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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings: A novel method for sugarcane establishment

    Otto, RafaelMachado, Bianca AlmeidaMelo da Silva, Ana CarolinaQuassi de Castro, Sergio Gustavo...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：A new method of sugarcane establishment using pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) is under development in Brazil, requiring lower amounts of vegetative material as compared to the conventional method using billets (1-2 versus 12-20 Mg ha(-1)). The hypotheses set up herein were: i) the sugarcane fields established with PSS achieve similar yields as compared to fields established conventionally and ii) since PSS has lower nutrition reserve as compared to the nutrients reserve within the billets, the nutritional demand of sugarcane may change according to the method of crop establishment. To test the hypothesis, three field trials were carried out within the main periods of sugarcane establishment in Southeast Brazil (fall, winter and spring), varying in fertilization practices. Treatments included conventional planting method with standard fertilization, New method without and under standard fertilization, named from here on as Conv., New method 1 and New method 2, respectively. In both systems, furrows were opened 1.5 m apart m. between rows. Cony. planting method was done with 12-15 buds m(-1), while both New methods were done with pre-sprouted seedlings spaced 0.5 m apart within the line. Measurements included tillering, plant nutritional status, stalk yield and stalk quality parameters over three crop cycles (cane-plant, first and second ratoon). Whereas Cony. method improved plant tillering in specific evaluation periods, both New methods lead to similar milleable plants at harvest time in the three crop seasons. Within all crop cycles, plant nutritional status was similar under all planting methods, even without fertilization for the new method 1. More interestingly, regardless of the crop cycle and season in which the trial was set up, under the New method the stalk yields and total recoverable sugars content were similar to the same parameters evaluated for crop established trough Cony. planting method. Based on this long-term study, crop establishment though pre-sprouted seedlings (New method adoption) can be highlighted as a promising opportunity to increase feedstock for ethanol production to attend the increased ethanol demand forecasted for the upcoming years.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Genetic progress in cotton lint and yield components in Argentina

    Scarpin, Gonzalo J.Dileo, Pablo N.Winkler, H. MartinCereijo, Antonela E....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Argentinian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding program was established in 1923 and since then it has released more than 40 commercial cultivars of cotton and numerous germplasm lines. Genetic progress studies have been used to evaluate the historical enhancement of different traits and to provide insights into possible improvements in future cultivars. In this context, the present study aims to estimate the genetic progress for lint yield (LY) and its components among cotton cultivars released in Argentina since 1965 throughout different environmental conditions and to determine correlations among agronomic traits. This study was conducted over a 2-year period and included 20 cotton cultivars grown in four different environments through different sowing dates. Genetic progress in LY was 3.24 kg.ha(-1).y(-1) with no differences among environments. The LY improvement was accompanied by a significant increase in seed cotton yield (SCY), lint percentage (LP), number of boll. m(-2) (NB) and lint.seed(-1) (LS). The environment was the dominant factor governing LY and its main components, except for LP where genotype was the dominating factor. Pearson correlation showed that LY, SCY, BN, boll weight, lint.boll(-1), number seed.boll(-1), and seed index were positively correlated. The information obtained from this study would be an important tool for crop management and breeding programs for high yielding cotton.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of straw and plastic film mulching on wheat production: A meta-analysis in Loess Plateau of China

    Qin, YuqingChai, YuweiLi, RuiLi, Yawei...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Field mulching is an important technique of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, which alleviates the local agricultural water-shortage. At present, there are few bidirectional effect analyses on plastic film mulching (PM) and straw mulching (SM) in LP area. This study uses control variable method to estimate mulches response magnitude (yield, WUE and ET) for ecological factors. We collected a total of 118 peer-reviewed publications after 2000. The results showed that PM significantly increased wheat yield in most vulnerable eco-regions, but SM was more suitable in areas both with higher sunshine ( 16% or 24%, and soil temperature > 16 degrees C, PM had the relative dominance that corresponding effect sizes were 0.499, 0.667 and 1.176 respectively. By comparing the output input ratio (OIR), PM needed 6.77% cost higher than SM in premise of same yield. On the whole, the suitable cultivation regions of PM were wider than SM, so former was most important mulching technology in current LP. While SM had obvious advantages in "return on investment", and more conducive to protecting soil ecosystem health or promoting agriculture sustainable development, hence it would lead local mulching technology innovation in the future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Novel intra-boll yield components and Q-score can further evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilizer on cotton yield and fiber quality

    Li, HuijieWang, JiaweiHuang, XiaolinZhou, Zhiguo...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Novel intra-boll yield component traits and fiber quality indices have been used by breeders to select suitable Gossypium hirsutum L. lines, but there is little research on how these traits change during cultivation practices, especially fertilizer application. We hypothesized that these novel traits have obvious responses to phosphorus (P) fertilizer, which would explain the variation in yield and fiber quality under different P conditions. To address this hypothesis, a field test was conducted with a low-P sensitive cotton cultivar (Lu 54) and a low-P tolerant cotton cultivar (Yuzaomian 9110) under different P fertilizer rates (0 as control, 100, and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1) from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that P fertilizer application (100, and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1) increased the lint yield, and bolls per ha contributed most to the increase in lint yield, followed by boll weight and lint percentage. The increased bolls per ha under P fertilizer application was due to the accelerated process of boll forming and the slowing of shedding process. The increased boll weight under P fertilizer application could be explained by the higher seed biomass per boll and fiber biomass per boll, especially the latter. The higher seed biomass per boll was due to the increased seeds per boll, and higher fiber biomass per boll should be attributed to the increased fibers per seed under P fertilizer application. The positive contribution of lint percentage to lint yield formation under P fertilizer application could be attributed to the increased fiber biomass per seed. P fertilizer application decreased fiber micronaire, indicating that fiber thickness was decreased by extra P fertilizer, which might be associated with the negative effects of increased fibers per seed and fiber density. In addition, P fertility application promoted the elongation of fiber cells and fiber length uniformity, and increased fiber strength. The end result was an increase in the comprehensive fiber quality index (Q-score) after P application. Moreover, compared to Yuzaomian 9110, yield traits including lint yield, bolls per ha, seeds per boll, seed index, and SSA, and quality indices including fiber length, fiber strength, and Q-score were more sensitive to P fertilizer application in Lu 54.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Analysis of overwintering indexes of winter wheat in alpine regions and establishment of a cold resistance model

    Bao, YuzhuoXing, JinpuLiang, YiRen, Zhipeng...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wheat is the main food crop in the world. The planting of winter wheat in alpine regions can not only improve the land use efficiency, but also increase the income of farmers. The planting of winter wheat in alpine regions depends on whether it can survive the winter smoothly. Therefore, the study on the physiological process of winter wheat has application value.Over a three-year field experiment, the relationships between osmotic and anti-oxidative stress in tillering nodes and winter wheat overwintering capacity in alpine regions was examined. A multi-index cold-resistant overwintering capacity model of winter wheat was established using a (machine learning) logistic regression algorithm. The experiment included three winter wheat varieties (Dn1, Dn2, and J22) and eight key physiological indicators of cold resistance. The results showed that in terms of osmotic stress, the water content of tillering node was about 70%, and the Pro content was 2000-2500 mu g g-1, soluble sugar content of 1000 mu g g-1 above is more conducive to winter wheat overwintering; In terms of antioxidant stress ability, all indexes were maintained at a high level, which worked together to maintain the stability of antioxidant system. Through the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of cold resistance of each index, six indexes of tillering node water content, hardness, pro content, soluble sugar content, MDA content and POD activity were selected to establish the cold resistance model of winter wheat overwintering, and the effect of the model was evaluated by ROC curve.The winter wheat overwintering model established in this study can provide a convenient and quick method for evaluating the overwintering capacity of novel winter wheat varieties.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term fertility experiments for irrigated rice in the West African Sahel: Effect on macro- and micronutrient concentrations in plant and soil

    Haefele, Stephan M.Thomas, Cathy L.Saito, Kazuki
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Little is known about the impact of long-term intensive irrigated rice cropping on secondary macro and micronutrients in soils and crops. Therefore, the present study analysed the effect of intensive irrigated rice cropping on nutrient concentrations in soils and rice (grain and straw at harvest) in two long-term experiments that were established in 1991 for intensive rice-based irrigated systems in the Senegal River valley at Ndiaye and Fanaye, Senegal. The experiments included six different fertilizer treatments and rice was grown for two seasons per year. The samples were collected in the 2016/17 dry season (26 years or 52nd continuous rice cropping season after the establishment). Average grain yields from 1991 to 2016/17 for the different fertilizer treatments indicate that yield was limited by N and P at both sites. At Ndiaye, 120 kg N ha(-1) seemed sufficient to reach highest achievable yields, whereas 180 kg N ha(-1) was necessary at Fanaye. Soil organic carbon and total soil N did increase considerably over the full length of the experiment at both sites and in all treatments even though all crop residues were removed every season. The estimated increase in total topsoil N (across all fertilizer treatments) per season was 10.8 and 11.4 kg N ha(-1) at Ndiaye and Fanaye, respectively. Fertilizer treatments differed in their N, P and K rate but significant effects on total soil concentrations were only detected for P. Using the Mehlich3 soil test, we analysed treatment effects on available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Zn and Fe. Critical Mehlich3 values from the literature indicated likely P limitation at both sites and in all but one treatment (high PK treatment), a starting but minor K limitation at Fanaye, a strong S limitation at Fanaye, and a minor Zn limitation at Fanaye and Ndiaye. These indications were mostly confirmed by the grain and straw analysis but with the exception of the P limitation, the actual effect of these possible nutrient limitations on production would need to be tested with targeted field experiments. We conclude that continuous rice cultivation in the Sahel for 26 years can be sustained and even increases soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. However, in addition to the common N and P deficiencies, likely deficiencies of K, S and Zn are appearing and may begin to limit rice yields in intensive systems in Africa. The Mehlich3 test seems an efficient tool to identify such deficiencies in irrigated rice soils.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Rice yield gaps and nitrogen-use efficiency in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India: Evidence based insights from heterogeneous farmers' practices

    Nayak, Hari SankarSilva, Joao VascoParihar, Chiter MalKakraliya, Suresh K....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：A large database of individual farmer field data (n = 4,107) for rice production in the Northwestern IndoGangetic Plains of India was used to decompose rice yield gaps and to investigate the scope to reduce nitrogen (N) inputs without compromising yields. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to disentangle efficiency and resource yield gaps, whereas data on rice yield potential in the region were retrieved from the Global Yield Gap Atlas to estimate the technology yield gap. Rice yield gaps were small (ca. 2.7 t ha(-1) ,or 20% of potential yield, Yp) and mostly attributed to the technology yield gap (ca. 1.8 t ha(-1), or ca. 15% of Yp). Efficiency and resource yield gaps were negligible (less than 5% of Yp in most districts). Small yield gaps were associated with high input use, particularly irrigation water and N, for which small yield responses were observed. N partial factor productivity (PFP-N) was 45-50 kg grain kg(-1) N for fields with efficient N management and approximately 20% lower for the fields with inefficient N management. Improving PFP-N appears to be best achieved through better matching of N rates to the variety types cultivated and by adjusting the amount of urea applied in the 3rd split in correspondance with the amount of diammonium-phosphate applied earlier in the season. Future studies should assess the potential to reduce irrigation water without compromising rice yield and to broaden the assessment presented here to other indicators and at the cropping systems level.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Layering smart management practices to sustainably maintain rice yields and improve water use efficiency in eastern India

    Chaurasiya, AsheeshDutta, S. K.Singh, Ajoy KumarKumar, Sanjay...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rice in eastern India is widely cultivated using conventional management practices, including puddled transplanting (PTR) for crop establishment, which are water and energy intensive. To conserve water and maximise its efficient use, improved crop management practices must be identified which are feasible and attractive to farmers. These improved practices include dry direct seeding of rice (dDSR), improved medium-duration rice varieties and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management. These have separately been shown to reduce the irrigation water requirement for rice cultivation while maintaining yields similar to those of traditional high yielding long-duration varieties. We conducted a field experiment over two rice-growing seasons to examine the effects on rice grain yield and water productivity of layering these improved management practices, compared to conventional PTR with traditional long-duration rice. We also assessed the usefulness of simple perforated tubes to implement AWD management in the field. dDSR reduced rice grain yield by 3-6% while requiring 23% less irrigation water over PTR. The medium-duration hybrid rice variety produced 2-4% higher grain yield under direct seeding while using 4-5% less irrigation water than the long-duration variety. AWD reduced irrigation water use by 26-52% but also reduced grain yield by 3-14%. Water use efficiency was improved by dDSR, AWD and by using medium-duration hybrid variety. Combining all three management practices reduced irrigation water use by an average of 18% while improving irrigation water productivity by 21%, without significant reduction in grain yield under shallow AWD of 10 cm depth in dDSR and upto 15 cm depth for PTR. This combination is a novel approach to sustainably improve farmers' rice productivity. Additionally, simple perforated tubes are an effective and innovative tool for farmers to implement AWD management. Our research suggests that farmers in eastern India and similar rice-growing agro-ecologies could reduce the irrigation water applied and increase water use efficiency while maintaining rice crop productivity by combining dry direct seeding with a medium-duration rice variety under AWD irrigation management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Reduced groundwater use and increased grain production by optimized irrigation scheduling in winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system-A 16-year field study in North China Plain

    Yang, XiaolinWang, GuangyaChen, YuanquanSui, Peng...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Optimizing irrigation strategies to increase water utilization efficiency and achieve higher yield is vital for balancing groundwater use and improving food security during water shortage in the North China Plain (NCP). Based on a 16-year field experiment (2003-2018) using seven irrigation schedules from W0M0 to W4M3 (numbers are irrigation times in wheat (W) and maize (M) season, 75 mm each) in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system, we analyzed annual total water consumption (ETa) and groundwater table change in terms of net groundwater depletion, annual total grain yield, water productivity (WP), irrigation water productivity (IWP) and marginal benefit of the whole wheat-maize system. Relationship between yield or WP and irrigation or ETa were also revealed. Results showed that (1) total ETa increased as irrigation input increased, ranging from 427.3 mm (Rainfed, W0M0) to 891.0 mm (W4M3). Soil water storage contributed nearly 30% to ETa for winter wheat under water deficit conditions. Pre-sowing soil water storage played an important role in improving the annual yield and WP of both wheat and maize by promoting germination, seedling emergence and root growth; (2) the rainfed treatment (W0M0) was best for mitigating the groundwater table decline (0.1 m yr(-1)), followed by W1M1 (0.5 m yr(-1)) and W2M1 (0.8 m yr(-1)). Groundwater table decline in M2W2 almost overlapped the observed data at the station (1.1 m yr(-1)). In W3M2, the farmers' traditional practice, the groundwater table declined by 1.4 m yr(-1), obviously over exploitation, while W4M2 and W4M3 declined by almost 2.0 m yr(-1); (3) the relationship between total annual yield and irrigation (or ETa) followed a quadratic curve. Total annual yield significantly increased from W0M0 to M1W1 (25%) to M2M1 (5%) and then kept stable. Average annual WP decreased as irrigation increased, from 2.4 kg m(-3) (W0M0) to 1.6 kg m(-3) (W4M3). Average annual IWP and marginal benefit also declined as irrigation increased. These results over 16 years indicated that the W2M1 is the most balanced irrigation regime for wheat- maize rotation to mitigate groundwater decline, maintain grain production, and improve water use efficiency in the NCP.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Sustaining maize yields and soil carbon following land clearing in the forest-savannah transition zone of West Africa: Results from a 20-year experiment

    Cardinael, RemiGuibert, HerveBredoumy, Soumaila T. KouassiGigou, Jacques...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn shifting cultivation in the (sub)humid tropics rely on the use of external nutrient inputs to address soil fertility decline. The use of organic inputs is widely accepted as a practice to improve soil fertility, in particular soil organic carbon (SOC). On the other hand, its combined use with mineral fertilizer has the potential to maintain or increase crop productivity through positive interactive effects between both resources. Few studies have investigated these effects in the long term. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether maize productivity and soil SOC can be sustained under permanent cropping with sole and combined use of compost and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Here, we report results from a long-term experiment carried out in Gagnoa, Ivory Coast, from 1971 to 1990. The experiment followed a randomized block design comprising eight replicates of 12 treatments. The two studied factors were compost (0 or 10 t DM ha(-1) yr(-1)) and mineral N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 or 200 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) additions. Average maize grain yields of the first cropping cycles were significantly lower without compost (5.05 +/- 1.57 t ha(-1)) than with compost addition (6.07 +/- 1.31 t ha(-1)). The annual yield variability as shown by the standard deviation of the mean was reduced by 20% with compost addition. Without compost, 53% of the initial SOC stock in the 0-20 cm soil layer was lost, resulting in a SOC loss rate of -0.62 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) compared to 21% with compost (-0.27 t C ha(-1) yr(-1)). Compost addition therefore reduced SOC loss with an apparent SOC storage rate of 0.35 t C ha(-1) yr(-1). The conversion rate of organic carbon (OC) inputs to SOC was about 12%. The Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM) reproduced well SOC dynamics, especially without compost. Without mineral N and without compost, maize grain yield decreased with decreasing SOC concentration until the introduction of leguminous crops in the second cropping cycle. We conclude that combined application of compost with mineral N fertilizers was effective at maintaining maize productivity but inadequate to prevent the decline of SOC stocks, despite large additions. Leguminous crops in the rotation were key for maize productivity, but probably due to effects non-related to supplementary N supply.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier