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Environmental and experimental botany
Pergamon Press,
Environmental and experimental botany

Pergamon Press,

0098-8472

Environmental and experimental botany/Journal Environmental and experimental botanySCIISTP
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    Ionomics, transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics analyses provide new insights into the Cd response and accumulation mechanisms of mulberry

    Fan, WeiXia, ZhongqiangLiu, ChangyingMa, Shuyu...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recently, the phytoremediation and safe utilization of cadmium (Cd) polluted soil by mulberry planting and sericulture have attracted researchers' attention. However, the understandings of related molecular mechanisms of mulberry response to Cd are still limited. Meanwhile, there are few reports on the diversity of the Cd tolerance and accumulation ability of different mulberry cultivars. Here, we obtained two mulberry cultivars with significant differences in Cd accumulation: high Cd accumulation cultivar FC and low Cd accumulation cultivar G12. Ionomics analysis showed that the distribution pattern of Na is the most similar to that of Cd in both G12 and FC. In transcriptomics analysis, the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that cell wall organization-related genes were significantly affected by Cd stress, while cell division-related genes were significantly down-regulated. The expression levels of several Cd-chelation and transporter genes (AGT2, MT2, HIPP26, MTP9 and DTX43/44) were higher in all groups of G12 than those of FC, while the expression level of PCR2 and ABCC2 were higher in all groups of FC than those of G12. In untargeted metabolomics analysis, compared with FC, the metabolites of G12 were less affected by Cd stress in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Notably, the content of rutin in FC was significantly lower than that of G12. These results provide theoretical support and candidate cultivars for mulberry application in Cd polluted soil, and candidate genes for mulberry genetic modification and molecular breeding in the future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The non-specific lipid transfer protein GmLtpI.3 is involved in drought and salt tolerance in soybean

    Zhang, Pei-GenHou, Ze-HaoChen, JunZhou, Yong-Bin...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs/LTPs) play important roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress responses. However, little is known about LTPs in soybean. In this study, 131 LTPs were identified and divided into ten types (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and Y), and each GmLtp has the characteristic eight-cysteine motif (8 CM) of plant LTPs. RNA-seq data showed that most GmLtps responded to a variety of abiotic stresses. Among the GmLtp members, GmLtpI.3 was significantly induced under drought and salt treatments. Overexpressing GmLtpI.3 improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean. The results showed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the roots of GmLtpI.3-over-expressing (OE-GmLtpI.3) plants decreased significantly, compare with GmLtpI.3 RNA interference (RNAi-GmLtpI.3) and empty vector (EV-Control) plants. Furthermore, compared with EV-Control, the expression level of GmSOD1 and GmSOD2 increased in OE-GmLtpI.3. Contrarily, the expression of GmRBOHA and GmRBOHB decreased in OE-GmLtpI.3. The results of this study provide the basis for further comprehensive analyses of LTP genes and insights into abiotic stress response mechanisms in soybean.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Disentangling carbon uptake and allocation in the stems of a spruce forest

    Krejza, JanHaeni, MatthiasDarenova, EvaFoltynovova, Lenka...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although forests store significant amounts of carbon in tree stems, the extent to which stem growth depends on carbon assimilation and environmental factors is poorly understood. In this study, gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) are compared for the first time at daily resolution with stem carbon allocation (SCA) in a spruce forest. We found substantial differences in the seasonal patterns of all variables as a function of environmental conditions, leading to three important findings. First, carbon uptake was only marginally invested in wood growth during the first half of the growing season. This means that there were other priorities for carbon allocation than stem growth at this time of year. Second, our results show that SRI at the beginning of the stem growth period, which mainly involves cell division and expansion, is a process that requires less carbon than the process of xylem lignification and thickening that follows. And third, NEP was generally less sensitive to drought than SCA. This suggests that the carbon uptake balance is less sensitive to dry periods than growth, particularly because the carbon uptake period is much longer than the growth window. These results may change the way we perceive the effects of climate change on forests, as tree carbon dynamics are primarily explained by the seasonal timing of dry periods rather than the intensity of these events.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Differential physiological and metabolic responses in young and fully expanded leaves of Aristotelia chilensis plants subjected to drought stress

    Gonzalez-Villagra, JorgeOmena-Garcia, Rebeca PatriciaRodrigues-Salvador, AcacioNunes-Nesi, Adriano...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Drought stress reduces plant growth and crop yields. Plants activate defense mechanisms, such as stomatal closure, phenolic compounds biosynthesis, compatible solutes, protein, amino acids, and abscisic acid to cope with drought stress. Most studies on drought stress effects have been focused only on fully expanded leaves, while information on young leaves is scarce. In this study, we investigated the differential photosynthetic performance as well as the primary and secondary metabolic responses in young and fully expanded leaves of Aristotelia chilensis plants subjected to drought stress. We found that drought stress negatively affected net CO2 assimilation (A(N)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), and transpiration (E) more drastically in young leaves than fully expanded leaves of A. chilensis plants. On the other hand, young leaves accumulated higher total protein than fully expanded leaves of plants at day 10 of drought stress. Likewise, the total amino acid was increased in young leaves of stressed plants on days 5, 10, and 20, showing higher values at the end of the experiment. Starch was reduced in both young and fully expanded leaves of drought-stressed plants, while sucrose and fructose levels increased around 2-fold in young leaves at days 10 and 20 of drought stress. We observed that leucine and valine increased in young leaves at days 10 and 20 of drought stress, while in contrast, no changes were observed in the fully expanded leaves. PCA analysis clearly separated the young from fully expanded leaves at 10 and 20 days under drought stress, where anthocyanins and related genes (UFGT and NCED) were stimulated in fully expanded leaves, while in young leaves was amino acids, sucrose, and fructose. Our results demonstrate that young leaves stimulate branched-chain amino acid and phenylalanine accumulation, while fully expanded leaves stimulate anthocyanins and related genes, showing different physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to respond to drought stress.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Transgenerational responses to climate change in Mediterranean annual species with contrasting functional strategies

    Gallego-Tevar, BlancaHidalgo-Galvez, Maria DoloresCambrolle, JesusMartinez-Munoz, Marcelino...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increasing temperature and aridity predicted by climate change models in the Mediterranean region will pose a significant challenge for the survival of some plant species. The mechanisms by which species modify their phenotype across generations in response to the environment have been identified as essential to cope with the new climatic conditions. However, this transgenerational transfer remains unexplored for species with contrasted resource-use strategies (fast-growing or acquisitive versus stress-tolerant or conservative species). For this purpose, transgenerational responses to warming and drought of annual plant species with different resource-use strategies were assessed by conducting three experiments. In a field experiment, climatic treatments of increased temperature and rainfall exclusion were imposed on five herbaceous species typical of Mediterranean grasslands. The descendants of the individuals sampled in the field were employed in two greenhouse experiments to: (1) analyze the transgenerational response by re-imposing warming and drought conditions, and (2) identify possible maternal effects by maintaining them at optimal conditions of air temperature and water availability and comparing with maternal performance. We measured reproductive output, plant growth and survival variables as plant performance indicators. We found contrasting transgenerational responses to warming and drought depending on the functional strategy of the species. Direct effects of the abiotic stressors on parental plants were retained or new ones appeared in their offspring, with special negative impact on one of the most acquisitive species (Crepis capillaris). In contrast, the most conservative species (Bromus madritensis) highly tolerated increased climatic stress but deleterious maternal effects were registered, given the high negative impact on the performance of the descendants of maternal plants that were subjected to climatic treatments. Our study highlights the importance of evaluating plant responses to stress across generations to better understand their potential ability to face new environmental conditions in species with different functional strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Plant species and pH dependent responses to copper toxicity

    Ferreira, Paulo Ademar AvelarRicachenevsky, Felipe KleinStefanello, Lincon OliveiraDe Conti, Lessandro...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：High copper (Cu) levels in soil caused by anthropic activity, as in vineyards, can cause phytotoxicity and reduce plant productivity. However, the distribution of Cu chemical-species in the soil and then, the level of its availability for crops can be considerably altered by pH and root exudates in the rhizosphere. The study aimed at investigating the influence of both pH and excessive Cu concentrations on physiological and morphological responses of two different plant species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.). The experiment was conducted with two plant species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.), three pH levels (4.5, 6.0 and 7.5) and three Cu concentrations (0.2, 5 and 50 mu M). Both plant species showed the capacity to change the pH of the solution, but oat plants showed higher capacity to alkalize the nutrient solution than cucumber plants to reduce Cu availability. Excluding a few exceptions, exudation increased with increasing Cu supply in both plant species studied. Exudation resulted also pH dependent, particularly visible for flavonoids in cucumber plants. Overall, flavonoid release resulted higher in cucumber than in oat while the release of phenolics was higher in oat compared to cucumber. Cucumber and oat plants supplied with 50 mu M Cu and pH 4.5 exhibited the lowest growth and development because of higher Cu availability. On the other hand, nutrient solution at pH 7.5 and high Cu concentration stimulated root development especially in cucumber plants. Copper interfered with the accumulation of both macro and micronutrients, yet the synergisms and/or antagonisms were species and pH dependent. Both plants presented the highest Cu concentration in shoots and roots at 50 mu M Cu in all the pH values solution, especially in the roots. Oat plants showed more resistance to high Cu concentrations in solution over a wide range of pH exhibiting a better plant development and more Cu-induced synergistic responses to nutrients than cucumber. Oat plants can be used in Cu-contaminated soils as phytostabilizer plants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dynamics of carbon export from leaves as translocation affected by the coordination of carbohydrate availability in field strawberry

    Nakai, HiromiYasutake, DaisukeKimura, KensukeKengo, I...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Carbon export from leaves as translocation is a result of plant coordination of leaf carbohydrate availability. Carbohydrate availability coordination is actively studied in model plants (Arabidopsis) under regulated condi-tions and can be optimized to increase productivity. However, in horticultural crops grown under field condi-tions, carbon export dynamics and coordination are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of carbon export from leaves and the effects of carbohydrate availability coordination on these dynamics in strawberry grown under field conditions. Through three different day/night cycles, we measured leaf carbohydrate concentrations and photosynthetic rates and evaluated the dynamics of carbon export based on the leaf carbon balance. During the daytime, when carbon resources are almost entirely supplied by photosyn-thesis, strawberry leaves stored sucrose and starch. Starch synthesis was remarkable when sucrose concentration exceeded 150 mmol m(-2), and the carbon export rate tended to increase. In the nighttime, when carbon resources are supplied by leaf sucrose and starch stored during the daytime, the starch concentrations decreased linearly and the carbon export rate was lower than the daytime level. These results indicate that in the daytime, the coordination of leaf carbohydrate availability for starch storage and carbon export was affected by leaf sucrose concentration, whereas, at night, it was regulated by leaf carbon storage levels at dusk rather than sucrose concentration. Thus, this study elucidates the basis of carbon export dynamics in strawberry leaves under field conditions, advancing our understanding of the role of leaf carbohydrates in translocation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A WRKY transcription factor PbWRKY40 from Pyrus betulaefolia functions positively in salt tolerance and modulating organic acid accumulation by regulating PbVHA-B1 expression

    Lin, LikunYuan, KailiHuang, YongdanDong, Huizhen...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：The V-type-H+-ATPase gene (VHA-B1) plays an important part in plant stress responses. However, the transcriptional regulation of VHA-B1 in plants under abiotic stress conditions remains poorly understood. Here, a Group II WRKY gene (PbWRKY40) was obtained by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening, using the promoter of PbVHA-B1 as bait. A Y1H assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and transient expression analysis further proved that PbWRKY40 could bind to the W-box element of PbVHA-B1 in the promoter region. PbWRKY40 had a complete open reading frame of 963 bp, encoding a 320 amino acid peptide located in the nucleus. PbWRKY40 was greatly induced by salt stress. Overexpressing PbWRKY40 in Arabidopsis thaliana and pear callus showed stronger resistance to salt stress compared with the WT. Transgenic lines had a higher germination percentage, root growth, chlorophyll content, and total organic acid content than the WT, while electrolyte leakage, Na+/K+ ratio, and MDA content were lower than the WT. Compared with the WT, the silenced lines were more sensitive to salt stress and accumulated less organic acid. In addition, knockdown of the PbWRKY40 gene in P. betulaefolia also decreased the expression of PbVHA-B1. Taken together, our study demonstrated that PbWRKY40 functions in salt tolerance and organic acid accumulation, at least partly, by regulating the expression of PbVHA-B1.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Cadmium enhances root hair elongation through reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis

    Bahmani, RaminKim, DongGwanModareszadeh, MahsaHwang, Seongbin...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：We previously reported that Arabidopsis shows enhanced root hair density and length in response to cadmium (Cd). To understand how Cd stimulates root hair elongation, we examined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and root hair elongation-related genes in root hair elongation/tip growth. In response to Cd, Arabidopsis displayed enhanced length and ROS levels in the root hairs, indicating ROS involvement. Furthermore, in response to Cd, ROS generation mutants, including root hair defective 2 (rhd2/rbohc), rbohh, rbohj, per1, per44 and per73, which have shorter root hairs because of impaired ROS generation, also showed increased root hair length and ROS levels, suggesting the involvement of these genes in ROS production in Cd-induced root hair elongation. Supporting the participation of ROS, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ROS scavenger) treatment reduced root hair elongation and ROS levels. Additionally, the expression of proline-rich extension-like receptor kinase (PERK)5, PERK8, and root hair-specific 10 (RHS10), which are negative regulators of root hair elongation, was reduced by Cd and ROS (H2O2). Furthermore, the expression of expansin A7 (EXPA7) and expansin A18 (EXPA18), which are involved in root hair elongation, was remarkably induced by Cd and H2O2 in elongating root hairs and tips. Additionally, COBL9, which is involved in cell wall formation, was highly expressed in root hairs and tips in response to Cd and H2O2. Furthermore, changes in auxin and ethylene levels showed a similar pattern to that of root hair elongation and ROS at various concentrations of Cd, suggesting the involvement of auxin and ethylene in Cd/ROS-induced root hair elongation. Combined, it appears that Cd enhances root hair elongation/tip growth by elevating the expression of EXPA7, EXPA18 and COBL9 and by inhibiting the expression of PERK5, PERK8, and RHS10, which are ROS-mediated in Arabidopsis.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Trade-off between shade tolerance and chemical resistance of invasive Phytolacca americana under different light levels compared with its native and exotic non-invasive congeners

    Xiao, FengChen, ChaoGong, WenhengXiong, Yuntao...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：The tolerance of Phytolacca americana to low-light environment is crucial for plant growth and reproduction, which we believe may also contribute to its successful invasion to new environments. Here, a common garden experiment with light and shade treatments was used to study the effects of shading on the growth characteristics, biomass allocation and chemical substances of invasive species P. americana and its congeners. The results indicate that the invasive species grew better under low light conditions. Specifically, it displayed the highest plant height and the largest total biomass. At the same time, it stored more energy in the roots, which was manifested in the largest root-shoot ratio. Further, only the invasive species bloomed in low light. In addition, from light to shade, the reduction in biomass of each part of invasive species was the smallest, indicating that the invasive species was least affected by shade environments. Moreover, compared with its congeners, P. americana uses fewer resources for defense and more resources for growth and reproduction. These findings suggest that P. americana has stronger shade tolerance than its homologous species. When light resources are insufficient, trade-offs between secondary metabolites and growth, especially in roots, became more apparent.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier