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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    Determination of optimum retention time in an air-cathode single-chamber microbial fuel cell batch-mode reactor by comparing different substrate types and concentrations

    Ganjar SamudroTsuyoshi ImaiAlissara Reungsang
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要： The disadvantages of the air-cathode single-chamber microbial fuel cell (AC-SCMFC) performance can be caused by numerous factors, and retention time (RT) is one such factor. It is difficult to conclude the ideal RT run for the specific tests under the same conditions. To determine the optimum RT for various types of microbial fuel cell (MFC), an AC-SCMFC batch-mode reactor was carried out by comparing different types and concentrations of substrates based on the main parameters of organic removal and power generation. The AC-SCMFC reactor was designed for the effective working volume of 500 mL and operated for 52 d in batch mode with factors being significantly correlated with the performance of the MFC reactor, which were two different substrates, sucrose and acetate, and three different chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of 400; 1000, and 2500 mg/L (low, medium, and high, respectively) equipped with two graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-based electrodes connected to 100 O resistance and plugged onto a data logger. The results of this study indicated a significant pattern at the medium level, at which the optimum RT of sucrose was achieved at 24 h and that of acetate at 48 h. In comparison, the performances pattern at low and high levels of both substrates was insignificant to determine the optimum RT. For further application, the recommended RT for both substrates at any concentration is 24 h due to high overall performance, and the optimum RT established in this study could be applied to all types of MFC research, particularly in oxi-dizable or biodegradable organic ranges, which ensures high performance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Improving the performance of a hybrid solar desalination system under various operating conditions

    Mishal AlsehliFadl A. EssaZ.M. Omara
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要： The issue of freshwater shortage is a general problem that touches almost all human beings, and everyone is trying to find creative and practical solutions to try to overcome this problem. In this paper, the proposed desalination system consists of a modified solar still (MSS), parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC), separation unit (SU), and two external condensers (EC). The idea of this proposed device is that the PTSC was utilized to heat the saline feed water to a temperature from which steam can be extracted, and then a separation is made for this steam from the remaining water that has risen in temperature and has not been evaporated to be used as feed water for MSS. Also, MSS has been modified by making all its walls (except for the back wall of the distiller) of glass to obtain a greater amount of absorbed solar radiation. Besides, a double glass cover for MSS was used instead of the single glass sheet to prevent the heat loss to the atmosphere through the glass cover. The double glass cover is two sheets of glass between which there is a slight vacuum pressure. Regarding the experimental tests conducted through July 2021, the main conclusions of this work can be pointed. It was revealed that at 12:00, the maximum water temperature of PTSC was 55 °C at 20 L/hr (0.33 L/min), where the solar radiation was 1050 W/m~2. Besides, the effectiveness of PTSC was 60%, and the total accumulated productivity of PTSC was 83 L/daytime (daytime = 9 hrs). Moreover, the total accumulated productivities of conventional solar still (CSS) and MSS with double glass cover were 3330 and 2325 mL/m~2.daytime, respectively. Therefore, the productivity of MSS with double glass cover was smaller than that of the CSS by about 30%. In addition, the total accumulated freshwater distillate of CSS and MSS with double glass and condenser was 3370 mL/m~2.daytime and 6150 mL/m~2.daytime, respectively. As a consequence, the productivity of MSS with double glass and condenser was more than that of CSS by around 82.50%. In addition, the thermal and exergy efficiencies were 31% and 2.54%, respectively for CSS and 47.5% and 3.95%, respectively for MSS with double glass and condenser. Besides, the total productivity of the hybrid system (PTSC and MSS together) was reported as 91.0 L/daytime. Also, the cost of distilled water of proposed hybrid system is 0.008 $/L, and payback period of costs on proposed system is three months. Moreover, the environmental parameters of EPF, f_(CO2), and Z' for MSS are slightly more than the double of that for CSS.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Biodegradation efficiencies and economic feasibility of single-stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion of desulfated Skim Latex Serum (SLS) by using rubber wood ash

    Marisa RakethPrawit KongjanKhaliyah Sani
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要： The efficiencies of single-stage anaerobic digestion (SSAD) and two-stage anaerobic digestion (TSAD) of desulfated skim latex serum (DSLS) using various rubber wood ash (RWA) loadings were investigated in this study. The experiments on batch processes showed that DSLS gave a higher yield (6-21%) than raw SLS in both SSAD and TSAD. The highest H2 and CH4 yields of 90.64 and 294.53 mL/g-CODadded were achieved with DSLS using RWA loading of 5 g/L (DSLS5) and 10 g/L (DSLS10), respectively in TSAD (thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, respectively). The maximum 305.09 mL/g-CODadded CH4 yield in SSAD was observed for DSLS10. Total energy recovery in TSAD was 5% higher than that in SSAD. However, the cost assessment on continuous AD using kinetics and yield from the batch experiments suggests longer payback time for TSAD (4.36 years) than for SSAD (2.52 years). TSAD is not economically attractive with DSLS10 due to the large total volume of digesters required. This study revealed that RWA can remove sulfate from SLS to enhance biogas production and reduces H2S in the biogas, while TSAD of DSLS was not attractive compared to the conventional SSAD like for some other substrates reported in the literature.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Synthesis of nZVI-BC composite for persulfate activation to degrade pyrene: Performance, correlative mechanisms and degradation pathways

    Junyuan GuoJianying JiangYihua Chen
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要： In order to achieve efficient adsorptive and oxidative removal of pyrene, a persulfate oxidation system with composite nZVI-BC prepared by loading nano-zero-valent iron on coconut shell biochar as an activator was established and applied. The results of adsorption experiments showed that at pH 3, when the dosages of BC, nZVI and nZVI-BC were all 1.5 g/L, the removal efficiency of pyrene reached 64.9%, 19.0%, and 61.2%, respectively after 120 min of adsorption. The best performance of nZVI-BC-persulfate system was achieved at pH 3, nZVI-BC 1.2 g/L and persulfate concentration 6 mM, and after 60 min of degradation, the removal efficiency of pyrene reached 99.4%. The pre-adsorption process was a promoting-step for pyrene degradation. The conversion of nZVI to Fe~(2+) and Fe~(3+) played an important role in the activation of persulfate to produce SO_4~(·-) and ~?H, both of which were responsible for non-selectively oxidization pyrene. The support of BC could improve the dispersibility and activity of nZVI and improve of the above conversion. The intermediates with relatively lower toxicity were identified during pyrene degradation, and they were successively oxidized into CO2 and H2O finally. In summary, nZVI-BC can be a promising catalyst for persulfate activation to degrade PAHs in wastewater.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Separation and recovery of metallic zinc and iron concentrate from blast furnace dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction

    Xue DengRun HuangXiaodong Lv
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要： Theoretical calculations and experimental studies were used to investigate a process involving the evaporation, condensation, and separation of blast furnace dust with vacuum carbothermal reduction. The theoretical calculations revealed that the removal rate of metallic zinc from blast furnace dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction was > 99.6%, with a 800-900 °C reduction temperature range. The experimental results showed a 97.8% removal rate of metallic zinc in the reduced sample. The phase transformations of iron and zinc during the reduction process were ZnFe2O4 ± Fe2O3 ± Fe3O4 ± FeO and ZnFe2O4 ± ZnO ± Zn_((g)), respectively. Metallic zinc in ZnFe2O4 phase was reduced, condensed, and collected after escaping in the gas form. These results demonstrated the feasibility of a novel process for recovering metallic zinc and high-grade iron-bearing raw materials from blast furnace dust.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Investigation on the pyrolysis process, products characteristics and BP neural network modelling of pine sawdust, cattle dung, kidney bean stalk and bamboo

    Jishuo LiXiwen YaoJi Ge
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要： To realize resource utilization of waste and alleviate associated environmental pollution, the pyrolysis behaviour of pine sawdust (PS), cattle dung (CD), kidney bean stalk (KS) and bamboo (BA) was investigated. The mass loss, gaseous product evolution and kinetic parameters of these four materials during pyrolysis were analysed via TG-MS. According to the TG-MS results, a back propagation (BP) neural network model was developed for the mass loss prediction of different biomass pyrolysis. More importantly, FTIR and SEM-EDX were used to analyse the characteristics of bio-oil and biochar to facilitate further utilization of these pyrolysis products. The results indicated that PS exhibited the highest mass loss (87.25%) during pyrolysis at 800 °C, and the higher D value (1.23E-05) indicated that PS was more easily decomposed than other materials. In terms of gaseous products, PS produced more H2, C2H6, C3H8 and CO2 than did the other materials during pyrolysis, while BA produced more CH4 and H2O. In addition, the content of phenols or aromatic compounds in PS bio-oil was the highest, and the surface pores in the obtained PS biochar were uniform and regular, which verified that PS achieved a higher utilization value than that of the other materials considered. Finally, the established BP neural network models realized a satisfactory mass loss prediction performance with increasing temperature.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Assessment and optimization of wet air oxidation for treatment of landfill leachate concentrated with reverse osmosis

    Emilie GoutMathias MonnotOlivier Boutin
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要： Sanitary landfilling is one of the most common ways to eliminate solid municipal/urban wastes. Despite many advantages, this method leads to the generation of contaminated leachates that remains an unavoidable consequence of the waste disposal. Membrane technologies, such as reverse osmosis, are frequently used for leachate treatment as they generate good quality permeate with a high recovery rate. However, their primary drawbacks are fouling, eliminated by chemical wash, and the production of highly polluted concentrates. This paper aims to assess and optimize the use of wet air oxidation to treat reverse osmosis concentrates in terms of bio-refractory organic pollutants removal. Wet air oxidation was performed at elevated pressure and temperature using experimental design methodology with a 70% oxygen excess for 6 h in a stirred batch reactor. The effect of operating conditions was investigated with an experimental design where 3 factors (two quantitative ones: pressure and temperature and a qualitative one: seasonality of the effluent) have been considered. The chemical oxygen demand and the total organic carbon removals increased with the increase of temperature (from 200 °C to 300 °C) and no effect of the pressure was observed within the range 18 - 21 MPa. Wet air oxidation could achieve up to 99% removals for chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon for the seasonality of October. Experiments also showed that increasing the initial pollutant concentration increased initial kinetic rates. Finally, models were established to calculate and predict pollution removal rate and its kinetic, in the domain of study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Adsorptive properties of MgO/WO3 nanoadsorbent for selected heavy metals removal from indigenous dyeing wastewater

    Chris Agida UkoJimoh Oladejo TijaniSaka Ambali Abdulkareem
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要： The magnesium oxide/tungsten trioxide (MgO/WO3) nanocomposites were prepared at different mixing ratios using a combination of green and wet impregnation methods and subsequently utilized as nanoadsorbent for the removal of selected heavy metals from Indigenous dyeing wastewater. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using High-resolution electron microscopy (HRSEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Selective Area Diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) N2 Adsorption-desorption method. HRSEM/HRTEM analysis demonstrated the formation of a distinct spherical shape irrespective of the mixing ratio of MgO on WO3 nanoparticles. XRD analysis confirmed the existence of a monoclinic phase and face centred cubic phase for WO3 and MgO nanoparticles and strong interaction between the nanoparticles leading to the formation of magnesium tungstate (MgWO4). The BET analysis revealed a higher surface area (104.2 m~2/g) for mesoporous MgO/WO3 nanocomposite with a mixing ratio (4:1) than WO3 alone with a surface area (22.5 m~2/g). The maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) (98.1%), Fe(II) (100%) and Cr (VI) (100%) was achieved at an optimum contact time of 12, 12 and 14 min respectively. The adsorption data evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models showed that experimental data best fitted the Langmuir model while the fitness of adsorption data to different kinetic models followed pseudo-second-order. The adsorption of the selected metal ion using MgO/W03 nanoadsorbent was based on electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and pore diffusion mechanism. The thermodynamic study demonstrated the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the metal sorption process. MgO/WO3 nanoadsorbent with a mixing ratio (4:1) exhibited greater adsorption efficiency than other nanoadsorbents and has excellent regeneration potentials after 5 cycles.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Investigations on characteristics of landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions and their dependency on organic matter

    Venkata Siva Naga Sai GoliPrithvendra SinghDevendra Narain Singh
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要： Landfill mining, LFM, is considered to be one of the alternatives to overcome adverse effects of unscientifically created landfills/dumpsites, UCLDs, and engineered landfills, ELFs. However, the feasibility of various pathways for the valorization of its yield, designated as the landfill mined residues, LMRs, for sustainable development is still being debated mainly due to not in-place schemes for comprehensive characterization of the landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions, LFMSF, which is a major component of LMRs. Due to this lacuna, proper guidelines, and strategies for utilization of the LFMSF as a manmade resource could also not be developed so far. Another constraint in this context is that the physicochemical characteristics of LFMSF have been attributed to its age, which is difficult to obtain (if not impossible), due to lack of know-how about the method of disposal, turning, and leveling of MSW, and variation in the decomposition pattern between UCLDs and ELFs. With an intention to address these issues, a comprehensive characterization of LFMSF obtained from some of the L/CLDs/ELFs in India was conducted by considering their physical, chemical, mineralogical, and thermal characteristics. Based on the experimentally generated data and its statistical analysis, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of the LFMSF are primarily influenced by its OM. Subsequently, easy to employ relationships between the OM and the characteristics of LFMSF have been developed. It is believed that these relationships will be very much useful for a quick estimation of the LFMSF characteristics that would be very handy for defining its appropriate applications to fulfill sustainable development goals.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Multi-objective optimization of an explosive waste incineration process considering nitrogen oxides emission and process cost by using artificial neural network surrogate models

    Sunghyun ChoYoungjin KimMinsu Kim
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要： Fluidized bed incinerators are more efficient and safe for treating explosive waste than previous methods because they can emit nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations below the standard value (90 ppm). However, a limitation is that they have only focused on optimizing the operating conditions to minimize NOx emission concentrations till now. In this situation, it is crucial to balance NOx and process costs. Therefore, this study designed an explosive waste incineration process and performed multi-objective optimization. An artificial neural network surrogate modeling method is vital to reduce optimization time. Therefore, surrogate models with 95% and 99% accuracies were obtained, reducing the calculation time by 90%. Furthermore, an index combining NOx emission concentrations and process costs was proposed to obtain an optimal balanced operating condition of the process. By optimizing the process index, a new operating condition was obtained that could reduce 20% of the process costs while maintaining NOx emission concentrations within the standard limit. The proposed operating condition and data, such as from sensitivity analysis, would provide a valuable guideline for operating the abovementioned process associated with NOx emission standards.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL