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Environmental and experimental botany
Pergamon Press,
Environmental and experimental botany

Pergamon Press,

0098-8472

Environmental and experimental botany/Journal Environmental and experimental botanySCIISTP
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    Glycosylation of plant secondary metabolites: Regulating from chaos to harmony

    Zhang, WenjinWang, ShengYang, JianKang, Chuanzhi...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Plants respond to stress by forming a coordinated defense process from a seemingly chaotic response. Molecular glycosylation is the most common and extensive type of modification reaction in plants. This review adds to the description of glycosylation and corresponding glycosyltransferases (GTs) in plants during defense versus growth, which are relatively uncharted in comparison with other plant defense regulations. A variety of smallmolecule compounds colored by GTs play an important role in buffering the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants. Autotoxicity defense compounds are stored in the form of inactive glycosides in a defense reaction to release toxic aglycones and produce cascade effects. Through continuous analysis, the crystal structures of GTs, the details of the interaction between enzymes and substrates, and their catalytic mechanism have been revealed, providing a basis for further elucidating the specificity of substrates.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Contribution of pre-storage melatonin application to chilling tolerance of some mango fruit cultivars and relationship with polyamines metabolism and gamma-aminobutyric acid shunt pathway

    Bhardwaj, RenuPareek, SunilSaravanan, ChakkaravarthiYahia, Elhadi M....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The efficacy of pre-storage application of 100 mu M melatonin on conferring chilling tolerance in fruit of four mango cultivars stored at 5 +/- 1 degrees C for 28 d was investigated. Tangra' and 'Gulab Jamun' mangoes had maximum and minimum chilling tolerance, respectively. Accumulation of endogenous polyamines and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the peel and the pulp of Tangra' fruit treated with melatonin was a possible reason for its chilling tolerance. Accumulation of endogenous polyamines was associated with higher arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and lower diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) activities in the peel and pulp. Additionally, higher GABA shunt (Glutamate decarboxylase and GABA-transaminase) activity was associated with elevated GABA content in Tangra' mangoes. The limited effectiveness of melatonin treatment for chilling injury alleviation in 'Chaunsa' was probably due to higher polyamines accumulation accompanied with lower PAO and DAO activity in the peel and pulp of the fruit, in addition to higher ADC and ODC in the peel.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of organic nutrient solution on flavor in ripe cherry tomato fruit-Transcriptome and metabolomic analyses

    Li, WenxinLu, XiLi, Jianming
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Organic nutrient solution is non-polluting and environmentally friendly. Supplying organic nutrient solution instead of chemical fertilizer is helpful in enhancing the aroma and sweetness of ripe tomato fruits. However, the mechanism is still unclear for improving the ripe fruit flavor. We combined transcriptome and metabolomic analyses to answer questions about the synthesis of soluble sugars, organic acids, and aroma volatiles in cherry tomato fruits with changes in metabolites and genes associated with the metabolic pathways. We found that tomatoes supplemented with organic nutrient solutions had the same fruit yield as those supplied with inorganic nutrient solutions; however, the tomatoes supplemented with organic nutrient solutions had increased in phenylalanine and its downstream phenolic volatiles, in addition, methyl salicylate, a unpopular, medicinalsmelling volatiles, was decreased, due to changed expression levels of the key genes (LeAADC, LePAR, SlSAMT); we also observed that organic acid metabolism and the synthesis of fructose and glucose were promoted. The expression level of LOC101254693 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) driving pyruvate metabolism was upregulated. This affects the rate of metabolism of the pyruvate-linked TAC cycle and glycolysis. This study analyzed the positive effects of organic nutrient solutions on the ripe fruit flavor at the molecular level, facilitating further optimization of nutrient solution formulations for soilless tomato cultivation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Transcriptome-wide N6-methyladenosine profiling of cotton root provides insights for salt stress tolerance

    Wang, WeiLi, WeixiCheng, ZimengSun, Jianxiong...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a ubiquitous reversible epigenetic RNA modification which plays a significant role in regulation of gene expression and cell functions. However, m6A abundance, dynamics and topology remain unexplored in cotton. Here, we performed transcriptome-wide m6A profiling and comparative analysis of cotton root tissues under normal and salt stress treatments. Totally, 3360 and 3771 high confidence m6A peaks, involved in 3219 and 3566 expressed genes under normal and salt stress, were identified, respectively. Of them, 1311 mRNA transcripts from salt treatment and 964 in control were specifically detected m6A peaks. Functional analysis indicated that the 1311 methylated genes specifically from salt stress were mainly involved in zeatin biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, ABC transporters, and anthocyanin biosynthesis, while 964 in control were involved in ribosome and proteasome processes. Furthermore, mRNA m6A sites were enriched around the stop codons and coding regions, and m6A methylation exhibited dynamic changes after salt treatment, with 434 m6A peaks in 430 genes up-regulated and 290 m6A peaks in 287 genes downregulated. Combined with RNA-seq analysis, we found that the m6A deposition specifically in normal or salt treatment is positively correlated with their corresponding gene transcripts abundance. We confirmed that cotton YTH (YT512-B homology) domain gene GhECT6 (evolutionarily conserved C-terminal region 6), a deduced m6A reader, played an important role against salt stress. GhECT6 was significantly induced expression after salt treatment, and silencing GhECT6 caused a decrease in salt tolerance. This first high-throughput epitranscriptomic data provide new insights into understanding the critical mRNA modification in response to salt stress in cotton.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Role of OsCZMT1 in Na+ and Mg2+ transport and salinity insensitivity

    Jeon, Jong-SeongJang, Cheol SeongLim, Sung DonKim, Jong Ho...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting rice production worldwide. Using a forward genetics approach, a salt-insensitive TILLING line 1 (sitl1) rice mutant was isolated from a TILLING population. The sitl1 mutant exhibited reduced root growth and leaf chlorophyll content when grown under normal conditions, owing to a reduced ability to take up Mg2+; however, the defective phenotype could be restored by Mg2+ supplementation. Ionomic analysis revealed that the salinity insensitivity of sitl1 was the result of significantly reduced Mg2+ and Na+, and whole genome and RNA sequencing revealed that the sitl1 mutant caused a frameshift in the OsCZMT1 protein's CorA-like ZntB cation transfer domain. Transient expression of an OsCZMT1-sGFP fusion protein revealed that OsCZMT1 was localized to the plasma membrane, and comprehensive expression analysis revealed that OsCZMT1 was mainly expressed in the roots and leaves of seedlings and highly upregulated in response to salinity stress. Complementation assays in yeast and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out mutants reveal that OsCZMT1 possesses both Mg2+ and Na+ transport activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that the identified OsCZMT1 frameshift mutation is responsible for the reduced Na+ and Mg2+ transport abilities, and that those reduced transport abilities confer salinity insensitivity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Landscape conservation and maternal environment affect genetic diversity and the physiological responses of Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) progenies to light availability

    Cerqueira, Amanda FreitasSantos, Alesandro SouzaAlencar, Caio de Oliveirade Oliveira, Gabriel Santos...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF) is severely deforested and the remaining forest fragments are generally reduced and disconnected. Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) is a native AF palm rarely found in forest fragments inserted in more deforested landscapes. We investigate how forest fragments inserted in landscapes with different levels of deforestation influence both the genetic diversity and physiological traits of E. edulis progenies. For this, we evaluate the genetic diversity and physiological variables associated with carbon balance at leaf and whole-plant leaf scales of E. edulis progenies to light availability. We collected fruits from six mother plants, being three from a forest fragment inserted in a more forested landscape (83% of forest cover) and three from a forest fragment inserted in a more deforested landscape (55% of forest cover). The seeds were germinated and, after reaching the juvenile stage, 17 microsatellite markers were used to perform a genetic diversity analysis. The progenies were subjected to 18 light treatments (0.72-22.1 mol photons m(-2) day(-1)) for the analysis of the carbon balance at leaf and whole-plant scales. We found that the origin of the mother plant proved to affect some genetic parameters, since progenies from mother plants of a forest fragment inserted in the more forested landscape had a greater number of private and effective alleles. In addition, progenies from this forest fragment had a great acclimation capacity to the light levels, with higher growth rates and vigor. Our results provide evidence that conservation actions are necessary for this species, including selecting and replanting progenies from the forest fragments inserted in more forested landscapes. It could be a way for alternative genotypes to raise the levels of alleles and thus avoid the collapse of these populations in fragments inserted in deforested landscapes where a low number of adult and juvenile individuals are found.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Endogenous nitric oxide contributes to chloride and sulphate salinity tolerance by modulation of ion transporter expression and reestablishment of redox balance in Brassica napus cultivars

    Hannan, FakhirChen, WeiqiAyyaz, AhsanZhang, Kangni...
    22页
    查看更多>>摘要：Salinity is an adverse environmental stress for crop plants and the mechanism of salinity tolerance and its interaction with phytohormone like nitric oxide (NO) is still lacking, especially for Na2SO4 in B. napus. Therefore, in the present study, B. napus cultivars were grown under equimolar concentrations of NaCl/Na2SO4 and with their anions (KCl/K2SO4), to discriminate toxic responses of different types of salts on growth, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, anion concentration and endogenous production of NO. Results showed that plant growth, photosynthetic rate and pigments productions were strongly inhibited under Na+ dominated salt treatments (NaCl/Na2SO4). As a result, production of oxidative stress (H2O2, O-2(center dot-), MDA, EL) related parameters were significantly induced under these treatments. The uptake of Na+ was high in B. napus cultivars irrespective of chloride/sulphate anions presence. However, Cl- and SO42- anions accumulation was only high in sensitive cultivars. The differential responses of B. napus cultivars against salinity treatments were associated with endogenous production of NO. The tolerant cultivar maintained higher level of NO, while sensitive cultivars experience a reduction in NO and inhibition of its biosynthesis enzymes, upon exposure to salinity treatments. To prove NO involvement, NO scavenger was applied on the leaves of B. napus cultivars, which significantly induced salt toxicity symptoms, oxidative stress and upregulated gene expression of ion transporters and uptake of Na+, Cl- and SO42-. Conversely, application of NO donor (sodium nitroprusside) reversed the salinity induce oxidative stress, ion accumulation and stimulated antioxidant defense in B. napus cultivars. Thus, the present study shows that endogenous NO level could act as an essential signaling molecule for triggering and activating the salinity adaptive response in rapeseed and Na+ toxicity plays a dominate role in growth inhibition, while the additive effect of chloride/sulphate anions may be cultivar dependent.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Characterization of polyamine oxidase genes in cucumber and roles of CsPAO3 in response to salt stress

    Wu, JianqiangLiu, WeikangJahan, Mohammad ShahShu, Sheng...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) are flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that catalyze oxidation of polyamines (PAs), and play an important roles in growth and development and stress tolerance of plant. In this study, we identified four PAO genes (CsPAO1-CsPAO4) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L), and classified them into three clades (I, II and III). CsPAO1 and CsPAO3 were located in cell membrane or nucleus while CsPAO2 and CsPAO4 were likely localized in peroxisome. CsPAO1-2 and CsPAO4 consisted of ten exons and nine introns, but no intron was observed in CsPAO3. The CsPAOs showed higher expression level in root, with the exception of CsPAO1, which was mainly expressed in flower, and they had various responses to hormone and stress treatments. Stress treatments induced more obvious change of gene expression, and CsPAO2-4 responded to NaCl stress earlier both in root and leaf. Overexpression of CsPAO3 in Arabidopsis improved seed germination and root growth on medium containing NaCl. Furthermore, under salt stress, electrolyte leakage (EL), malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were decreased, but peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were increased in transgenic Arabidopsis lines as compared with wild type (WT), contributing to alleviating the salt stress-induced growth suppression. The OE15 line, on the other hand, had the highest expression level of CsPAO3, exhibited identical phenotype to WT, suggesting that excess H2O2 produced by polyamine oxidation might be harmful to plants. Taken together, our results indicated that CsPAO family members are involved in plant development and stress responses, and a proper level of CsPAO3 overexpression enhances salt tolerance of plants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Physiological and transcriptomic analyses of brassinosteroid function in kiwifruit root

    Cheng, DaweiWang, ManHe, ShashaLi, Ming...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Kiwifruit is popular among consumers, but its roots are sensitive to the surrounding environment and cannot efficiently use water and nutrients, leading to weak plant growth and relatively lower fruit yield and quality. Although brassinosteroid (BR) plays a critical role in promoting kiwifruit root growth, its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here we reported the inhibition of root growth at the physiological level when endogenous brassinosteroid level was reduced by its biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ), whereas exogenous application of BR increased root elongation and lateral root and root hair growth. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis results indicated that BR and BRZ altered the expression levels of some genes in kiwifruit roots. The data show that BR promotes root development by regulating genes involved in auxin signal transduction. Our study demonstrates the important role of BR in kiwifruit root growth.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Morpho-anatomical, biochemical and molecular genetic responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) to sulphur application

    Heikal, Yasmin M.El-Esawi, Mohamed A.Galilah, Doaa A.
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Brassica napus (canola), a major economic crop in Egypt, contains much oils and proteins. In the present study, the foliar applications of ammonium sulphate (A.S.) [(NH4)(2)SO4] (0, 1% 0.2% and 0.3%) to canola plants had distinctive impacts on the morpho-anatomical, biochemical, and molecular genetic responses. Interestingly, there is a positive impact when sulphur (S) is foliarly applied at 0.2% of A.S. as revealed in antioxidants, fla-vonoids, total carbohydrates, and protein contents which were significantly affected. On the other hand, higher levels of glucosinolates were recorded for 0.3% and 1% A.S. (4.838 and 1.905, respectively). The electrophoretic analysis of proteins displayed 51 bands of molecular weights ranging from 8.555 to 240.6 kDa with 88.24% polymorphism with a mean band frequency of 0.373. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that the lower cell death was detected in treated root tips of canola plants following 0.2% A.S. treatment, as compared to control. With increasing of sulphur treatment, the root cortex thickness, number of conducting elements, and pericycle thickness decreased while root pith area increased. In canola leaves of high S level, the leaf blade thickness, the thickness of abaxial and adaxial epidermis surface, mesophyll thickness, and metaxylem area increased, while the xylem conducting elements number decreased. Moreover, SCoT molecular markers have been used to evaluate the genetic variation among Brassica napus genotypes subjected to different A.S. treatments. Four of the seven SCoT primers were revealed to be polymorphic in both treated and untreated samples. A total of 39 amplicons, ranging in size from 200 to 1080 bp, were amplified, with 9 (23.07%) of them being polymorphic. Clustering dendogram based on SCot markers data divided Brassica genotypes into two main clusters based on similarity coefficients indices. B. napus treated with 0.2% A.S. was separated in a distinct cluster. Furthermore, treatments with sulphur enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as the expression level of their encoding genes (CAT, catalase; POD, peroxidase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GR, glutathione reductase), particularly at 1% and 0.2% A.S. treatments. Taken together, this study revealed that foliar application of sulphur treatments, particularly at 0.2%, have a great potential to improve canola crop.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier