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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    Simultaneous optimization of economic, environmental and safety criteria for algal biodiesel process retrofitted using dividing wall column and multistage vapor recompression

    Savyasachi ShrikhandeDipesh S. PatleGunavant Deshpande
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The present study deals with the multiobjective optimization (MOO) of retrofitted in situ algal biodiesel process. Transesterification of the algal lipids is intensified using ultrasonication and catalyzed using the ionic liquid catalyst. Process includes the retrofitting of two conventional distillation columns into a dividing wall column (DWC), which is further intensified using multistage vapor recompression (DWC-MVR) in order to decrease the energy consumption and CO2 emission from the process. Excel based hybridised multiobjective differential evolutionary dynamic local search (HMODE-DLS) algorithm is used for the constrained MOO, whereas Aspen Plus is used for the process development. Break even cost (BEC), eco indicator (EI99) and individual risk (IR) are considered as objectives to evaluate economic, environmental impact, and safety of process, respectively. Initially, bi-objective case studies were analyzed and finally, all three objectives are studied in one case. Pareto optimal solutions obtained from HMODE-DLS algorithm are then ranked by the simple additive weighted method to find out the best solution. MOO resulted in the significant decrease in BEC (～20%), EI99 (～48%) and IR (～10%).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Fault detection and diagnosis using Bayesian network model combining mechanism correlation analysis and process data: Application to unmonitored root cause variables type faults

    Minggang HuJi WangNan Liu
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Risks in chemical plants can generally be divided into Black Swan incidents and Gray Rhino incidents. Black Swan events are unexpected and have a significant impact. Frequently, a large number of Black Swan events cause a huge grey rhinoceros event such as composition-related variables, which becomes a challenge for root cause diagnosis. To alleviate this problem, a strong relevant mechanism Bayesian network (SRMBN) combining mechanism correlation analysis and process state transition is proposed for fault detection and diagnosis. First, a strong relevant mechanism structure of SRMBN is constructed by combining process mechanism analysis with historical data mining for structure learning. Then SRMBN is built after conducting variable state transition and maximum likelihood estimation for parameter learning. For fault detection, a process state based Bayesian interval estimated index is developed by state transformation. Finally, Bayesian contribution index is defined to measure the contribution of each variable to the process state deviation for fault diagnosis. The variables with large index values are added as deterministic evidence to the SRMBN to update the posterior probabilities of nodes for fault propagation inference. The proposed method is applied to faults 2 and 8 (unmonitored type faults) of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process in comparison with some other published methods. The results show its practicability and satisfactory performance in recognizing the fault propagation pathways and the root causes of faults. Meanwhile, it can provide reliability analysis for process safety and risk assessment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Effect of chlorine dioxide pre-oxidation on algal non-protein amino acid degradation and DBPs formation during subsequent chlor(am)ination

    Yangtao WuXiaofang LuoGuangchao Li
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：As a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) posed a significant threat to human health and served as an important precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, ClO2 showed the highest DAB oxidation efficiency among the four oxidants, in the order of ClO2 (86%) > HOCl (80%) > KMnO4 (20%) > NH2Cl (13%). The increase of ClO2 dosage (from 0.06 to 1.4 mg L~(-1)) not only increased the oxidation efficiency of DAB, but also decreased the formation of DBPs after ClO2 pre-oxidation during post-chlorination, but the DBPs formation varied during post-chloramination. The enhanced formation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) should be of concern when ClO2 pre-oxidation was performed at pH 7.0. In the presence of Br~-, the overall concentration of formed THMs and brominated species increased. ClO2 pre-oxidation of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), alanine, leucine, and serine followed by post-chloramination has advantages over post-chlorination in controlling the overall and individual DBPs concentration. A possible degradation pathway and reaction schemes during ClO2 pre-oxidation of DAB were proposed. ClO2 pre-oxidation followed by post-chloramination could be an effective treatment process in the abatement of both DAB and toxicity. Results of this study about DAB oxidation and DBP formation contributed to the guidance of ClO2 pre-oxidation in the water treatment plants to cope with cyanobacterial blooms.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Corrosion mechanism and damage characteristic of Q235B steel under the effect of stray current in NS4 simulated soil solution

    Cong WuJianguo FengZhiguang Chen
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Dynamic direct current (DC) may cause severe electrochemical corrosion on buried steel pipelines near urban rail transits. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of Q235B steel under dynamic DC interference was canned out in NS4 simulated soil solution (NS4 solution) including potassium chloride (KCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgS04.7 H2O) and deionized water. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Q235B steel in NS4 solution were studied by means of potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel curve) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Dynamic DC was simulated by four types of applied current according to the leakage current rule of rail trains arriving at and departing from the platform. The results of Tafel curves showed that Q235B steel exhibits a decrease in corrosion resistance with increasing applied current density, and anodic reaction exhibited active dissolution controlled by charge transfer. EIS results indicated that Nyquist plots of samples included double capacitive arcs and exhibited Warburg impedance characteristics caused by the concentration gradient. Weightlessness measurement showed that the average corrosion rates of four types of samples were 1.0,1.4, 2.0, and 2.5 g.cm~(-2). d~(-1), respectively. In addition, the corrosion morphology indicated that samples featured in pitting corrosion, which was correlated to applied dynamic DC values and counts, and corrosion products were Fe3O4 and Fe (OEO3. Finally, the study shows that corrosion of buried steel pipelines is related to rail train arriving types and counts.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Propagation dynamics uncertainty analysis of a premixed laminar unstable hydrogen-air flame

    Victor V. GolubArtem E. ElyanovAndrei I. Gavrikov
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：The risks and destruction assessment of gas explosions is based on the potential burning rates and pressure impulses. Such issues should be considered in designing any infrastructure for using or producing hydrogen or having a gas outburst possibility due to the hydrogen high flammability and explosive hazards. An experimental and theoretical study of the propagation dynamics uncertainty in premixed laminar unstable hydrogen-air flames is presented and its statistical analysis was performed. The main objective of this work was to quantify the potential velocities of the hydrogen-air flame front propagation. Experiments were repeated up to 30 times in the mixtures with a hydrogen content of 10-60 vol.%. Based on the hydrogen content in the mixture data scattering was estimated. Some confirming results were obtained using the numerical integration of the Sivashinsky equation of flame propagation. The obtained results could update the Rules, Guidelines, Codes and Standards of Hydrogen Safety.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Understanding the institutional logic of urban environmental pollution in China: Evidence from fiscal autonomy

    Boqiang LinYicheng Zhou
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fiscal decentralization is considered to be an important factor affecting government environmental governance, but the relationship between fiscal autonomy and environmental pollution has not been systematically explained. This study explores the institutional logic of urban environmental pollution from the perspective of fiscal autonomy in China. Based on systematically sorting out the influence mechanisms of fiscal autonomy on environmental pollution, the panel data of Chinese cities are used for the empirical test. The results show that urban fiscal autonomy directly leads to pollution emissions and indirectly increases environmental pollution by restraining the industrial structure upgrading and green technological innovation. Meanwhile, the impact of fiscal autonomy on environmental pollution varies with geographical location, administrative status and comprehensive strength. When faced with more significant economic growth target, fiscal autonomy may be transformed into motivation and ability to the environmental pollution. It can be seen that the development targets affect the fiscal behavior of local governments. In sum, our findings are helpful to understand the relationship between local government behavior and environmental protection under the framework of fiscal decentralization, and provide policy implications for promoting energy conservation and emission reduction.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Accident case data-accident cause model hybrid-driven coal and gas outburst accident analysis: Evidence from 84 accidents in China during 2008-2018

    Xie XuecaiShen ShifeiFu Gui
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：Coal and gas outbursts are severe accidents that can occur in coal mines. Half of coal and gas outburst accidents have occurred in China. Previous studies on coal and gas outburst accidents have focused on the mechanisms that result in accidents, gas extraction, accident prediction, and early warning. However, accidents involving coal and gas outbursts result from the combined effects of multiple factors. However, a systematic analysis of coal and gas outburst accidents is still lacking. In this study, 84 coal and gas outburst accidents occurred in China from 2008 to 2018 were used as a sample. The 24Model was used as the accident analysis theory, and the accident case data-driven method was used to analyse the causes of coal and gas outburst accidents. In particular, the reasons for behaviour were systematically studied. The following can be inferred from analysis: (1) The causes of unsafe conditions are primarily reflected in three aspects, (i) Gas factor. Coal mines with high gas content and pressure remain the focus of outburst prevention, (ii) Coal factors. The occurrence of coal and gas outburst accidents has no strictly positive correlation with the depth of a coal seam. 50% of coal and gas outburst accidents occur in medium-thick coal seams, (iii) Geological structural factors. Ground stress (30.95%), coal thickness change (22.62%), and faults (22.62%) are the most frequently occurring geological structural factors in outburst accidents. (2) The reasons for unsafe acts are primarily reflected in 151 unsafe acts, 17 key basic unsafe acts, nine key categories unsafe acts, and four key stages. The personnel and proportion of these unsafe acts are senior leaders (53.55%), middle managers (31.56%), and front-line miners (14.89%). (3) Reasons for individual safety capabilities. Insufficient safety knowledge is manifested in seven aspects, including insufficient anti-outburst knowledge. The performance and proportion of poor safety awareness are safety system awareness (60.66%), safety risk awareness (20.49%), and safety responsibility awareness (18.85%). From 151 unsafe acts, 90 habitual violations acts that caused coal and gas outburst accidents were categorised. The performance and proportion of poor safety psychology were fluke psychology (40.85%), adventure psychology (23.36%), convenient psychology (20.22%), and paralysis psychology (15.57%). (4) The deficiencies of the safety management system are reflected in the failure to comply with the safety policy, imperfect safety management organization structure, lack of professional and technical personnel, and lack of 29 safety procedures in seven systems. (5) The lack of safety culture is primarily reflected in 22 safety culture elements. Among these, there are 19 elements had a frequency of ≥ 50%. The systematic analysis of coal and gas outburst accidents conducted in this study can reveal the causes of such accidents more comprehensively and provide a reference and basis for both safety training and management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Distribution, transformation and remediation of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater sources

    James O'ConnorNanthi S. BolanManish Kumar
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals, which reach terrestrial and aquatic environments through anthropogenic activities. Major sources of PFAS in the environment include fire-fighting foams (aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)), wastewater sources, biosolids, and composts. Limited information is available about PFAS in wastewater, which is the focus of this review. PFAS wastewater sources include domestic effluents, industrial effluents, landfill leachates, stormwater, and agricultural effluents through their use in various applications. Land application of PFAS-contaminated wastewater can lead to the contamination of soil and groundwater, thereby reaching the food chain through plant uptake and consumpdon of potable water. Landfill leachates and industrial effluents contain the highest concentrations of PFAS, posing serious risks to surrounding waterways. Transformation of PFAS precursors can occur through abiotic and biotic processes within the treatment of wastewater, resulting in the formation of harmful PFAS compounds. Currently, there is limited data reported on novel short-chain and ultra-short chain PFAS and PFAS precursors. The strong thermal and chemical stability of PFAS and the complex nature of PFAS mixtures makes the remediation of PFAS in wastewater challenging. However, the review examines and compares current technologies which can treat and
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Fault monitoring for chemical processes using neighborhood embedding discriminative analysis

    Chudong TongTing LanYang Chen
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The importance of chemical process safety and the availability of abundant samples keep popularizing the wider application of data-driven fault monitoring techniques. With a goal of efficiently discovering the inconsistency between the online monitored sample and the normal samples, a novel fault monitoring algorithm called neighborhood embedding discriminative analysis (NEDA) is proposed, which can adaptively provide different latent feature generating mechanisms for different monitored samples so that the inherited inconsistency could be uncovered in a timely manner. Instead of extracting representative features from a dataset only given from the normal operating condition, the objective function designed for the NEDA algorithm additionally takes the online monitoring sample into account, and then timely generates but only one projecting vector to point out the specific inconsistency for the corresponding monitored sample. The NEDA algorithm aims to figure out a discriminative projection so that the neighborhood embedding error (NEE) corresponding to the online monitored sample could be maximized, while the NEE associated with the normal samples is minimized. Furthermore, the corresponding NEE for the monitored sample of current interest is employed as the indicator for fault monitoring purposes. As demonstrated through comparisons, the salient performance achieved by the proposed NEDA-based fault monitoring method in monitoring static as well as dynamic processes can be always guaranteed.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Fouling control investigation by pH optimization during olive mill wastewater ultrafiltration

    C. SafM. Villain-GambierM. Belaqziz
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：In recent years, the study of membrane processes for recovery of valuable phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater (OMW) has been intensified. The selected OMW pH for ultrafiltration is one of the variables affecting membrane productivity, selectivity and fouling. An in-depth characterization of fouling was performed for the 150 kDa ceramic tubular membrane selected. At the three tested pH (2, 6 and 9), a high retention of suspended matter of 98% was associated to a low retention of phenolic compounds (1%). At pH 2, a volume reduction of only 15% was reached with a low permeate flux of 15 L.h~(-1).m~(-2). Adsorption phenomena due to the formation of a compact gel layer of pectin highly mineralized have caused severe membrane fouling. The productivity at pH 6 and 9 were quite similar with initial permeate flux of 160 L.h~(-1).m~(-2) and a final reached volume reduction of 80%. As a fractionation of around 25% of carbohydrate content was measured at pH 6, this specific pH seems to be more relevant than pH 9 where only 7% were retained. Furthermore ultrafiltration of OMW at pH 6 was associated with a removable fouling mainly caused by a gel of pectin and suspended matter agglomerates.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL