查看更多>>摘要：Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is currently the primary technology to allow the use of fossil fuels with deep CO2 reduction. One technology utilizes captured CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). For developing countries which rely heavily on fossil fuels, CCUS with EOR can serve as a potential solution for national climate change abatement strategies while still sustaining energy security and economic well-being. This paper examines this premise by analysing the cost and benefit of deploying CCUS projects in Indonesia, specifically focusing on gas processing facilities and a nearby oil field in East Java. The key findings are as follows: (1) the cost of CCUS project is approximately $59/tCO(2), for capturing, storing and transporting 5,546 tCO(2)/day, significantly more than offsetting CO2 emissions from additionally produced oil to make it essentially a net CO2 sink; (2) the CCUS - EOR integrated project can provide an additional oil recovery of 54 MMSTB oilfor 15 years of operational life. (3) The cost benefit analysis resulted in a positive NPV and levelized net profit of $3.13/tCO2 for oil price $40/bbl. (4) the study highlights the total distribution of shares for oil & gas contractor and the Indonesian government under a PSC cost recovery scheme, approximating 141 million USD and 211 million USD, respectively. While under a gross split scheme, the Indonesian government share is 271 million USD and contractor share is 81 million USD. (5) Finally, our study reconfirms the economic viability for using high purity CO2 sources combined with CO2 EOR as an early opportunity for CCUS deployment in Indonesia.
Abu Hatab, AssemTirkaso, Wondmagegn TafesseTadesse, ElazarLagerkvist, Carl-Johan...
14页
查看更多>>摘要：In developing countries, urbanization and demographic changes are increasing food waste generation at household levels. However, it remains unclear how behavioural and personal characteristics influence the behaviours of urban consumers in developing countries regarding food waste. In this study, we extended the integrative model of behavioural prediction to examine the determinants of food waste behaviour amongst a sample of 698 urban dwellers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The empirical results revealed that attitudes and perceived behavioural control were the most important predictors of intention toward food waste reduction. With regard to food waste behaviours, the results showed that the more an individual feels obliged to discard less food, the higher the odds that the quantity of food that gets wasted by the household would be reduced. Likewise, knowledge about the negative impacts of wasting food and an ability to interpret information on labels of food products were associated with decreased quantities of household food waste. In addition, lower psychological distance to food waste was generally associated with lower quantities of wasted food. Finally, sociodemographic characteristics and food-shopping routines were found to be significant predictors of food waste behaviours. Overall, these findings constitute an entry point for more research and policy measures in order to understand determinants of household food waste behaviours in developing countries and to design effective interventions to reinforce their behaviours towards more sustainable food consumption patterns.
Edwards, ChristineMcNerney, Calum C.Lawton, Linda A.Palmer, Joseph...
12页
查看更多>>摘要：Scotch Whisky is an important global commodity which generates extensive co-product known as pot ale or spent wash (> 10 L co-product per L whisky). Whilst this is often used as fertiliser or animal feed, a proportion requires disposal resulting in cost to the distillery along with the negative impact on the carbon footprint due to trans-portation. This study examined the composition of the soluble fraction of pot ale from twenty-two distilleries in Scotland in order to assess the potential for resource recovery and transition to a more circular economy.The results reinforced previous studies, demonstrating that pot ale is an excellent source of protein with a potential for recovery > 150, 000 t per annum in Scotland based on Whisky production data. Lactic acid, an important industrial platform chemical, was the major organic acid produced with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 6.6 g L-1, representing a potential opportunity for recovery for applications such as manufacture of biodegradable polylactic acid for plastics (> 15,000 t per annum based on mean values). Other important platform chemicals, succinic acid and lysine were also identified and considered in sufficient amounts for future use. Pot ale was also shown to contain significant amounts of critical raw materials, magnesium and phosphate, which could be reclaimed for use in fertiliser/feed supporting the development of a new circular economy whilst at the same time reducing the burden of mining and transportation on the environment. The data in this study demonstrated a potential 13.8 kt recoverable phosphate per annum representing more than half of the annual fertiliser consumption in Scotland.Whisky co-products can contribute to sustainable energy, food and platform chemicals with the added value that metal concentrations are not sufficiently high to prevent its utilisation.
查看更多>>摘要：Detailed knowledge about polymer flows through the anthroposphere and into the environment is information essential to the better management of plastics. Currently, only limited knowledge about specific polymer flows is available. This work aimed to model those flows for five polymers: polyurethane (PUR), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) was used to quantify flows from production in 45 product categories to their end-of-life in Europe and Switzerland. We then considered 40 release pathways for macro-and microplastic flows to assess polymer release into Switzerland's environment. PMFA results showed considerable variations between the polymers considered because their flows through the anthroposphere are determined by their different uses. Total macro-and microplastic emissions into Switzerland's environment in 2018 were estimated at masses of 208 & PLUSMN;76 t for PA, 179 & PLUSMN;98 t for PUR, 79 & PLUSMN;26 t for PC, 36 & PLUSMN;23 t for PMMA and 25 & PLUSMN;6 t for ABS. Relative to Switzerland's total production and imports, this amounted to total releases of 0.23% of PA, 0.07% of PUR, 0.16% of PC, 0.32% of PMMA and 0.14% of ABS. Contributions as released microplastics ranged from 18% of PMMA to 75% of ABS. These results showed that the amounts of the polymers considered released into the environment were much smaller than previously assumed in simpler release estimates, and they may be more realistic for countries with well-functioning waste treatment systems.
查看更多>>摘要：Recycling sedimentation sludge water (SSW) supernatant to the head of drinking water treatment plants also recycles a large fraction of dissovled disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors, contributing to the overall DBP load of the finished water. pH adjustment of SSW before release to settling ponds may result in incidental enhanced coagulation due to a significant amount of residual coagulant present in SSW, potentially removing DBP precursors. We adjusted the pH of SSW to 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and simulated recycling via mixing, sedimen-tation, and filtration. Samples settled at pH 5 or 6 formed the least DBPs, dependent on species, illustrating that buffering pH at slightly acidic conditions is an effective DBP precursor treatment strategy during SSW recycling. Carbonaceous DBP formation increased with increasing pH. An overall decrease in dissolved organic carbon at acidic conditions was observed, likely due to some enhanced coagulation and sedimentation of dissolved com-pounds. For nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), samples at pH 5, 8, and 9 had greater formation than at pH 6 and 7. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed that adjusting pH to 8 and 9 increased the presence of highly unsaturated molecules, while the unsaturated nitrogen-containing formulae were removed at pH 6 and 7. N-DBP formation potential and the intensity (i.e., concentration) of CHON formulae with double bond equivalent > 10 were well correlated, demonstrating that alkaline pH SSW should be avoided to minimize formation/release of nitrogenous compounds and subsequent N-DBP formation.
Errico, Maria EmanuelaGaldi, Maria RosariaCarfagna, CosimoGentile, Gennaro...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Due to the large production of plastic packaging, packaging mismanagement represents a significant problem for the environment and the related economic/social contexts. A new route towards sustainable recycling has been identified in the design of the plastic products together with their end-of-life recycling options. Following this approach, in this work, new recyclable-by-design mono-material flexible films with high barrier properties to gases and UV radiation have been developed by applying graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide/montmorillonite (GO/MMT) hybrid coatings on polyolefin substrates. The coatings induce a remarkable reduction of the UV transmittance (40-60%) and of the oxygen (94-99%) and water vapour (68-73%) permeability of the films, with very good stability after prolonged water immersion. Reprocessing tests demonstrate the easy recyclability of the coated films, whose commercial analogues are currently considered as non-recyclable. By extrusion and compression moulding, recycled films are obtained in which the nanostructured phases result well embedded in the polymer matrices. The mechanical properties of the samples obtained by reprocessing coated polyethylene and polypropylene films are comparable to those of the reprocessed pristine films. Moreover, no significant release of GO by water immersion for 24 h at room temperature is detected from the recycled samples. Overall, the results indicate that the application of thin GO/MMT coatings to realize mono-material barrier films for packaging applications is an effective strategy to realize high performance products able to be easily recycled. These mono-material flexible films represent a new sustainable end-of-life option with respect to current commercial multi-layer products.
查看更多>>摘要：Global steel production has undergone massive growth since WWII. In recent decades, however, affluent regions such as the US and the EU-28 have been experiencing a saturation of the steel market. Stagnant steel production volumes and increased post-consumer scrap volumes are the consequence. The increasing shares of post consumer scrap provide the opportunity to increase the scrap rate (share of utilized scrap) in crude steel production. However, steel recycling has a major limiting factor: the content of specific tramp elements.In the present study, a dynamic material flow model for steel is used to compare available scrap with crude steel demand on a quantitative and qualitative level (tramp element content of Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr and Sn). The results show that post-consumer scrap increases from 80 Mt/yr (65% of all scrap available) in 2020 to more than 100 Mt/yr (75% of all scrap available) in 2050. Based on the model, the development of the yearly surplus of low purity scrap (for which there is a higher supply than demand) was assessed via material pinch analysis. The low purity scrap surplus rises further, from today's 20 Mt/yr (2020) to 43 Mt/yr in 2050. Assuming that the current handling of scrap continues, the maximal scrap rate is shown to lie at around 55%, while the potential scrap rate (without quality constraints) could reach 75%. The dilution of low purity scrap with high purity resources would allow the utilization of all scrap until 2040 if the current collection scheme remains in place.
查看更多>>摘要：Glass foams are porous high-performance insulation materials. The uniformly distributed and homogenously sized fine pores are crucial for the insulation properties of glass foam. To improve the homogeneity and stability of pores, stabilising chemicals are used in glass foam manufacturing. However, these chemicals release greenhouse gases during sintering. Therefore, there is a continuous quest for developing a sustainable pore stabilising method. This research aimed to enhance the stability and uniformity of pores in glass foam by curing glass powder without any chemical stabilising agent. The glass powder, fly ash additives, and foaming agent were mixed using water and cured in sealed plastic bags. Then the raw glass foam was sintered at 800 degrees C. Given the surface interaction and pozzolanic reactivity of glass and fly ash, bonding was developed along surfaces of particles during curing, which provided stability to the particles and was helpful to maintain viscosity during sintering. Consequently, it was possible to resist the pore collapse within the glass matrix and achieve uniformity in pore size distribution. Subsequently, glass foams possessed high compressive strength (4.1 +/- 1MPa with porosity 73.5 +/- 2.3%) and low thermal conductivity (<0.2 W/m.K). Furthermore, compared with the pellet making process in powder sintering methods, the curing process makes glass foam manufacturing more convenient for large-scale production. By recycling waste glass of automotive vehicles as to the primary raw material and eliminating chemical stabilising agents, the glass foam manufacturing process will be more sustainable.
查看更多>>摘要：Intensification of production across agriculture, horticulture, forestry, biodiversity restoration and other plantrelated industries is urgently needed to meet expanding demand for food and materials, sustainability and climate change targets and to remain profitable under harsh post-pandemic conditions. This review appraises biochar, a charcoal-like material consisting largely of recalcitrant carbon, as a vehicle to assist such industries in meeting productivity, sustainability and economic goals. Biochar is inherently complex and there remains uncertainty surrounding its commercial viability. Hence the review unravels scientific and techno-economic understanding of barriers to biochar use and steps to address shortcomings. Raw biochar is demonstrated as a poor investment because it unpredictably accumulates compounds that have positive, negative or neutral influences on plants and microbes depending on chemical ratios formed and phyla-specific sensitivity to such chemistry, while soil incorporation of raw biochar has unrealistic payback times (15-125 years), even with crop yield increases. The good news is that momentum is building to overcome the most pressing issues. Biochar standardisation is imperative and technologies to remove or prevent the formation of contaminants are already in development. Bioengineering biochar into upscaled profitable commodities (such as compound fertilizers) is already minimising payback times and simultaneously promoting plant, microbe, soil and environmental benefits. Closing the circular economy by reusing waste, cleverly managing nutrients, co-producing energy and using parallel technologies (such as anaerobic digestion) has already enhanced system efficiency and profitability. Thus, this review focuses industry, research and policy makers towards strategic opportunities that will maximise biochar benefits and profitability across industry sectors.
NSTL
Elsevier