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European Journal of Agronomy
Gauthier-Villars
European Journal of Agronomy

Gauthier-Villars

1161-0301

European Journal of Agronomy/Journal European Journal of AgronomyISTPSCI
正式出版
收录年代

    The synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilization sub-surface banded at sowing on the early vigor, grain yield and quality of maize

    Blandino, MassimoBattisti, MichelaVanara, FrancescaReyneri, Amedeo...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Maize grain yields and profitability are enhanced in temperate growing areas as a result of an early sowing. However, cool conditions may constrain the uptake of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by the root system during the early and more susceptible growth stages. The application of starter fertilizers near the plant roots could ensure better N and P availability and improve early vigor of the crop. The aim of this study has been to quantify the overall benefits of a localized starter fertilization with N or P, or their combination, on maize (early development, grain yield, grain quality and sanitary traits). A 4-year field experiment was conducted in NW Italy during the 2014-17 growing seasons. The trial compared the sub-surface placement of N, P and NP in bands close to the maize seed furrows, as a starter fertilization strategy, with unfertilized controls on sandy silt loam (SSL), silt loam (SL) and silty clay loam (SCL) soils. These soils were placed side by side, and were characterized by low, high and medium N and plant-available P contents, respectively. The results showed that when N and P were applied together, the early vigor (plant height) and canopy development (NDVI values) of the maize were significantly enhanced, compared to both the controls and to the application of the single elements in all the soils. The positive growth responses to starter NP fertilization were combined with accelerated crop phenological development, so that anthesis occurred 2.4-3.1 days earlier. Thus, the grain yield was enhanced following the NP sub-surface placement (+7%, +15% and +11%, in SSL, SL and SCL, respectively), mainly due to an increase in the number of kernels per ear (+10%), while the grain moisture content was reduced, compared to the controls, in all the soils (-2.2%). The application of N or P alone did not consistently affect either the grain yield or the moisture content in any of the three soils. The starter fertilization strategy also affected both the qualitative and sanitary grain traits. NP and N both resulted in an increase in the grain hardness in the SL and SCL soils, but when P was applied alone, no significant effects were observed. The use of NP starter fertilization significantly reduced the ear injuries caused by European Corn Borer in all three soils (-44%), and reduced ear rot severity in the SSL and SL soils and the fumonisin content ( -72%) in the SL and SCL soils, compared to the untreated controls. The synergistic effect of N and P applied as a sub-surface band at sowing had a consistent positive effect on the advancement of the flowering dates at different sites in different years, even in soils that have tested high to P or N. Thus, the application of NP starter fertilizer is a crop practice that should be considered in North Italy and for similar soils and environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A forage brassica simulation model using APSIM: Model calibration and validation across multiple environments

    Watt, Lucinda J.Bell, Lindsay W.Pembleton, Keith G.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forage brassicas have historically been used in high rainfall/irrigated temperate livestock systems, but there is increasing interest in diverse forage brassicas in drier mixed crop-livestock farming systems. Computer-based modelling is an important decision support tool used in agriculture to explore the adaptability of crops to different climates and agronomic management practices, but existing modelling tools for forage brassicas are limited to temperate environments. We parameterised the APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) model for four forage brassica genotypes, including three diverse forage rape cultivars and a raphanobrassica. The model was calibrated using two experiments with repeated measures of biomass components, nutritive value, and leaf and canopy development. We then tested the model extensively using data from a diverse set of environments within Australian and New Zealand (23 sites across four agro-climatic zones). Model predictions of biomass were good for all the genotypes (NSE > 0.60, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency; RMSE-1.5 t DM/ha, root mean square error). Predictions of metabolisable energy yield were satisfactory for all genotypes (NSE 0.43-0.73; RMSE-17.8 GJ ME/ha) but forage dry matter digestibility (DMD) were poorly predicted due to the small variation in observed data. Our robust and widely tested model can be confidently used to predict forage productivity of common and new forage brassicas across a wide range of production environments and agronomic management practices. This model will enable future work to develop a better understanding of the potential value of these important forage crops for livestock production systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Annual productivity of cropping sequences: Responses to increased intensification levels

    Hisse, Ignacio R.Biganzoli, FernandoPeper, Alberto M.Poggio, Santiago L....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Annual productivity of croplands can be increased by intensifying cropping sequences and fine-tuning agronomic management, improving the ratio between seasonal grain yield and annual available resources. The aims of this study were to evaluate, for different crop sequences and agronomic practices, (i) grain yield (GY), and energy of GY (EY) on annual basis; (ii) the relative contribution of each crop to the annual GY and EY of the crop sequences; and (iii) the maximum attainable annual EY. In a five-year field experiment at the central Rolling Pampa of Argentina, three crop sequences: soybean mono-cropping (Sy), a two-year rotation alternating maize and soybean (Mz-Sy), and a three-year rotation including wheat/soybean, maize, and soybean (Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy) were evaluated under the presence of either fallow (F) or cover crops (CC) during winter, and under two agronomic systems: conventional (CM) and intensified management (IM). For EY, Mz-Sy and Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy sequences greatly surpassed (P < 0.01) Sy (78% and 86% higher) across all years. The CC negatively affected (P < 0.001) the annual GY of the sequences by mostly affecting maize GY (-14% than under F), but this effect varied with the experimental year (rainfall levels) and CC composition (grass/legume proportion). The annual GY of the Mz-Sy (6.47 Mg ha(-1)) and Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy (6.69 Mg ha(-1)) sequences increased (P < 0.001) in the IM system compared to CM (5.33 and 5.64 Mg ha(-1)). In addition, under IM the penalty of CC on the annual GY of the crop sequences was lower (-7%) than under CM (-14%). From the combination of crop sequences and agronomic systems, the highest annual EY corresponded to the more intensified Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy sequence under IM (176 GJ ha(-1)), doubling the lowest EY obtained by soybean mono-cropping under CM (87 GJ ha(-1)). This result highlights the opportunity for intensification of cropping sequence and agronomic management to increase the annual productivity of the existing cropping area.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimized agronomic management practices narrow the yield gap of summer maize through regulating canopy light interception and nitrogen distribution

    Yu, NingningRen, BaizhaoZhao, BinLiu, Peng...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Optimizing the canopy nitrogen (N) distribution by matching the available light resources to construct a light-N matching canopy structure of summer maize is important to improve yield and narrow the yield gap (YG). A field experiment with four integrated agronomic management practice systems [a control treatment (T1), an improved management system (T2), a super high-yield management system (T3), and an optimized management system (T4)] was conducted at Da Wenkou Town, Tai'an, China, from June to October in-2018-2020 to study the canopy light and N distribution and photosynthetic N use efficiency of summer maize. The results showed that optimized integrated agronomic management practices could coordinate canopy light and N distributions to increase the yield, thus narrowing the YG between T1 and yield potential by 1.9-5.2 Mg ha(-1). In addition, the T4 treatment intercepted more radiation by adjusting the leaf area. Furthermore, the leaf N content of T4 in the middle canopy was significantly increased. The coordination of canopy light and N distributions of T4 was increased significantly, which was conducive to maximizing the use of N and solar radiation and increasing photosynthetic N use efficiency significantly by 9.4-41.4%, compared to that of T1. As a result, the yield of T4 was increased by 37.0% compared to that of T1. And T4 narrowed the YG by 3.4 Mg ha(-1). Therefore, the T4 was the best choice for achieving a high-yield and high-efficiency production of summer maize in this study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Phenology-related water-use efficiency and its responses to site heterogeneity in rubber plantations in Southwest China

    Lin, YouxingZhang, YipingZhou, LiguoLi, Jing...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The survival strategy and ecophysiological process of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), in which water-use efficiency (WUE) represents a vital indicator linking the carbon and water cycles, are mediated by phenology and can be severely affected by a low fruit-set rate and cold stress. However, the phenology-related WUE and its temporal variation as well as its responses to site heterogeneity in rubber plantations remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a four-year (2013-2016) continuous dataset of biometric survey, sap flow and phenology of rubber trees to examine the WUE in response to phenological changes and cold stress. The planting density and stand age, factors exhibiting a considerable difference and contributing to site heterogeneity, were explored to reveal their effects on the WUE of rubber plantations in Yunnan Province of Southwest China. Unexpectedly, the response of the WUE to phenological changes was characterized by the peak value (2.73 +/- 0.59 g C kg(-1) H2O) that occurred simultaneously with the fruiting period (P-f), and the WUE values during the P-f were significantly higher than that of other phenological periods (P < 0.01), indicating that the survival strategy adopted by the rubber trees to cope with the low fruit-set rate as well as cold stress during the defoliation period (P-d) and adapt to the local climate might be very effective. However, this effectiveness might be reduced to some extent, since the WUE was significantly affected by the planting density (df=2, F-value=11.51) and stand age (df=3, F-val-ue=22.84) indicated by one-way analysis of variance (P < 0.01). These findings can provide a deeper understanding for the adaptation strategies to adverse climate and the cultivation and management of rubber plantations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modelling potential potato yields: Accounting for experimental differences in modern cultivars

    Den, Tamara TenWiel, Inge van deDe Wit, AllardEvert, Frits K. van...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Current potential yield simulations of potato crops can be lower than actual yields observed in fields and the potential yield simulations miss important cultivar differences, for instance in terms of cultivar earliness. This causes issues not only for potential yield simulations but also when estimating the limiting effects of water (and nitrogen) and yield gaps in farmers' fields. To address this issue, we recalibrated potential yield simulations with WOFOST for five commercial Dutch potato cultivars. An experiment conducted during the 2020 season was used for model calibration while the 2019 version of the same experiment was used for evaluation. The focus of the calibration was on phenology, photosynthesis, and biomass allocation. To aid the latter, the WOFOST biomass allocation table functions were replaced with sigmoid functions and biomass reallocation from haulm to tubers was introduced. In total 19 parameters were adjusted and/or introduced. Twelve of these parameters were not cultivar-specific, e.g. the specific leaf area over the plant developmental stage (SLATB), and the maximum leaf CO2 assimilation rate as function of developmental time (AMAXTB). Seven parameters differed between the cultivars, e.g. the thermal time between emergence and tuber initiation (TSUM1), and most of these were correlated to cultivar earliness. For the calibration year, final yields were underestimated by on average 5.4%, while for the evaluation year the final yield was overestimated by 4.4%. In comparison, the final dry matter yields ranged from 16.4 to 18.5 t ha(-1) in 2019 and 15.5-17.5 t ha(-1) in 2020. The old WOFOST parameters for potato resulted in an underestimation of 23.7% and 28.7% for, respectively, 2019 and 2020. Improving the parameter sets greatly increased accuracy of the simulations and provided insight in which parameters are cultivar specific and related to cultivar-earliness.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Simulating water lateral inflow and its contribution to spatial variations of rainfed wheat yields

    Tenreiro, Tomas R.Jerabek, JakubGomez, Jose A.Zumr, David...
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Spatial variations of crop yields are commonly observed in typical rainfed systems worldwide. It is accepted that such variations are likely to be associated, among other factors, with water spatial variations due to lateral water flows occurring in fields with undulating topography. However, some of the main processes governing water spatial distribution such as lateral flow are not entirely considered by the most commonly adopted crop simu-lation models. This brings uncertainty to the process of yield simulation at field-scale, especially under water-limited conditions. Although it is expected that lateral water movement determines spatial variations of crop yields, it is still unclear what is the net contribution of lateral water inflows (LIF) to spatial variations of rainfed yields in fields of undulating topography. In this sense, by combining field experimentation, simulation models (HYDRUS-1D and AquaCrop), and the use of artificial neural networks, we assessed the occurrence and magnitude of LIF, and their impact on wheat yields in Cordoba, Spain, over a 30-year period. Seasonal pre-cipitation varied over 30 years from 212.8 to 759.5 mm, and cumulative LIF ranged from 30 to 125 mm. The ratio of seasonal cumulative LIF divided by seasonal precipitation varied from 10.7% to 38.9% over the 30 years. The net contribution of LIF to spatial variations of rainfed potential yields showed to be relevant but highly irregular among years. Despite the inter-annual variability, typical of Mediterranean conditions, the occurrence of LIF caused simulated wheat yields to vary + 16% from up to downslope areas of the field. The net yield responses to LIF, in downslope areas were on average 383 kg grain yield (GY) ha(-1), and the LIF marginal water productivity reached 24.6 (+/- 13.2) kg GY ha(-1) mm(-1) in years of maximum responsiveness. Decision makers are encouraged to take water spatial variations into account when adjusting management to different potential yielding zones within the same field. However, this process is expected to benefit from further advances in in-season weather forecasting that should be coupled with a methodological approach such as the one presented here.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Simultaneously improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency in a double rice cropping system in China

    Xu, ZhuoHe, PingYin, XinyouStruik, Paul C....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Nutrient Expert system (NE) has been proposed to improve yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) in the double rice cropping systems in China. However, the advantage of the NE system has yet to be quantified experimentally. A four-year field experiment was conducted in a double rice cropping system in China, to evaluate the ability of NE in improving yield and NUE. The experimental treatments consisted of NE based fertilization, current farmers' practices (FP) and soil test based fertilizer recommendation (ST), and a series of nitrogen (N) rate treatments. The NUE decreased with increasing N application, while the yield did not increase significantly beyond N application rates of about 140 kg ha- 1 (corresponding to the amount proposed by NE) in both early and late rice. NE increased grain yield (by 10.3% and 6.3%) and N uptake (by 5.7% and 4.0%) compared with FP and ST, respectively. NE significantly increased NUE compared with FP, and decreased the N surplus in comparison to FP and ST. The N dilution curve was Nc = 34.50 W-0.55 for early rice and Nc = 37.71 W-0.59 for late rice (where Nc is the N concentration in g kg- 1, and W is the dry matter accumulation in t ha- 1). The relationship between relative yield and the nitrogen nutrition index derived from the dilution curves confirmed that NE offered an optimum N application rate (approximately 140 kg ha-1) for both early and late rice. Carbon (C) and N translocation from vegetative organs to grains was enhanced with increasing N rate, while NE significantly increased C and N translocation compared with FP. Overall, the NE system ensured a high rice yield, increased N uptake and NUE. Therefore, the NE, as a user-friendly tool, is a sustainable fertilizer recommendation approach suitable for double rice cropping system, especially when soil testing is not available or timely for smallholders.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of tillage and straw management on grain yield and SOC storage in a wheat-maize cropping system

    Liu, Wen-ShengLiu, Wen-XuanKan, Zheng-RongChen, Jin-Sai...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Climate change significantly impacts the prevailing climatic conditions and crop productivity. Although soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration can mitigate global climate change, the SOC sequestration capacity and crop production under conservation tillage are unclear. This study assessed the dynamics and relationship between SOC storage and grain yield under conservation tillage over eight years. Four tillage and straw management treatments, including (i) no-tillage with straw retention (NTS, conservation tillage), (ii) conventional tillage with straw retention (CTS), (iii) no-tillage without straw retention (NT), and (iv) conventional tillage without straw retention (CT), were conducted. The results showed that the SOC content and storage in the 0-10 cm soil layer were significantly higher in NTS than in the other treatments. In contrast, SOC content and storage in the 10-30 cm layer were lower in NTS than in CTS (P < 0.05). Overall, the average SOC storage in the 0-30 cm was significantly higher in the straw returning treatment than without straw returning (P < 0.05). Moreover, SOC storage was not significantly different between NTS (35.7 Mg ha(-1)) and CTS (35.9 Mg ha(-1)). The wheat yield was lowest under NTS. Furthermore, the yield coefficient of variation under NTS was significantly lower than under CTS (P < 0.05). Maize yield was not significantly different between NTS and CTS. SOC storage in the 0-10 cm soil layer had a quadratic relationship with annual yield. These results indicate that NTS can positively sequester carbon, especially for the surface layer. However, to mitigate climate change and food insecurity, further advancements in NTS technology are required to improve crop yields and carbon sequestration capacity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Diversified crop rotations increase the yield and economic efficiency of grain production systems

    Garbelini, Luiz GustavoDebiasi, HenriqueJunior, Alvadi Antonio BalbinotFranchini, Julio Cezar...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Crop rotations with high plant diversity and biomass input have been recognized worldwide as a crucial practice for increasing the sustainability of grain production systems, particularly in regions under no-tillage (NT) management. Nonetheless, low-diversity grain production systems based on double cropping (two crops in the same agricultural year) repeated over time, including soybean followed by maize (known in Brazil as "second crop maize ") or wheat, remain prevalent in Brazil. The continuous use of these systems can impair soil yield capacity, farmers' profits, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the grain yield and profitability of different production systems with different levels of plant diversity. This study was based on results obtained during the 2009-2017 cropping seasons through a long-term field trial conducted under NT since 1985 in southern Brazil. The trial covered two 4-year agricultural cycles with two crops per year, resulting in eight crops per cycle and 16 crops over the entire period. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments involved three diversified crop rotations, comprising different cover crops and two double-crop systems (wheat-soybean and maize-soybean). For a given agricultural year, wheat and cover crops (white oats, black oats, and forage radish) were grown from May to September, and the second crop maize was grown from March to August. Soybean and first crop maize were grown during the summer from October to February. The grain yield, gross revenue, production cost, and cumulative profit were analyzed for each production system. Gross revenue and profit were primarily estimated based on the actual annual average commodity prices received by farmers, and two additional price scenarios (pessimistic and optimistic) were proposed considering the average prices from 2010 to 2017. Regardless of the cropping season, first crop maize and wheat grain yields were higher in diversified crop rotations. The production system only affected the second crop maize yield in 2010/2011, with a higher value obtained in a diversified crop rotation system. The soybean yield in diversified crop rotations was higher than that in double crop systems. Considering each cash crop separately, soybean produced the highest average profit (US$ 472.50 ha(-1)), followed by the first crop maize (US$ 245.31 ha(-1)) and wheat (US$ 77.71 ha(-1)), whereas the second crop maize led to economic losses (-US$ 121.73 ha(-1)). All diversified crop rotations produced a higher 8-year cumulative profit and gross margin than the maize-soybean in double-crop system. The relative economic performance of production systems remained unchanged under alternative price scenarios (pessimistic and optimistic) compared with that under the observed (actual) price scenario. However, the cumulative profit of maize and soybean in double-crop system was the most negatively impacted in the pessimistic scenario (-45.9%), indicating greater economic risk. Overall, lack of direct revenues from cover crops were compensated by increased grain yield in the spring-summer season and profitability of diversified crop rotation systems. Therefore, diversified crop rotation systems are economically competitive with double crop systems, rendering them feasible management options for conserving natural resources and increasing crop resilience to adverse climatic conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier