 5 traits, 4 had low heritabilities with the other being low to moderately heritable. Yet through intense and persistent selection, incidence of limb issues has not worsened and has declined in 4 of the traits.
查看更多>>摘要：The growth of modern poultry farming in the US has been relentless. The application of novel and innovative technologies from rearing to processing has been playing a pivotal role for such a vast growth of this industry. Notably, when a poultry or poultry product leaves the processing plant, it travels with the package to reach the consumer. Therefore, appropriate packaging is an important part of poultry production, and application of novel and innovative technologies in this area is highly desirable. The most technologically advanced invention in the packaging industry is the intelligent packaging (IP) which can track the product, sense the environment inside or outside the package, and communicate and engage with customers. Some examples of IP include time-temperature indicators, biosensors, gas sensors, and data carriers. Using IP technology in the poultry meat and meat products has the potential to prolong shelf life, maximize meat quality and safety, and enhance customer engagement. Collectively, these improvements will greatly benefit the industry by increasing product sale, building consumer trust, and expanding market size nationally and internationally. In this paper, an overview of available IP technologies is presented and their potential application in the poultry industry is analyzed.
Zhuang, H.Rothrock, M. J., Jr.Hiett, K. L.Lawrence, K. C....
7页
查看更多>>摘要：Microbiological safety and quality of fresh chicken meat are important concerns to industry. The objective of this studywas to investigate the effects of in-package, non-thermal high voltage dielectric barrier discharge (HVDBD) treatment on microbial quality, safety, and color of fresh chicken breast meat (pectoralis major). Boneless skinless chicken breast meat was collected from a local commercial plant. Non-inoculated meat samples and meat samples inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella Typhimurium were packed in polymeric trays under ambient air conditions. The packaged samples were HVDBD-treated at different voltages (0, 55, 70, or 85 kV) for 180 s, and stored at 4 degrees C for 5 d. Microbial counts (psychrophiles, C. jejuni, S. Typhimurium) and meat color (L*a*b*) were measured before HVDBD treatment and after 5 d of post-treatment storage. Psychrophile growth was inhibited (P < 0.05) and both foodborne pathogens were reduced (P < 0.05) by HVDBD treatments regardless of treatment voltage. No differences in psychrophilic and S. Typhimurium counts were observed between the three treatment voltages; however, increasing treatment voltage beyond 55 kV resulted in additional inactivation of C. jejuni. In terms of meat color, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in a* and b* values between pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements; however, all HVDBD treatments resulted in increased L* value (P < 0.05). Results indicate that in-package HVDBD treatment can be used to reduce bothmicrobial spoilage and foodborne pathogen risks; however, in-package HVDBD treatment may increase pale color in raw chicken breast meat.
查看更多>>摘要：An experiment was done using 160 Hi-sex Brown laying hens to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary faba bean (FB) with or without enzyme cocktail supplements on productive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites. The experimental diets composed of 5 levels of FB at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, or 100% instead of soybean meal and 2 levels of enzyme cocktail (Gallazyme) 0 or 250 mg/kg diet. Feed, protein, and metabolizable energy intakes were significantly decreased with the increasing FB in laying hen diets (P < 0.001). The highest values of egg laying rate, egg output, and feed efficiency were observed by 25% FB, and the lowest with 75 and 100% FB (P < 0.001). No significant variation was reported in hen performance with or without enzyme cocktail except the egg weight was affected by the interaction effect (P < 0.05). Egg solids, total protein, total lipid, crude ash, and organic matter were affected by dietary FB inclusion (P < 0.05). Serum albumin (P < 0.035) and ammonia (P < 0.01) were affected by dietary FB, whereas blood proteins, calcium, and phosphorus were not (P < 0.05). Blood ammonia was numerically decreased by 22.22% with enzyme supplementation. Triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were affected by dietary FB, whereas total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FB can be added to the laying hen diets at less than of 50% instead of soybean meal, supplemented with Gallazyme in order to improve performance traits.
Graham, B. D.Robbins, K. M.Teague, K. D.Graham, L. E....
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Ability of a Clostridium septicum (CS) bacterin-toxoid, in conjunction with adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide, mannoslyated chitosan, or a water-in-oil emulsion Seppic Montanide 71 R VG adjuvant (OE) to induce immunity was evaluated in a 7-wk study (Experiment 1). Poults (20/group) were vaccinated on day of hatch, boosted at 5 wk of age and compared to unvaccinated controls. In Experiment 1, initial vaccination with OE resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody levels at 5 wk of age, and at 7 wk of age OE resulted in numerically increased antibody levels compared to all vaccinated groups. OE vaccine efficacy was evaluated in 2 field trials (Experiments 2 and 3) with treatments including a non-vaccinated control group and a vaccinated group. Experiment 2 consisted of 3 houses. Blood samples were obtained at time of field vaccination, 4 wk post-vaccination, and processing. Antibody levels (S/P ratio) in vaccinated groups for weeks 12 and 16 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than control groups for all houses. Experiment 3 consisted of 6 farms with 1-4 houses/farm. Vaccination significantly (P < 0.05) reduced CS-related mortalities as compared to controls in 5 of 6 farms and antibody titers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in vaccinated turkeys from 4 wk post-vaccination through processing, for all 6 farms. Based on these results, OE vaccines can be used to increase antibody titers and may reduce CS-related mortalities in the field.
查看更多>>摘要：Feed ingredients containing high levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), such as wheat and corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can form viscous digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, limiting broiler performance. A study was conducted to determine efficacy of a corn-produced recombinant carbohydrase (AC1) on dietary and intestinal viscosity and broiler performance with a high NSP diet. Hubbard x Ross 708, a day old, male broiler chicks (n = 960) were fed 1 of 8 dietary treatments for 21 d. Diets included a corn-soybean meal based diet (PC 1) and a diet of similar essential nutrient density, but with a 10% inclusion of both wheat and DDGS (PC 2) and a negative control (NC) with similar ingredients as PC 2, but with ME reduced by 125 kcal/kg. Additional treatments had varying levels of AC1, supplying 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 U beta-Glucanase (beta-Glu-U) per kg of feed, mixed into the NC diet. Dietary and digesta (d14) viscosity and weekly bird performance were measured. The inclusion of wheat and DDGS increased d1-7 feed conversion ratio (FCR) and supplementing AC1 at 50-400 beta-Glu-U/kg reduced FCR equivalent to PC 1. Intestinal viscosity correlated with d1-21 FCR and inversely correlated with d1-21 live weight gain (LWG). When analyzed categorically, dietary viscosity inversely correlated with d1-21 LWG (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that AC1 can reduce intestinal viscosity and improve early FCR in birds fed high viscosity diets and that in vitro viscosity can correlate to broiler performance.
查看更多>>摘要：The ability of naturally-occurring low levels of food-borne toxins and environmental contaminants to alter immune function in animals has been the subject of increasing interest in recent years. A total of 96 1-d-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of feeding naturally contaminated rations with low levels (800 ppb) of T-2 toxin and the protective effect of a commercial mycotoxin eliminator on circulating and intestinal immune cells, blood biochemistry, and hematological variables. Although there were no effects on body weight, contamination with T-2 toxin lead to a significant increase in serum levels of total protein (mainly due to increased albumin levels), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and increased jejunal levels of CD3(+) and Goblet cells at day 28. T-2 toxin significantly altered immune parameters, as was demonstrated by alterations in the number of circulating macrophages and suppressor macrophages, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes from mucosa, virgin cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and terminally activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes compared to uncontaminated control birds. The use of a mycotoxin eliminator partly compensated for the changes in immune cells.
查看更多>>摘要：Themicroflora within a chicken's gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has extensive bacterial diversity and may be a good source for the isolation of effective probiotic candidates. The resistance of desi chickens to various biotic and abiotic stresses is related to the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in their digestive system. In this study, LAB were isolated and cultured from the caecum contents of desi chickens and identified based on their phenotypic characters and rDNA gene sequences. The aggregation capability of the isolated Lactobacillus species was tested and those strains showing strong aggregation were further tested to see if they were better able to withstand the stress of GIT digestive conditions. The results demonstrated significant variation in aggregation ability and GIT stress tolerance. The autoaggregation potential of the strains was not correlated with their cell surface hydrophobicity but was found to be linked to coaggregation ability with pathogens. No potentially harmful enzymatic activities were observed in the poultry-derived LAB strains and the ones with good aggregation potential were susceptible to most common antibiotics. This study proved that native chickens can be a good source for isolating potentially effective probiotic LAB species. Furthermore, the aggregation potential among Lactobacillus species was highly strain specific and did not correlate with their ability to survive the stresses of digestion in the GIT.
查看更多>>摘要：Like other poultry species, Pekin ducks may develop gait abnormalities due to increased muscle growth relative to the skeletal system. Previous studies have shown that Pekin leg bones grow exponentially in terms of mineral deposition during the first 2 wk of life. Therefore, we hypothesized that a slight food restriction (FR) during that time would reduce muscle mass development sufficiently to allow the skeletal system to more fully develop. Our primary goal was to determine if FR could occur without increasing the time to market weight. To obtain this goal, ducks were provided either 65% (FR65) or 85% (FR85) of the control ducks daily feed intake. Food restricted ducks had lower (P < 0.05) body weights than controls at days 7 and 14. After day 14, when all ducks were fed ad libitum (ad libitum), food restricted ducks ate significantly (P < 0.01) more feed per day than control ducks and subsequently gained body weight at an increased rate. By day 35 there were no significant differences in body weight between FR85 and controls, however both FR groups showed reduced (P < 0.05) breast mass compared to controls. Qualitative assessment of gait also suggested that FR ducks had more uniform leg conformation and gait then did the control ducks and did not show any biological signs of reduced welfare. These data suggest that a slight FR is possible without adding time to market and this paradigm might reduce the occurrence of lameness in growing ducks.
NSTL
Elsevier