期刊,Field Crops Research 2022年275卷期_国家学术搜索

期刊信息/Journal information

Field Crops Research

Elsevier

主办单位：Elsevier

国际刊号：0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP

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Growth, photosynthesis and yield of soybean in ridge-furrow intercropping system of soybean and flax

Jo, Song-GonKang, Yong-IlOm, Ki-SuCha, Yong-Hak...

9页

查看更多>>摘要：It is of practical significance to control the excessive vegetative growth of soybean during the rainy season, which causes a reduction in yield. In this study, we adopted soybean flax ridge-furrow intercropping system in order to constrain soybean's excessive vegetative growth by interspecific competition between intercrops and estimated the growth, photosynthesis and yield of soybean. Two-year-experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 in the experimental farm of KIM IL SUNG University. Soybean seeds were grown in ridges and flax seeds were in furrows between ridges. During the co-growth stage, the early growth of soybean intercropped with flax was depressed by interspecific competition. At 45 days after soybean sowing, just before flax harvest, the average height and stem diameter of intercropped soybean plant were 22.5 cm and 0.7 mm shorter than those of sole cropped soybean plant, respectively. At the reproductive growth stage, the height of intercropped soybean plant was still 18.5 cm shorter than sole cropped soybean, while other agronomic parameters, including leaf area index (LAI), dry matter per plant, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents, were greater for intercropped soybean. This led to higher yield of soybean (118.5%) and land equivalent ratio (LER) (203.5%) in ridge-furrow intercropping, as compared to sole cropping. Our results suggest that ridge-furrow intercropping system can be an effective way to constrain soybean's excessive vegetative growth during the rainy season and improve soybean seed yield and LER.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Crop attributes explaining current grain yield dominance of maize over sorghum

Parra, GonzaloBorras, LucasGambin, Brenda L.

9页

查看更多>>摘要：Yield genetic gains have been significantly higher for maize (Zea mays L.) than for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Today there is questioning under which environments sorghum is a better option than maize, since maize has increased its tolerance to water and N limitations. For this we conducted eleven rainfed experiments at different sites around the central region of Argentina, using representative commercial genotypes of each crop. Experiments involved different sowing dates and N fertilization treatments, generating a total of 21 growing conditions where both crops were simultaneously compared. Measured traits included yield, phenology, leaf area development, light interception, and biomass accumulation. Explored growing conditions yielded from 1.8 to 11.7 Mg ha(-1) for maize, and from 1.4 to 9.9 Mg ha(-1) for sorghum. Crops yield difference (maize minus sorghum) ranged from -0.3 to 4.8 Mg ha(-1), and this difference significantly favoured maize in all growing conditions except one. As expected, the yield difference in favor to maize increased in magnitude in the environments with more positive water balance (r: 0.54; p < 0.01) and higher N levels (r: 0.43; p < 0.05). When compared to maize, sorghum always showed a longer time to anthesis and a shorter grain-filling duration, higher LAI, lower post-anthesis biomass accumulation, and similar total biomass at physiological maturity. Maize harvest index was higher and less variable than the sorghum one (0.44 to 0.56 and 0.28 to 0.45, for maize and sorghum, respectively). A comparison with previous literature showed that the cut-off yield (i.e., maize yield below which sorghum has better yield performance) is significantly lower than expected. Results reinforce previous evidences highlighting that the differential research investment in the two crops is limiting the capacity of sorghum to out-yield maize across environments.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Can controlled-release urea replace the split application of normal urea in China? A meta-analysis based on crop grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Zhang, GuangxinZhao, DehaoLiu, ShijuLiao, Yuncheng...

11页

查看更多>>摘要：Normal urea (NU) often requires multiple applications to increase crop yield and nitrogen (N) fertilizer utilization efficiency by improving the synchronization of crop N demand, which increases the labor input. Controlled-release urea (CRU) has excellent N release performance, and it can significantly increase crop productivity with only one application as a base fertilizer. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation of whether CRU can replace the split application of NU (split-NU) to increase crop yield and N fertilizer use efficiency, as this would reduce the necessary labor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether CRU can replace split-NU nationwide. To this end, we collected peer-reviewed articles on CRU and split-NU that were published in recent decades and performed a meta-analysis. The results showed that, compared with all NU as base fertilizer, CRU and split-NU increased crop yield by 10.08% and 8.11%, respectively, and N use efficiency by 47.55% and 45.21%, respectively. In general, CRU had a better substitution effect on split-NU nationwide. However, due to regional climate factors, soil physicochemical factors, and field management measures, the substitution effect of CRU on split-NU varied. In most cases, CRU had a good substitution effect on split-NU, but when the soil available N content (< 50 mg kg- 1) and the N application rate (< 150 kg ha- 1) are both low, the planted crop was wheat, CRU had a poor substitution effect on split-NU. In addition, we found that CRU had a good substitution effect on split-NU in reducing N loss (greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching) and increasing economic benefits. Therefore, we highlighted the threefold benefits of CRU, as it can improve crop productivity, reduce N loss, and decrease labor input; thus, it can be widely applied nationwide.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

How we used APSIM to simulate conservation agriculture practices in the rice-wheat system of the Eastern Gangetic Plains

Chaki, Apurbo K.Gaydon, Donald S.Dalal, Ram C.Bellotti, William D....

18页

查看更多>>摘要：Examples of how to simulate performance of conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) practices using cropping systems models are rare in the literature, and from the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP). Here we report a comprehensive evaluation of the capacity of APSIM for simulating the performance of CA and CT cropping practices under a diverse range of tillage (CT vs zero tillage (ZT)), crop establishment options (puddled transplanted rice vs unpuddled transplanted rice), residue, N rates, and irrigation practices from two sites in the EGP that differed in soil type, water table dynamics, and agro-climatic conditions. We followed a robust procedure of model parameterisation, calibration, and validation, then undertook statistical analyses to evaluate model performance. We have demonstrated that when different values for key model input parameters are employed (i.e. change in soil properties (Ks, BD)), crop rooting parameters (xf-root hospitality, kl-root extraction efficiency) and soil microorganism activity (F-biom-fraction of soil organic matter present as microbial biomass and F-inert-the inert fraction of soil organic matter), the model performed well in simulating the different performances of CA and CT management practices across the environments in the EGP. Model performance was markedly better in the full-N than in zero-N, but both are still considered acceptable. In addition to well-watered and fertilised treatments, the model was able to capture an observed crop failure in rainfed unpuddled transplanted rice accurately, illustrating an ability to capture crop response under a wide range of water stress environments. As demonstrated by robust statistical criteria, APSIM was able to capture the effect of cropping system, irrigation, tillage, residue, and N-application rate within the bounds of experimental uncertainty, hence is now deemed a suitable tool for scenario analyses around the relevant practices.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Effect of diversified cropping systems on crop yield, legacy, and budget of potassium in a subtropical Oxisol

Ambrosini, Vitor Gabrielde Almeida, Juliano Luizde Araujo, Esraelda AmaralAlves, Lucas Aquino...

12页

查看更多>>摘要：Diversified cropping systems can benefit plant growth and yield, but their impacts on K budget and legacy in notill Oxisols are still poorly understood. This study, based on a long-term (19-years) field experiment, aimed to evaluate the effect of cropping system diversification as well as the proportion of maize in summer season on crop yields, and on soil K forms, use efficiency, budget, and legacy K in a subtropical Rhodic Hapludox under notill in Southern Brazil. Five treatments were evaluated: two monocropping of maize and soybean in sucession to barley, and three crop rotations with 21%, 26% and 47% of maize in rotation with soybean in summer, combined with up to four winter crops (barley, wheat, canola, and oat). Soil (0-0.20 m) was sampled at the 19th year for determination of soil K forms, and all records of K fertilization and grain yields, as well as the initial soil analysis, were retrieved, and soil K accumulation, K budget, K usage efficiency, and K legacy were calculated. Across the 19-years and in comparison to monocropping, the diversification of cropping systems increased barley (33%) and maize (52%) yields, while a 10% increment was observed for soybean yield by increasing the proportion of maize in summer season from 0% to 47%. Increasing K input via fertilization as a consequence of the higher proportion of maize in summer was the main factor related to observed increment on potentially available K content in soil and on the potential use of legacy K from 6 to 10 years. Maximum K budget (-160 kg ha-1) and use efficiency (114 kg grains kg-1 K applied) were obtained by equating maize-soybean proportion (50/50%) in summer and diversifying winter crops. According to our findings, intercalating maize and soybean in summer and diversifying winter crops are the key for using K more efficiently in subtropical agriculture.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Plant topping effects on growth, yield, and earliness of field-grown cotton as mediated by plant density and ecological conditions

Dai, JianlongTian, LiwenZhang, YanjunZhang, Dongmei...

10页

查看更多>>摘要：Manual removal of the main-stem growth tip is traditionally used to break the apical dominance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Chemical topping with plant growth regulators also effectively inhibits apical dominance. However, the effect of chemical topping on yield increases and whether plant density or ecological conditions affect its efficacy are unclear. Therefore, a three-year field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted to determine the effects of plant topping, plant density, and their interactions on cotton yield and related physiological and agronomical parameters at three sites with different ecological conditions in China. In each site, the main plots were assigned low, moderate, or high plant density and the subplots were assigned no topping, manual topping, or chemical topping. Growth, yield, yield components, earliness, and late-season leaf photosynthesis as well as labor and material inputs were examined each year. Compared with no topping, both chemical and manual topping greatly reduced plant height at all sites. Manual topping increased seed cotton yield and earliness in all tested plant densities and sites. However, plant density but not ecological condition greatly mediated the effect of chemical topping on yield. At low plant density, the yields with chemical topping were 4-6% lower than those with no topping and 5.5-10.8% lower than those with manual topping at the three sites. Although yields with chemical topping were comparable with those of manual topping at moderate and high plant densities, they were 8.6-12.8% higher at moderate density and 13.8-16.4% higher at high plant density than those with no topping across years and sites. Averaged across the sites, chemical topping reduced biological yield by 12.7% at low plant density. Although biological yield decreased slightly, chemical and manual topping increased the harvest index by 12.4% and 13.3% at moderate density and by 15.6% and 17.4% at high density, respectively. In comparison with no topping, the reduction in seed cotton yield with chemical topping at low plant density was attributed to insufficient biological yield, whereas the increase in yield at moderate and high plant densities was mainly due to greater partitioning of assimilates to reproductive tissues. Compared with manual topping, chemical topping produced 23.2% lower net returns as a result of lower seed cotton yield at low plant density but produced 8.1% and 20.9% higher net returns at moderate and high plant densities, respectively, because of savings in labor inputs and comparable seed cotton yields. In addition, chemical topping increased the earliness percentage compared with that of no topping. Overall, this study demonstrates that chemical topping is a promising alternative to traditional manual topping under moderate or high cotton plant density.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Increase in irrigated wheat yield in north-west Mexico from 1960 to 2019: Unravelling the negative relationship to minimum temperature

Fischer, TonyHonsdorf, NoraLilley, JulianneMondal, Suchismita...

11页

查看更多>>摘要：This in-depth analysis of the rise in farm yield (FY) of irrigated wheat in the Yaqui Valley of north-west Mexico, from around 2 to 7 t/ha between 1960 and 2019, begins by highlighting a weather component overlooked in modelling and other thinking about wheat and climate change, namely the dominant role of natural annual variation in minimum temperature (Tmin). Year to year fluctuations around the increasing yield trend were substantial (st.dev. 591 kg/ha) and were highly correlated negatively with annual fluctuations in the average Tmin January to March (Tmin J-M) which ranged from 5.0 to 11.5 degrees C in this period lasting from mid tillering to early-mid grain fill. Dividing the 60-year period into three consecutive 20-year periods and using multiple linear regression improved the accuracy of estimates of FY as a linear function of time in each period (responding inter alia to better technology including breeding and agronomy), with slopes of 4.5%, 0.6%, and 1.8% p.a. for 1960-79, 1980-99, and 2000-19, respectively. Tmin J-M coefficients were -218, -413, -406 kg/ha/degrees C, or -5.9, -8.1, -6.6%/degrees C, respectively, with R-2 always close to 0.9. Combining results, the FY response to Tmin J-M was close to -7%/degrees C, such that over the 60-year period the Tmin J-M increase of 1.0 degrees C contributed a 7% reduction in FY at constant CO2. The improved estimate of FY slopes with respect to time revealed novel variation across the 60 year period to be dissected in a following paper. Annual fluctuations in Tmax J-M were not correlated with variation in Tmin J-M nor with variation in FY. Crop simulation modelling of potential yield (PY) corroborated the negative effect of increased Tmin J-M on yield and suggested that increased Tmin J-M primarily decreased days to anthesis, biomass and number of grains (/m2). Measurements retrieved from long term well-managed experiments in the Valley under constant agronomy and cultivars confirmed all the above predicted responses to Tmin J-M. Our results align with the few published studies increasing crop night temperature in the critical period of around 30 days up to the end of anthesis when grains/m(2), and hence yield, was inversely related to rate of development. In the Yaqui Valley this was strongly associated with Tmin variation. This phenomenon, and the roles of Tmax and solar radiation (Rs) variation, are discussed in detail.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Lolium perenne engineered for elevated leaf lipids exhibits greater energy density in field canopies under defoliation

Beechey-Gradwell, ZacKadam, SuhasBryan, GregoryCooney, Luke...

12页

查看更多>>摘要：Co-expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) and a lipid droplet-stabilizing protein called Cysoleosin (collectively 'HME' technology) increases foliar lipid concentrations and plant biomass, which could elevate energy yields from perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.)-based pastures. Quantifying the feasible benefits of HME PR necessitates that herbage growth and energy density are quantified on a ground area basis under regular defoliation. We examined the translation, from spaced pots indoors to field canopies (swards), of the fatty acid (FA), gross energy (GE), and biomass enhancing traits associated with HME technology expression in PR. Under controlled indoor conditions in spaced pots, hemizygous HME seedlings with 32% higher leaf FA content (1.2%DW) than null controls exhibited a faster rate of leaf extension. These effects translated into a stable 0.2-0.5 kJ/gDW increase in herbage GE concentration, and a 6-10% herbage growth rate advantage when HME 'miniswards' were grown under moderate light competition (LAI 7-9) for five defoliation and regrowth cycles (harvests). However, subsequent growth in a dense canopy (LAI>10) eliminated this HME herbage growth advantage. In two field trials in the Midwest United States, hemizygous HME swards exhibited 25-34% (0.8-1% DW) higher end-of-season herbage FA content than null control swards, and 0.2-0.5 kJ/gDW higher end-of season herbage GE. Herbage growth rates were generally similar for HME and null control swards across both field seasons. This thorough analysis of trait translation shows that the benefits of enhanced FA and GE translate to HME PR canopies grown in the field. The intrinsic growth advantage of HME PR may be diminished in field canopies such that yield benefits are realized only under limited conditions.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier

Row spacing and growth habit in peanut crops: Effects on seed yield determination across environments

Carrega, Willians C.Otegui, Maria E.Haro, Ricardo J.

11页

查看更多>>摘要：Narrowing row spacing was expected to improve peanut crop performance, but the responses varied depending upon the evaluated environment and the growth habit of the plant. To clarify apparent inconsistencies, two cultivars with contrasting growth habits were sown at 52 cm and 70 cm row spacings in field experiments carried out in four environments. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated. The leaf area index was always higher in the 52 cm than in the 70 cm row spacing, independently of the growth habit. Similarly, the light attenuation coefficient (k) was higher under narrow than under wide rows, but the cultivar with procumbent growth habit had a larger k and increased slightly the intercepted radiation respect to the erect type. These responses of the procumbent cultivar were driven by its lateral arrangements towards neighboring rows and its longer cycle duration. Narrow rows contributed to intercept approximately 14% more radiation than wide rows. These responses determined an improved biomass production through increases in the crop growth rate during the pod set period, with subsequent increases of the radiation use efficiency of this phase. Narrow row spacing enhanced seed and pod yields independently of the growth habit, but the relative importance of each seed yield component varied between cultivars. Seed numbers were more relevant for the erect growth habit, concurrently with the marked increase in total flower numbers of this cultivar. Seed weight was more relevant for the procumbent growth habit. On one hand, the erect growth habit caused a larger relative variation in seed and pod yields across environments than the procumbent one, particularly at narrow row spacing. On the other hand, the erect growth habit showed the lowest yield under wide rows. The small differences in biomass production between growth habits but the large difference in harvest index (procumbent > erect) contributed to an enhanced and more stable seed yield of the procumbent type, particularly when grown under narrow rows and linked to the large seed size of the runner cultivar. Results suggest that farmers should consider reducing row spacing as a way to increase peanut yield in the region under analysis.

原文链接:

NSTL
Elsevier