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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    Biomass-derived biochar: From production to application in removing heavy metal-contaminated water

    Sandro NizeticWei-Hsin ChenAnh Tuan Hoang
    30页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wastewater treatment may help to reduce water shortages, whilst concurrently recover energy and nutrients, leading to some of the exploitation of important sources being offset. Compared to other approaches, wastewater purification via adsorption is highly-desirable. The reason is that with this simple and better-to-regenerate technique, heavy metals could be removed even under lower concentration of metal ions. Due to numerous advantages and tunable physicochemical properties, biochar has received most attention for the control of water contamination. This contributes to the solving ecology issues. Significantly, the link between biochar and the rehabilitation of resources should be studied, so that the role of biochar during the wastewater and environmental treatment is well-comprehended and scale-up. In this review, the biochar production from biomass through different routes and their critical properties are critically reviewed and presented. In addition, the activation methods of biochar are also presented and thoroughly compared. More importantly, the application of biochar in heavy metal removal is scrutinized. The factors that affect the heavy metal adsorption capacity and performance are critically evaluated. Finally, limitations and future perspectives for biochar production and application in the removal of heavy metal from wastewater are highlighted in this review.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Investigation of pyrolysis kinetics, mechanism and thermal stability of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate

    Hang YaoJuncheng JiangBocun Li
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate (TBPO), an important organic peroxide, is widely used as a polymerization initiator and curing agent in the chemical industry. Its thermal instability due to the presence of the peroxide bond may incur a decomposition reaction and cause further thermal runaway. The pyrolysis characteristics of TBPO were assessed by three advanced calorimetry techniques. The apparent activation energies under dynamic and adiabatic conditions were calculated, and critical thermal safety parameters were determined. The specific distribution of the pyrolysis products of TBPO were identified by combining thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the most likely pyrolysis mechanism was proposed. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) was used to evaluate the activation free energy and activation free enthalpy for each step of the pyrolysis process at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP calculation level, and kinetic calculations at different temperatures were performed by using the conventional transition state theory. The theoretical simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The findings of this study can provide a favorable reference to forestall thermal safety accidents in the actual storage, transportation, and operation of TBPO.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Main control factors and prediction model of flow-accelerated CO2/H2S synergistic corrosion for X65 steel

    Min QinKexi LiacrGuoxi He
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：As an important infrastructure for offshore petroleum development, submarine pipelines are the lifeline of offshore petroleum resources development. However, the medium flow containing H2S and CO2 threatens the normal production of oil fields. Based on 18 groups of orthogonal experiments, considering CO2 partial pressure, H2S partial pressure, temperature, pH, chloride concentration and liquid flow rate, the general and local corrosion rate were obtained. The corrosion products were characterized with SEM/EDS and XRD. The main controlling factors and corrosion mechanism were explored. Under the experimental conditions, CO2 and H2S were the main controlling factors of general and local corrosion. With the increase of gas partial pressure, the corrosion rate increaseed gradually. Flow accelerated the synergistic corrosion mechanism and model were established. Within the working condition range, the prediction error was less than 20%, which was better than ECE prediction model. The results can improve the integrity management of submarine pipelines.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Synergistic treatment of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with geopolymer and chemical stabilizers

    Dongdong XuYun HuangXing Jin
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) is globally defined as hazardous waste and needs stabilization treatment. In this paper, synergistic treatment by geopolymerization and chemical stabilizers for the heavy metals in MSWI-FA was proposed, and its mechanism was further investigated. The leaching test showed that the concentration of Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb could meet the requirement of disposal standard, with more than 99.8% been effectively stabilized while Cr and Ni were below the quantification limits. The MSWI-FA was activated in geological polymerization process and produced Al/Si-based hydration products, while the chemical stabilizers formed chelates with heavy metals, yielding double effects on the geopolymerization. Therefore, with the co-effectiveness of the two processes, most of the heavy metals were firmly stabilized in the compound structure. The developed geopolymerization procedure had potential applications for treating heavy metals in MSWI-FA.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Activated sludge process versus rotating biological contactors in WWTPs: Evaluating the influence of operation and sludge bacterial content on their odor impact

    P. MarquezM.C. GutierrezM. Toledo
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), based on activated sludge process (ASP) and rotating biological contactors (RBC) as biological treatments, were comparatively evaluated in terms of their operational conditions, bacterial content and physicochemical characteristics of their derived sludge (SL) to determine their influence on odor impact. The average values of influent wastewater flow, inlet chemical oxygen demand (COD) and COD removal efficiency were (ASP-WWTP vs. RBC-WWTP): 447 vs. 689 m3/d, 300 vs. 423 mg/L and 88.28 vs. 83.17%, respectively. Regarding the global odor emissions, ASP-WWTP and RBC-WWTP had a similar odor emission rate (11,177 ouE/s and 12,784 ouE/s, respectively), with sludge thickening and dewatering being the major sources of odor in both facilities. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the three predominant phyla in both WWTPs, representing the 83% in ASP-SL and the 97% in RBC-SL RBC-SL showed lower bacterial biodiversity than ASP-SL The higher odor concentration from the sludge handling activities in RBC-WWTP were linked to the significative increments in the abundance of Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae (obligate anaerobe) and Moraxellaceae (aerobic) families compared to ASP-WWTP. However, when odor emissions were evaluated per equivalent inhabitant (EI), a higher value was obtained for ASP-WWTP (16.22 ouE/s-EI) compared to RBC-WWTP (6.84 ouE/s-EI).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    An inherently safer development approach for thermally coupled distillation sequences: Application in hazardous chemical separation

    Hong-guang DongHaotian YeWei Gao
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Process safety is always a core issue in chemical industry, which is conventionally not taken into consideration during the conceptual design stage of a process flowsheet. Distillation handles more than ninety percent of the separation and purification tasks of hazardous chemicals and accounts for no less than forty percent of the total energy consumption. Therefore, this work presents an inherently safer synthesis framework for thermally coupled distillation sequences with structure constraints, which can efficiently quantify and optimize the inherent safety index of each column configuration in the sequence, based on State-Task Network and Dow's F&EI. To efficiently quantify the inherent safety index of each column configuration, a series of structure constraints are proposed. Within the superstructure, Hengstebeck-Underwood-Gilliland shortcut method is employed for distillation column design. Finally, two hazardous zeotropic mixture separation examples are performed to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed synthesis methodology.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Optimization of the coagulation-flocculation process for vegetable oil refinery wastewater using a full factorial design

    Chaymae HaddajiKarima EnnaciriAnas Driouich
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Vegetable oil refineries wastewater poses significant challenges to treatment techniques due to its characteristic fluctuations. In this study, a full factorial design (FFD) was applied to investigate the effect of the experimental variable (pH, coagulant dose, flocculant dose, and pollutant load) for the turbidity (Y1) and COD (Y2) removal by the coagulation-flocculation process. The results showed that the linear regression models were well suited to the experimental data, with correlation coefficients R2adj of 0.96 and 0.9 for Y1 and Y2, respectively. According to the ANOVA analysis, linear effects were detected significantly for the four factors examined on turbidity and COD removal. This study has shown that coagulation-flocculation is effective for turbidity removal, regardless of the pollutant load of wastewater. Under optimal conditions using 1 g IT1 FeCl3 and 1 mL IT1 cationic polymer at a pH = 8, the turbidity removal reaches 82% and 97.5% for a low and high pollution load, respectively. In contrast, the COD removal reaches 79.5% and 58% for low and high pollution loads, respectively. These results prove that the efficiency of physicochemical treatment in organic matter removal is more effective in less polluting industrial wastewater. This strongly suggests that a physical pretreatment is a promising option for the best efficiency of coagulation-flocculation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Molecular identification of indigenous halotolerant bacteria isolated from the red sea coast applied for biodegradation of synthetic dyes and assessment of degraded metabolite toxicity

    Kamel ChaiebHisham N. AltaybOthman A.S. Baothman
    22页
    查看更多>>摘要：Three halotolerant bacteria were isolated from seawater collected along the Red sea coast, Jeddah, KSA and evaluated for their capacity to remove congo red (CR) and malachite green (MG), commonly used in paper printing and textile factories. Mixture design and response surface methodology (RSM) based on statistical design of experiments were applied to explore the region of interest and interaction between the three selected strains. Color removal were confirmed by UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR). Microbial enzymes related to dyes degradation were also investigated after analysis of the whole bacterial genome. Results, showed that the dye degrading strains were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae K2, Enterobacter sp. K16b and Vibrio tritonius K20. The effect of K. pneumoniae K2, Enterobacter sp. K16b and V. tritonius K20, tested separately, induced a maximum of decolorization of 74.54%, 85.71% and 82.73% for CR and 72.67%, 74.26% and 72.73% for MG, respectively. Process optimization, showed that the higher decolorization (%) of CR and MG yields were obtained when the proportions of K. pneumoniae K2, Enterobacter sp. K16b and V. tritonius K20 were 21.34%, 56.35% and 22.30% for CR and 42.38%, 56.56% and 0.10%, for MG. Biodegradation of dyes was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrum and FTIR analysis. The phyto-toxicity assay revealed that when the irrigation medium was supplemented with extract obtained from the respective microbial treated dyes solutions, seed germination, shoot and root lengths were not affected, indicating that selected strains have the ability not only to remove color but also to detoxify dyes solutions. Whole genome analysis confirms the presence of a valuable enzymes (reductase, dehydrogenase, kinase, hydrolase, transferase, catalase and, dioxygenase enzymes) involved in chemicals degradation, suggesting that they might be useful in biological treatment of various coloured industrial effluents.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Experimental and simulation research on hydrogen leakage of double ferrule joints

    Tianze WangFuyuan YangQixiang Hu
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Owing to the scope of large-scale use of hydrogen energy in future technology, addressing safety issues like leakage and diffusion in all steps of production, storage, transportation, etc., will become inevitable. This paper focuses on the volume change of the combustible area after double ferrule joint leaks. First, a calibrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built and calibrated for accuracy through a hydrogen horizontal jet process. Second, the schlieren method was used to observe the hydrogen leakage morphology when the pipe was scratched. The CFD model was used to investigate the morphology and combustible volume changes under different wind directions and speeds. Third, critical wind speed (CWS), representing the disturbance wind speed when the combustible volume generated by the hydrogen jet was reduced to 85% of the non-disturbed environment, was proposed. Fourth, the scratch leakage behavior with the double ferrule joint placed horizontally was simulated. This research found that forced convection in the hydrogen system reduced the combustible volume produced by the hydrogen jet, and the typical value of CWS here was 1.5 m/s.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Experimental evaluation of the impacts of diesel-nanoparticles-waste tire pyrolysis oil ternary blends on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

    Fikret Polat
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the present research, pyrolytic oil is obtained from the waste tire chips, and then acid washing process, clay and calcium oxide process, distillation process, and oxidative sulfur removal processes are used to improve its properties. Then it is blended into conventional diesel fuel with/without Al2O3 nanoparticles, and the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, air cooled, and naturally aspired diesel engine are discussed in this study. Tests were performed at varying engine loads from 3 to 12 Nm with the gaps of 3 Nm under a constant engine speed of 2400 rpm. In this study, three types of fuels were tested, namely D100 (100% diesel fuel), P10 (90% diesel fuel and 10% pyrolytic oil), and P10 + 1 g Al2O3 (obtained by adding 1 g of Al2O3 nanoparticles to P10 fuel). The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles increased the brake thermal efficiency while reducing the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, hydrocarbon emissions, NOx emissions, and CO emissions compared to other test fuels. Namely, with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles, BTE was improved by 4.51% and 1.59% compared to P10 and pure diesel fuel, respectively. According to this, the BSFC value increased by 4.29% for P10 test fuel and then is reduced by 2% for P10 + 1 g Al2O3 test fuel as compared with conventional diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, the CO, NOx, and HC emission values deteriorated by 17.5%, 5.69%, and 18.6%, respectively, with the addition of pyrolysis oil, and these deteriorated properties were improved by 10%, 6.82%, and 13.95%, respectively, with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles. In the light of this study, it was observed that while waste tire pyrolysis oil worsened engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics, these deteriorations could be improved with nano Al2O3 supplementation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL