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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    Biological treatment of high strength monoethanolamine(MEA)-containing wastewater from printed circuit board manufacturing industry

    Hsin-Yu ChenBen-Chiau ChangYi-Ju Wu
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Develop-etch-strip(DES)process in printed circuit board(PCB)manufacturing industries produces wastewater containing high organic nitrogen,in which monoethanolamine(MEA)is the main COD and nitrogen source.This study evaluated feasibility of biological treatment of high concentration MEA-containing acidified DES wastewater collected from a fall-scale PCB industry.Batch test results indicated that aerobic conditions attained the highest specific COD degradation rates(6.5-14.6 mgCOD/gVSS/h),anoxic conditions attained second(4.81 mgCOD/gVSS/h),and anaerobic conditions was the lowest(1.3-3 mgCOD/gVSS/h).The anoxic/oxic(A/O)sequencing batch reactor(SBR)with porous polyurethanes carriers,BioNET,was able to treat MEA-containing acidified DES wastewater with 80 % COD removal and 23 % TN removal at influent COD of 300 mg/L,while the A/O continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR)with BioNET at 8 h of HRT achieved above 96 % COD removal and 78 % TN removal at influent COD of 630 mg/L.The aerobic batch test results indicated that specific COD degradation rates followed a Haldane-type model,suggesting that MEA acts as an inhibitory substrate,especially at concentrations above 2000 mg/L.In addition,MEA inhibited the onset of nitrification,but not specific nitrate production rate,suggesting that MEA may inhibit nitrification by inhibiting expression of amoA gene,based on amoA gene expression results.Finally,the contribution for COD degradation,denitrification and nitrification by BioNET(<20 %)was lower than that for suspended sludge in the A/O CSTR,suggesting that the role of BioNET carriers could retain microorganisms and served as the habitats for microorganisms to avoid washout at a shorten HRT situation.
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    • NSTL

    A detail performance and CO2 emission analysis of a very large crude carrier propulsion system with the main engine running on dual fuel mode using hydrogen/diesel versus natural gas/diesel and conventional diesel engines

    Aboozar GholamiSeyed Ali JazayeriQadir Esmaili
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Due to the fact that the emissions is a very important and challenging issue in our world today,especially for the shipping industry,so the use of more environmental friendly fuels in marine engines has become very attractive among researchers.The most interesting and promising alternative fuel is hydrogen(H2)and extensive research on feasible production and developing advance reliable consumption methods is ongoing.In this paper,the implication of hydrogen and performance of the propulsion system of a very large crude carrier is studied,by considering the speed required for the relevant marine voyage cycle to investigate and assessed when fuel is partially switched from diesel to hydrogen.Through developing an advance code in the Matlab-Simulink software,the effect of hydrogen percentage from 1 % to 10 % on CO2 emission and propulsion performance is assessed for the proposed marine voyage and the results are compared with the case of natural gas/diesel or solely conventional diesel.The modeling prediction indicates that by changing the composition of fuels used,at the same time trying to maintain the same power output and proper performance of the engine and propulsion system,the amount of CO2 emission could significantly be reduced,up to 10 % or even more than 24 % in the cases that the energy share of hydrogen and natural gas is 10 % and 99 % for dual fuel hydrogen/diesel and dual fuel natural gas/diesel engines,respectively.
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    • NSTL

    Flame-resistant bifunctional MOF-based sponges for effective separation of oil/water mixtures and enzyme-like degradation of organic pollutants

    Yicui WeiMengfan WangWei Qi
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water pollutions that come from spilled oils,discharged organic reagents and abused pesticides have become an urgent problem to ecosystem.In this study,inspired by the multi-properties of MOF materials,we presented a bifunctional MOF-based sponge(OPA-UiO-66@MF)to achieve the effective oil/water separation as well as the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.On one hand,upon the in-situ growth of UiO-66 on melamine foam(MF)sponges and the octadecyl-phosphonic acid(OPA)modification of UiO-66,we highlighted the super-hydrophobic/superoleophilic property of the OPA-UiO-66@MF,which leads to excellent performances in oils adsorption and continuous oil/water separation.On the other hand,benefits from the lipase-like property of UiO-66,OPA-UiO-66@MF was proved having potential ability in the catalytic degradation of carboxylic acid ester pesticides which are usually enriched in oils or organic solvents.Moreover,since phosphorus containing groups can be introduced onto the surface of sponge through OPA modification,OPA-UiO-66@MF also displayed superior flame resistance.As an effective,safe and green material,the developed flame-resistant bifunctional OPA-UiO-66@MF sponge might provide a promising application in the elimination of organic pollutants in water systems.
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    • NSTL

    Investigating the characterisation,kinetic mechanism,and thermodynamic behaviour of coal-biomass blends in co-pyrolysis process

    Hamad GoharAsif Hussain KhojaAbeera Ayaz Ansari
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The integration of biomass into existing thermochemical conversion processes for bioenergy production is expected to play a key role in the energy transition to reduce the reliance on depleting fossil fuels and mitigate fossil carbon emissions.In this study coal-biomass blends containing hemp and sawdust were prepared with various blending ratios for co-pyrolysis.The coal-biomass blends were characterised using ultimate analysis(CHN),gross calorific value(GCV),FTIR,and TGA.Co-pyrolysis was performed in TGA that was applied to study the thermokinetic behaviour of the respective blends.The deviation between the experimental and calculated values of TGA mass loss(ML),the residue left(RL),and maximum mass loss rate(DTG_(max))were calculated to observe the synergistic effect.The positive deviation in the ML and DTG_(max)values indicated the presence of a synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis.Kinetic parameters were analysed by employing the Coats-Redfern method with thirteen integral functions.The activation energy(Ea)for individual coal was 39 kJ/mol through a one and a half chemical reaction(F3/2),while individual sawdust and hemp showed 60 kJ/mol through a deceleratory reaction mechanism for contracting sphere(R3)and 44 kJ/mol through the second-order chemical reaction(F2),respectively.Thermodynamic parameters such as the change in enthalpy(AH)and change in Gibbs free energy(AG)showed positive values that indicate the reaction was non-spontaneous.Additionally,the change in entropy(AS)was negative that suggested a more ordered state.The coal-sawdust blends were found to be suitable for the production of bio-oil as the individual sawdust contained a higher number of volatiles,whereas the coal-hemp blends were better suited for the production of biochar since the individual hemp produced more residue after co-pyrolysis.Hemp biochar was further characterised by FTIR,TGA,GCV,and SEM-EDX analysis to investigate its potential in environmental and energy applications.
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    • NSTL

    Optimization of selective gold recovery from electronic wastes through hydrometallurgy and adsorption

    Chuchai SronsriNapong PanitantumWanpasuk Sittipol
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The feasibility of hydrometallurgy for metal extraction from electronic wastes was investigated in the current work.Samples were ground and preliminary extracted by nitric acid and aqua regia.The gold concentrations in nitric acid and aqua regia were measured as 1.82 mg L~(-1)and 29.45 mg L~(-1),respectively.In addition,extraction performances using Cl2(oxidizer)were studied.Experiments were conducted by connecting an extraction reactor to an oxidizing electro-generator.It was found that copper and gold were mostly extracted by adjusting different extraction conditions,such as extraction time,HC1 concentration,extraction temperature,current density,particle size range,sample mass(solution density),and stirring speed.Two specific extraction steps were employed to selectively extract copper and gold.It was detected that 98.1 % of copper was extracted using the first extraction step twice,whereas,in the final step,95.1 % of gold was extracted from the residue sample of the first step.The gold recovery performances of five different resins were investigated,and IRA402 Cl and HPR9700 resins manifested the highest adsorption ability and selectivity.The adsorption mechanism was found to be a monolayer adsorption process,and the adsorption capacities of IRA402 Cl and HPR9700 resins reached 303.8 mg g~(-1)and 295.4 mg g~(-1),respectively.Finally,gold desorption from these resins was successfully performed using an acetone-HCl mixture as the eluent.Reusability tests revealed that these two resins could be reused at least 6-7 times with an adsorption capacity loss of less than 10 %.
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    • NSTL

    A simple assessment of toxicity towards Chlorella vulgaris of organic aromatic compounds in environmental protection

    Mohammad Hossein KeshavarzZeinab ShiraziParia Eskandari
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：A new approach is introduced for the assessment of toxicity to living organisms from the deposition of different types of organic aromatic compounds in the aquatic environment.Several simple models are introduced for reliable prediction of pIC_(50),pIC_(20),pLOEC,and pNOEC towards Chlorella vulgaris(C.vulgaris)of organic aromatic compounds.They need structural parameters as simple descriptors rather than complex descriptors,which are used in the available quantitative structure-activity/toxicity relationship(QSAR/QSTR)models.The largest available reported data of pI_(50)for 145 aroma tics are used to obtain suitable simple descriptors.A core correlation is introduced for estimating pIC_(50),which is based on the number of chlorine atoms and molecular weight as well as the contributions of nitro groups and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in phenol derivatives under certain conditions.Its reliability is improved by considering two isomeric structural parameters.Reliable models for PIC_(20),pLOEC,and pNOEC are also derived and tested using six descriptors.Since the outputs of available QSAR/QSTR models are restricted to phenol and aniline derivatives,the predicted results of the new models are compared with the reported data of one of the best available complex QSAR/QSTR models.Various statistical parameters confirm that the models for pIC_(50),pIC_(20),pLOEC and pNOEC show high reliability as well as accuracy,precision,and suitable goodness-of-fit.For example,the predicted results of root mean squared error(RMSE)of pIC_(50)for 67 and 13 of training-test and external chemical sets of the new/QSTR models are _(0.25)6/_(0.2)85 and _(0.2)15/0.376,respectively.
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    • NSTL

    A comprehensive framework for risk probability assessment of landfill fire incidents using fuzzy fault tree analysis

    Zeinab MasalegooyanFarzad PiadehKourosh Behzadian
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Landfill fire is the most frequent type of incident in the waste management complexes.This paper presents a new framework for risk probability evaluation of major fires in landfills using the fuzzy fault tree analysis.The framework starts with construction of the fault tree of landfill fire comprised of 38 basic and 22 intermediate events with the corresponding type of faults under managerial,executive,human,and environmental conditions.Fault tree quantitative analysis is carried out through a combination of fuzzy set theory and experts'judgements to overcome the lack of data.Two new sensitivity analysis approaches are used to identify the critical fault type and critical paths in the fault tree.The proposed framework is demonstrated by its application to a real-world case of a landfill in Iran.The results show the probability of a major"fire incident"is 5.5 %,whereas"fire occurrence"stands for 25 % probability,higher than"lack of preparation for controlling fire"with 21.60 % probability.In addition,"Waste's uncontrolled dumping"is recognised as the highest critical event with a failure probability of 6 % and importance degree of 24 %."Executive fault"is also found as the most fault's critical type through sensitivity analysis.The results also reveal the major impact of the experts'weights,especially for events related to human or management faults.These results can give decision-makers a profound insight into providing effective intervention strategies for minimising the risk of major landfill fire incidents.
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    • NSTL

    A novel microbial-assisted method for sodium bicarbonate production-Cleaner production,safe and facile synthesis

    Ahmad FahmRaman AhmadiMohammad Yousef Memar
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The human tendency to new,cleaner,and safer methods for the production of materials has led to extensive eco-friendly studies.Herein,urea((NH2)2CO)was exposed to bio-catalyzed urease enzyme from Sporosarcinapasteurii(formerly known as Bacillus pasturii).After hydrolysis of urea,the gassing of CO2 led to the production of sodium bicarbonate(NaHCOs).The final product was validated for its crystallographic,microstructural,and elemental properties through X-ray diffraction(XRD),carbon-hydrogeπ-πitrogen(CHN)elemental analysis,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray fluorescence(XRF)spectroscopy,and energy-dispersive X-ray(EDX)spectroscopy.These results,along with the chemical evaluation of chloride ion,proved that NaHCO3 was the major compound with a purity of > 76 %.This finding confirmed that cleaner and facile production of NaHCO3 is possible by our defined novel enzymatically-modified Solvay method.Besides removing hazardous materials before and after the process(raw materials and residues),this method simultaneously highlights the potential for converting CO2 captured from the environment or gases released from different industries to NaHCO3 a highly applicable material for pharmaceuticals,food,and other industries.
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    • NSTL

    Towards environmental protection and process safety in leather processing-A comprehensive analysis and review

    Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：Leather process industry requires in-plant process interventions with inherent safety; wherein,enhancement in process efficiency,rather than end-of-pipe treatment are gaining importance.Switching over to alternate processes with statutory requisite such as material safety and toxicological information of chemicals employed,eco-label,Registration,Evaluation,Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals(TlEACH)and UN's Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)for Leather sector(SDGs)are essential.Herein,these aspects have been linked with safer and eco-benign process development.The present review analyze the environmental,occupational safety concerns and difficulty in overcoming the conventional non eco-benign chemicals,in order to develop alternative cleaner processes through scientific basis with fundamental theory and practice of leather manufacture.Aspects such as mass balance,diffusion phenomena,E-Factor metrics for assessing the clean technology and pollution reduction have been explained.Focus given towards improving exhaustion levels in various stages,eco-benign processes,non-toxic products,use of natural materials,bio-process,novel processes/products,new process systems,3 R approach,process intensification tools such as ultrasound are analyzed with environmental and cost aspect.In addition,concepts of process safety,modernization of tannery and process engineering of leather making to identify the need for benign methods in processing have been incorporated.Analysis of life cycle assessment and carbon footprint relevant to leather sector are also provided.This unique and novel review includes 257 references with recent information,leading to environmental protection and process safety.The distinctive approach and analysis presented here provides methodology and novel approach for development of eco-benign alternatives,chemicals and systems for Leather and other generic processing industries for green & sustainable development and also form a typical model for preparedness towards future challenges for sustainable development.This comprehensive analysis and review would pave way for switch over from conventional leather process,which has environmental and safety concerns to alternate eco-benign products,processes and systems.
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    • NSTL

    Bayesian inference based on a bivariate gamma distribution of Kibble for low-level radioactivity detection in nuclear decommissioning operations

    Hanan ArahmaneJonathan DumazertEric Barat
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Statistical test analysis has proven itself to be versatile tool in various scientific and technical fields,following either a frequentist approach based on a p-value,or a Bayesian approach evaluating a Bayes factor.In this study,the authors adapted a Bayesian approach to a radiation-detection application in the industrial context of nuclear decommissioning.The detection of a weak uranium signal on concrete,under the constraint of a very low signal-to-noise ratio,represents in particular a major challenge in this application area.For this purpose,we developed an original Bayesian statistical hypothesis test based on a bivariate gamma distribution of Kibble.Said test allows merging the absolute and relative characters of two Bayesian tests developed in the same context,as well as providing better performance tradeoff in both cases of stationary and non-stationary radiological backgrounds.The simulation-based study showed that the proposed Bayesian test should meet the abovementioned expectations,and allow the detection of a relatively low surface activity uranium contamination,while ensuring a competitive tradeoff between statistical sensitivity and specificity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL