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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    A comparative study between the biofiltration for air contaminated with limonene or butyric acid using a combination of olfactometric, physico-chemical and genomic approaches

    J.A. SilesM.C GutierrezP. Marquez
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：A multidisciplinary analysis based on physico-chemical, olfactometric and microbiological perspectives was performed to compare the biofiltration of air contaminated with limonene or butyric acid. Two biofilters were subjected to butyric acid gaseous streams: one was filled with wood chips and sewage sludge compost (BF B-1) and the other with wood chips only (BF B-2). Similarly, two other biofilters were subjected to a gaseous stream containing limonene, with the same beds (BF L-l and BF L-2, respectively). Although the biofilters fed with butyric acid received higher odor loads (280-3280 ouE/m2-s for BF B-l and 135-1460 ouE/m2-s for BF B-2) than the biofilters treating limonene (30-170 ouE/m2-s for BF L-l and 15-130 ouE/m2-s for BF L-2), the first systems achieved odor removal efficiencies greater than 90% during most of the biofiltration time, whereas in the limonene biofilters, these efficiencies never exceeded 70%. Regarding the packed beds, genomic analysis of the microbial communities showed a wider distribution of phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria) in compost-wood biofilters than in wood chips systems where Proteobacteria was clearly predominant. This study reveals the importance of considering both the nature of the biofiltered compounds and the packed bed composition in biofiltration operations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Efficient degradation of organic contaminants by magnetic cobalt ferrite combined with peracetic acid

    Gaofeng ZhouYongsheng FuRunyu Zhou
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this study, a novel heterogeneous peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP), viz. cobalt ferrite combined with PAA (CoFe2O4/PAA), was used to degrade organic contaminants. The best pH for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation in CoFe2O4/PAA system was at 7, and approximately 95% RhB could be removed within 10 min at this pH. Radical scavenging experiments indicated that organic radicals (i.e., CH3COO and CH3COOO") were the dominant reactive species for RhB degradation. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis for the fresh and used catalysts suggested that the catalytic reaction mainly occurred on the surface of the catalyst. Increasing PAA dosage and CoFe2O4 dosage could enhance the removal of RhB, while excess CoFe2O4 dosage inhibited its degradation probably due to the clumping effect of magnetic nanoparticles. Five degradation products of RhB by CoFe2O4/PAA were identified and two degradation pathways of RhB were subsequently proposed, including bond cleavage and hydroxylation. CoFe2O4 exhibited an excellent stability and reusability, and the removal rate of RhB could maintain at 92.4% after four cycles. Several kinds of organic contaminants were selected to evaluate the applicability of CoFe2O4/PAA system, and the results suggested that CoFe2O4/PAA system exhibited a selectivity for different contaminants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Scale-up and safety of toluene nitration in a meso-scale flow reactor

    Gang FuLei NiDan Wei
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this study, toluene nitration was scaled up in a meso-scale flow reactor and safety was considered. The exothermic characteristic was demonstrated in a batch calorimeter. Parallel flow was observed in the flow channel and numerical simulation was carried out to show the hydrodynamics. Mass transfer coefficient of the reactor mixer was determined. The effects of flow rates, temperatures and molar ratios on toluene nitration in the flow reactor were analyzed. The conversion of toluene increased from 26% to 86% with the increase of flow rates while the impacts of temperatures and molar ratios were comparatively small. A productivity of 2572 kg/a could be achieved by this meso-scale flow reactor but the highest over-temperature inside the channel was more than 21.3 °C. A comparison between performances of the batch calorimeter and the flow reactor was also presented. The finding of this study can serve as a reference to design inherently safer meso-scale flow reactors for kinetically fast and highly-exothermic reactions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Safety, environmental and risk management related to Covid-19

    Bruno FabianoMark HailwoodPhilip Thomas DUniversity of Bristol, Faculty of Engineering, Bristol, United Kingdom
    3页
    查看更多>>摘要：The year 2020 will be remembered for the start of the Covid-19 global pandemic and will emerge as a great source of change in the safety community. In fact, in March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic state and the Covid-19 pandemic continues across the globe, with, at the time of writing, over 414 million cases and with over 5.8 million fatalities reported across all countries and territories (WHO, 2022). Alongside this, developing advanced techniques to enhance process safety, minimize environmental impacts and minimize risk under pandemic crises attracted significant attention, especially considering the still continuing emergence in various countries and concern about subsequent waves or even continual Covid-19, notwithstanding vaccine development. The evolution of the current pandemic is still affected by an extreme uncertainty connected to many unknown unknowns, allowing future challenges in research covering many topics, such as risk assessment of the impacts of a pandemic on the safe operation of process plants, including risks of shutdown and start-up under pandemic conditions, re-purposing process plants for responses to pandemics, cross-fertilization from different industrial sectors and trans-disciplinary approaches to personnel and process safety. Relevant research issues also include potential risks to the environment due to changes in monitoring, enforcement measures and activities as well as novel technologies and approaches for the mitigation of environmental impacts of Covid-19.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Liaw-UNIFAC flash point model for alcohols-kerosene/diesel fuel blends using average fuel structure

    Xin HuoQiang LuJian Wang
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Alcohol has already been widely used as an alternative fuel to blend with petroleum-based fuels. Accurate knowledge of flash points and their reliable prediction methods is essential in hazard identification, fire hazard reduction, process inherently safer design, and the risk management of alcohol-based fuels. This work presents a model to predict the flash point for alcohol + petroleum-based fuel blends based on the Liaw model incorporated with the original UNIFAC model. The flash point prediction model was modified by two steps: 1. applying a single vapor-temperature relationship for the petroleum-based fuel; 2. obtaining the activity coefficients by UNIFAC model using an average fuel structure for the petroleum-based fuel. The proposed model was verified experimentally for five fuel blends of alcohol + kerosene (alcohol being n-butanol, n-hexanol, and n-octanol) and alcohol + diesel (alcohol being n-butanol and n-hexanol). The flash point prediction procedure for alcohol + petroleum-based fuel blends was reduced to that of a binary mixture. The deviations between the predicted values and experimental data were mostly within 2 °C for the five fuel blends.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Process integrated monitoring of spatially resolved particle emissions of a baghouse filter using a network of low-cost PM-sensors

    Bachler P.Loschner V.Meyer J
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：In industrial applications of baghouse filters, emission sources other than direct penetration contribute greatly to the overall outlet dust emission. Spatio-temporal process monitoring could enable the detection of local particle emission hotspots and facilitate maintenance procedures by offering new insights regarding the emission behavior of baghouse filters. This publication shows the spatial emission behavior measured by low-cost sensors in a small scale baghouse filter with nine filter bags. After initial cleaning cycles, which cause clogging of the seams and a decrease of the particle emission level, the emission behavior corresponds to ideal filter operation. However, seemingly random continuous particle emissions are temporarily measured at individual filter bags within the baghouse. Via spatial monitoring and comparison with the total dust emission of the process, measured by a state-of-the-art precision laboratory optical particle counter, these events can be allocated to a corresponding filter bag, which serves as the source of temporary increase in dust emission. An increase in tank pressure shows a rise of the intensity and frequency of temporarily occurring continuous emissions. This behavior can be directly linked to a release of particles from previously clogged seams, thus enabling renewed particle penetration through the stitching holes of the seams.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Modified pineapple peel extract coupled with electrokinetic techniques for remediation of chromium-contaminated soil

    Yunfeng XuChuyin LiuYangwei Qu
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Remediation of chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil is a hot topic in environmental science and technology. In this field, one important issue is to develop a low-cost and effective electrolyte. This work investigated efficient remediation of Cr-contaminated soils by electrokinetic using pineapple-peel extract (PPE) as electrolyte. The main components of PPE were sugar and citric acid. The effects of these two components were investigated on remediation efficiency. The changes of soil properties, including pH, conductivity, electroosmotic flow, and Cr residue, were detailedly analyzed during electrokinetic remediation. After modification by H2O2, total sugar and organic acid contents in PPE changed from 64.5% and 0.115-42.5% and 0.304%, respectively. These changes further improved the Cr remediation. The highest average removal was 82.75% when 30% of H2O2 was used to modify PPE electrolyte. The main result of this work is in favor of developing and applying green electrolyte in electrokinetic technology. At the same time, pineapple residual is effectively recycled, which is devoted to green development.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    A data-driven Bayesian network model integrating physical knowledge for prioritization of risk influencing factors

    Huixing MengXu AnJinduo Xing
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The coupling of multiple factors stemming from propagation effects and interdependency relationships among risks is prone to generate major accidents. It is of necessity to develop a feasible model with limited cases, which can generate reliable causal relationship evolution. To prioritize risk-influencing factors (RIFs) and investigate their relationships, we proposed a data-driven Bayesian Network (BN) model integrating physical information for risk analysis. Based on collected data, we combined prior knowledge with structure learning and parameter learning to obtain a BN model. In structure learning, we compared three structure learning algorithms including Bayesian search (BS), greedy thick thinning (GTT), and PC algorithm to obtain a robust directed acyclic graph (DAG). In parameter learning, we selected the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to quantify the dependence and determine the probability distribution of node variables. This study provides a method to capture crucial factors and their interdependent relationships. To illustrate the applicability of the model, we developed a data-driven BN by taking the blowout accident as the case study. Eventually, we introduced vulnerability and resilience metrics for prioritizing risks through network propagation to conduct emergency plans and mitigation strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Fate and inhibition of Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate in biophysical reactors for treating real landfill leachate

    Ghorban AsgariMohammad RafieeAbdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this study, the performance of combined Non-Thermal Plasma ( as a pre-treatment) and granular sludge sequencing batch reactor ( as a post-treatment) was evaluated for decontamination of real landfill leachate containing Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. Special emphasis was placed on the biodegradability of leachate due to its high chemical stability and generation of intermediate species. A plasma reactor with a useful volume of 0.5 L, quartz material was utilized by this study for the pre-treatment process. The biological treatment efficiency was investigated using three granular sludge sequencing batch reactors, each containing 1.2 L with different apparatuses. The Hamadan landfill leachate sample was diluted with synthetic wastewater at 20%, 50%, and 100% v/v ratios. The applied influent Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations were 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 mg/1. Organic loading rate in terms of COD and Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations, as well as reactor hydraulic retention time, were worked out to assess the processes performance (COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, and Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate removal efficiencies). Total Organic Carbon and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand were also measured at the influent and effluent of the NTP reactor over a range of retention time (5,10,15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min) to determine the degree of biodegradability enhancement. Cell protein concentration was also measured using a nanotherape device to assess the effect of DEHP inhibitor on bacterial growth. The main results arrived at from the overall assessment of the processes are that the BOD5/COD ratio of Non-Thermal Plasma reactor effluent at all leachate dilution, i.e., 20%, 50%, and 100% (v/v ratios) considerably increased, reaching 1.09 as compared to 0.33 in the raw influent. The findings indicated that the longer hydraulic retention time affected the granular sludge sequencing batch reactor efficiency. Further, cell protein concentration decreased by increasing the leachate contribution of inlet COD and increased Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. It is concluded that Non-Thermal Plasma, as a highly competitive waste treatment technology coupled with aerobic granular sludge, could be considered for the biodegradation of landfill leachate containing chemically stable and recalcitrant organics not treatable by conventional techniques.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Simultaneous application of CaO2 nanoparticles and microbial consortium in Small Bioreactor Chambers (SBCs) for phenol removal from groundwater

    Maryam Yavari-BafghiMahmoud ShavandiSeyed Mohammad Mehdi Dastgheib
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Phenols are toxic products derived from a wide range of industrial activities and the entry of these contaminants into the environment is seriously hazardous for both human and aquatic ecosystems. This study presents the use of a phenol-degrading consortium surrounded in an innovative "Small Bioreactor Chambers" (SBCs) along with biostimulation for phenol bioremediation from contaminated groundwater. To investigate the effect of biostimulation, synthesized-calcium peroxide (CaO2) nanoparticles were applied. The phenol-degrading consortium, was successfully isolated from a water well located in Iran. The highest growth rate and phenol degradation of the phlOO-consortium were observed at 15 °C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 500 mg-L-1 of powdered CaO2 and 100 mg-L-1 of phenol as a sole source of carbon. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of the consortium revealed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes with 75.3% and 16.2% relative abundance were the dominant phyla in the phlOO-consortium, respectively. Experimental results indicated that 100% of the contaminant (100 mg-L-1) was successfully removed from groundwater using encapsulated CaO2 within 60 days with the negligible negative impacts on the microbial population. Furthermore, the highest biodegradation percentage were achieved during incubation of SBCs in a medium supplemented with 500 mg-L-1 CaO2 powder in 25th days of experiment. These results provide certain evidence for a successful simultaneous application of biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes through SBCs for contaminated water treatment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL