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European Journal of Agronomy
Gauthier-Villars
European Journal of Agronomy

Gauthier-Villars

1161-0301

European Journal of Agronomy/Journal European Journal of AgronomyISTPSCI
正式出版
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    Modeling weed community diversity based on species population density dynamics and herbicide use intensity

    Oreja, Fernando H.Inman, Matthew D.Jordan, David L.Bardhan, Deepayan...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Herbicide programs change weed population density as well as weed community composition. The repeated use of a given program can result in a weed community that progressively becomes more difficult to manage or could lose its ability to provide ecosystem services. Simulation of those changes using stochastic models considering population dynamics of multiple species makes it possible to identify a priori potential community changes that might result from the use of a given herbicide program. The objectives of this work were to model the population dynamics of weed species under different herbicide programs and how those dynamics change weed community diversity over time. Weed population dynamics were stochastically modeled along ten years using population growth rate (lambda) for each species under different herbicide programs. Lambda values were obtained from an eight-year long, field experiment, and these were used to parameterize the stochastic ranges for the model for each weed species. Population trajectories were modeled for each individual species over ten years and the results were used to estimate richness, diversity, and evenness for each herbicide use scenario. The repeated use of glyphosate alone had a minimal effect on richness, but it caused a strong reduction in weed diversity and evenness. Programs with more mechanisms of action and the use of both preemergence and postemergence herbicides were slightly more likely to suffer the loss of weed species than programs with single or just a few herbicides. Conversely, the former had a higher probability of maintaining weed diversity and evenness than the latter. According to simulations, losses in weed community diversity are reversible, especially when highly competitive species were eradicated allowing other species with lower lambda to increase their populations. However, the eradication of species with low reproductive rates reduced diversity and evenness. The effects of herbicide programs on the weed community lasted for several years even after those programs were modified indicating that seed banks play a major buffering role in the rate of change of weed community composition. Thus, frequent changes in management interrupting the repeated use of specific weed control programs, even under high herbicide intensity use (i.e., number of applications and mechanisms of action), can help maintain weed diversity in agroecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Grassland legacy effects on yield of a follow-on crop in rotation strongly influenced by legume proportion and moderately by drought

    Grange, GuylainBrophy, CarolineFinn, John A.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：We investigated the degree to which plant species diversity, drought and fertiliser level in a grassland ley can affect performance of a follow-on crop in a rotation. Grassland species and functional group diversity (grasses, legumes and herbs) were manipulated from monocultures to six-species mixtures in the grassland ley phase. A simulated two-month summer drought treatment was compared to a 'rainfed' control. Plots received 150 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of nitrogen (N) fertiliser; additional replicates of L. perenne monoculture received 300 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of N fertiliser. After two years, grassland communities were terminated, and each plot reseeded with an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) model crop; its yield indicated the relative legacy effect of the preceding treatments (plant diversity, drought, N input). There was a modest but constant negative effect of drought on dry matter (-0.36 & PLUSMN; 0.091 t ha(-1)) and nitrogen yield (DMY and NY respectively) of the subsequent crop of L. multiflorum, across all plant communities. There were strong differences among the identity effects of the six former grassland species on DMY and NY of L. multiflorum. Legume species had the strongest effects on DMY of L. multiflorum (6.09 t ha(-1) for the former T. pratense monoculture and 6.54 t ha(-1) for T. repens). The lowest crop yield was from the former low-diversity high-input replicates (4.16 t ha(-1) for former L. perenne monoculture with 300 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). There was no evidence that interspecific interactions in the grassland phase affected yield of the follow-on crop. Thus, the legacy effect of grassland mixtures was estimated by the identities and proportions of the species sown in the mixture. Similar patterns were obtained for NY. High-diversity, low-input grassland yielded more DMY and NY than low-diversity, high-input grassland (across both ley and follow-on crop phases). However, a legume proportion in the grassland ley of at least 33% is required to achieve high forage and crop performance in a grassland-crop rotation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Combining fixed-wing UAV multispectral imagery and machine learning to diagnose winter wheat nitrogen status at the farm scale

    Jiang, JieAtkinson, Peter M.Zhang, JiayiLu, Ruhua...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increasing nitrogen (N) diagnosis efficiency and accuracy is crucial for optimizing wheat N management. We aimed to establish a spatially and temporally explicit model for the diagnosis of winter wheat N status on small scale farms using multivariate information. To determine the most accurate approach, seven field experiments involving different cultivars and N treatments were conducted in east China over five years. A fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mounted multispectral camera was used to acquire canopy spectral data of winter wheat at the jointing and booting stages, while agronomic indicators of plant dry matter (PDM), plant N accumulation (PNA) and N nutrition index (NNI), as well as agrometeorological (AM) and field management (FM) data, were measured synchronously. Direct and indirect strategies of NNI estimation were applied for N diagnosis at the jointing and booting stages. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to characterize the relationships between agronomic variables and UAV remote sensing, AM and FM data. The results demonstrated the random forest (RF) model that integrated UAV remote sensing, AM and FM data achieved the higher accuracy for predicting NNI (R2 = 0.82-0.87, RMSE = 0.11-0.12 and RE = 12.94%-15.57%) amongst the four ML models based on the direct strategy at the jointing and booting stages. Similarly, the RF model performed most accurate estimation for PDM (R2 = 0.69-0.78, RMSE = 0.43-0.61 t ha- 1 and RE = 12.74%-24.49%) and PNA (R2 = 0.83-0.84, RMSE = 13.00-17.53 kg ha- 1 and RE = 17.03%-25.44%), then NNI (R2 = 0.54-0.55, RMSE = 0.09-0.13 and RE = 8.34-12.65%) was further calculated using the indirect diagnosis strategy. Based on the optimal NNI diagnosis interval derived from the relationships between relative yield (RY) and plant NNI at the jointing (0.92-1.04) and booting (0.97-1.15) stages, the two diagnosis strategies obtained similar diagnostic accuracies in the three study farms and performed more accurately at the booting (areal agreement = 0.70-0.90, Kappa = 0.49-0.82) than jointing (areal agreement = 0.54-0.71, Kappa = 0.36-0.53) stages. The combination of fixed-wing UAV remote sensing with AM and FM information using the RF algorithm can significantly increase the accuracy and efficiency of in-season wheat N diagnosis at the farm scale.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of N fertilizer rate and planting density on short-season cotton yield, N agronomic efficiency and soil N using N-15 tracing technique

    Luo, ZhenHu, QiuyueWang, XiaowenLu, Hequan...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Straw returning has been widely used as a nitrogen (N) reduction measure in the North China Plain in recent years. However, little is known of the optimal planting density and N application rate of cotton under straw returning. In order to study the effect of the planting density and N application rate on cotton yield, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), fertilizer N recovery efficiency (FNRE), N balance and soil N under straw returning, a split-plot design in randomized complete blocks was used in the experiment. The main plots were assigned to plant densities (4.50 x 104, 6.75 x 104 and 9.00 x 104 plants hm-2), and the subplots to N application rates (0, 180, 225 and 270 kg N hm-2). The results showed that the biological yield increased as the planting density and the N application rate increase, but the harvest index decreased. Therefore, the highest biological yield was found under D9.00N270, but the highest cotton yield was found under D6.75N225. Excessive N (N270) application rate was not conducive to the improvement of NAE and FNRE. The amounts of plant N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) was reduced with the increase of planting density. Therefore, soil N would be consumed because the N balance was a negative value when N application rate was decreased at N180, especially at high density. The N balance was closest to zero at D6.75N225. In summary, with the yield, NAE, FNRE, N balance and the stability of soil N taken into consideration, the optimal combination of planting density and N application rate in the North China Plain was D6.75N225, because this treatment had the highest cotton yield, and most importantly, it maintained sustainable cotton production in the field.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Maize response to localized mineral or organic NP starter fertilization under different soil tillage methods

    Battisti, MichelaZavattaro, LauraCapo, LucaBlandino, Massimo...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：An early maize (Zea mays L.) sowing date plays a key role in increasing the grain yield, especially in a temperate climate. The adoption of reduced tillage techniques, such as strip tillage (ST), can decrease cultivation costs, compared to plowing (PLOW), but might also reduce the crop early development rate as a result of lower soil temperatures. Therefore, farmers often adopt starter fertilizations when sowing maize, in order to improve the early-season nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and plant development. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of the adoption of ST, compared to PLOW, and a starter fertilization with deep-injected digestate (DIG) or sub-surface placed diammonium phosphate (DAP), compared to an unfertilized treatment (NT) on the early growth, grain yield and grain qualitative and sanitary traits of maize. Field experiments were carried out in NW Italy over the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons on two different soils. ST determined cooler soil conditions at both sites, compared to PLOW, thus resulting in lower NDVI values due to both slower plant development and lower final crop density. The starter fertilization with DAP recorded the best early vigor and canopy development, expressed as plant height in both sites and for both tillage techniques, while the DIG values were intermediate between the DAP and NT treatments. Although the effects on the early vigor of maize differed between the experimental sites, displaying more pronounced differences in the finer-textured soil, ST on average delayed the flowering (+2.2 days) and consequently delayed the moisture dry down process (+1.2% grain moisture content at harvest), compared to PLOW. The starter fertilization with DIG or DAP led to an earlier flowering, compared to NT (-2.6 and -4.6 days, respectively). The grain yield was not affected by the tillage system, as the plants in ST compensated for the lower plant density with an increased ear length (+1.5%). Instead, DIG and DAP recorded similar and higher grain yields (+1.8 and +1.6 Mg ha- 1) than NT. DIG application led to a higher grain protein content and lower level of fumonisin contamination than the other treatments, while ST determined higher deoxynivalenol values than PLOW. The combination of ST and DIG as a starter fertilization can help maintain the production level and the grain quality, compared to conventional techniques that involve the use of mineral fertilizers and plowing, thereby leading to a higher sustainability of the maize cropping system.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Observed and modeled response of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) to nitrogen supply: Consequences for nitrogen fertilizer management in the humid tropics

    Cornet, DenisMarcos, JavierSierra, JorgeTournebize, Regis...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important source of food for millions of people throughout the tropics. Yam yields are constrained by several factors such as low soil fertility and a poor response of the crop to nutrient supply. Here we present an experimental and modeling study performed to test the hypothesis that N leaching in the humid tropics is a key factor that explains the poor response of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) to N fertilization. A field experiment was carried out to assess the impact of three levels of N supply (50, 125 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) on crop growth and soil N availability. The N fertilizer was split into two equal doses (i.e., 50%/50% split ratio), one applied just before emergence and the other a month after tuber initiation, which corresponds to the current management used by farmers. The CropSyst-Yam model was adapted to include a new soil-crop N component describing the effects of limiting N conditions on yam growth, and then to test different N fertilizer managements. The experimental results indicated that all variables linked to the soil-crop system were affected by the increase in N supply (soil N availability, crop biomass, leaf area and N uptake), and the model well described these impacts. Nitrogen leaching throughout the field experiment represented about one third of the total N supplied by each treatment. Observed and predicted data revealed that N leaching reduced yam growth under the N50 and N125 treatments by reducing soil N availability near the tuber initiation stage. This effect was not observed under the N200 treatment. Model results showed that N leaching and its negative impact near tuber initiation in N50 and N125 could be diminished by advancing the second N application by two or three weeks, and by using a split ratio of 70%/30%. Model results also indicated that this fertilizer strategy would even be suitable during very rainy growing seasons.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dynamics and plasticity of agronomic performance and nutritive quality traits in forage maize at high latitudes

    Halling, MagnusBergkvist, GoranMorel, JulienVogeler, Iris...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：The relationships between dynamics and plasticity (ability of a hybrid to modulate its traits according to growing conditions) of agronomic and nutritional traits are unclear. Quantifying and characterizing these relationships can improve understanding of plant response mechanisms to growing conditions in short cropping periods at high latitudes. This study investigated the dynamics of key agronomic performance and forage quality traits and the importance of their mean values for expression of plasticity. Data were collected on eight sampling occasions during the cropping period in 2013 and 2014, using six phenologically different forage maize hybrids grown at three high-latitude locations. The dynamics of all traits studies were significantly affected by hybrid and environment (combination of location and year). Dry matter yield (DMY) and dry matter content (DM) were affected by interactions between hybrid, growing conditions on each sampling occasion, and overall growing conditions in the different environments. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), starch (STA) concentration, watersoluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration, and organic matter digestibility (OMD) in the hybrids differed significantly over time across the environments. Early-maturing hybrids progressed faster in maturity based on DM content and had higher STA concentration, NDFD, and OMD at a given time than later-maturing hybrids. Similar DMY and higher NDFD and OMD in early-maturing compared with later-maturing hybrids, regardless of sampling occasion or environment, suggests that use of early-maturing hybrids is advantageous in the short cropping season at high latitudes. For most traits, plastic ability [plasticity of trait x/mean value of trait x, or ability to change expression of plasticity of a trait is based on the mean value of the trait] was dependent on the mean value of a trait and declined with increasing mean value. Plastic ability of DM, DMY and STA was higher at early developmental stages and decreased at later developmental stages, but the opposite was true for WSC and CP. Although the dynamics of trait development over time differed between the hybrids, the dynamics of plastic ability for four traits (DM, WSC, OMD, NDF) were similar in all hybrids. These maturity characteristics-based responses of the six hybrids in terms of trait dynamics and plastic ability, and the dependence of plastic ability on the dynamics of corresponding trait, can potentially be exploited in development of new variety/hybrid and prediction models for further improving the agronomic and nutritional value of forage maize crops at high latitudes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatiotemporal variability and sensitivity of industrial hemp cultivars under variable field conditions

    Hammami, NadaPrive, Jean-PierreMoreau, Gaetan
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The study of the impact of climate change on crop production requires the examination of cultivar adaptation and performance in response to interannual variability in climate and field conditions. A field test was carried out during four years in Eastern New Brunswick, Canada, to study grain yield, fiber yield and floral cannabidiol content of eight Canadian industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) cultivars. Hemp performance in terms of grain and fiber production varied greatly between the years. The spatial location of plants in the field was shown to affect the performance of cultivars in different ways for grain and fiber yield. Grain yield was the highest in hot and humid summers, the opposite was observed for cannabidiol content, while fiber production was the highest in cold and humid summers. Our results indicated that grain, fiber or cannabidiol production cannot all be optimized under the given set of climatic conditions and that hemp performance is more sensitive to interannual variability of climatic conditions and intra-field variability than to cultivar effects. Yet, despite the considerable spatiotemporal variability documented, some cultivars have repeatedly exhibited the best performance, demonstrating excellent adaptation to local field conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Priority for climate adaptation measures in European crop production systems

    Zhao, JinBindi, MarcoEitzinger, JosefFerrise, Roberto...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：To date, assessing the adaptive measures to climate change effects on cropping systems have generally been based on data from field trials and crop models. This strategy can only explore a restricted number of options with a limited spatial extent. Therefore, we designed a questionnaire that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative aspects of climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector. The questionnaire was distributed to experts from 15 European countries to map both the observed and planned climate adaptive measures in general and for five major crops (wheat, oilseed rape, maize, potato, and grapevine) in six environmental zones (EnZs) across Europe. In northern Europe, changed timing of field operations and introduction of new crops and cul-tivars were the already observed as the main adaptations to a longer growing season and reduced low-temperature stress under climate change. Farmers in central and southern Europe were mainly changing water and soil management as well as adopting drought-tolerant cultivars to cope with increasing
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Crop residue decomposition and nutrient release are independently affected by nitrogen fertilization, plastic film mulching, and residue type

    Ji, DechangDing, FanDijkstra, Feike A.Jia, Zhaojie...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The return of crop residues to the soil is a common agricultural management practice for nutrient recycling and carbon sequestration. It is known that nitrogen (N) fertilization can influence crop residue decomposition and nutrient release. However, it is unclear whether the effect of N fertilization interact with plastic film mulching (PFM) or residue type. We conducted a two-year field study to quantify the main and interactive effects among N fertilization (including no input (N-0), 135 kg N ha(-1) yr(- 1) (N-135), and 270 kg N ha(-1) yr(- 1) (N-270)), PFM (with and without mulching) and residue type (roots, stems, and leaves) on the decomposition and nutrient releases of crop residues in a long-term field experiment with combined mulching and fertilization treatments. We did not observe any interactive effects among N fertilization, plastic film mulching and residue type on crop residue decomposition and nutrient releases. Crop residue decomposition was delayed at N(135 )but remained unchanged at N-270 when compared to N-0. The positive correlation between decomposition and soil available phosphorus (P) suggest that soil P status played an important role for crop residue decomposition. The two levels of N fertilization both slowed down N release from crop residues, but did not change P release. PFM accelerated crop residue decomposition by 10% in the first growing season but did not affect the release of N and P. Decomposition and N release rates were higher for leaves than for roots and stems. Overall, this study highlights the independent effects of cropland management on the fate of crop residue returned to soil.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier