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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Lowering soil greenhouse gas emissions without sacrificing yields by increasing crop rotation diversity in the North China Plain

    Xiao, Hevan Es, Harold M.Amsili, Joseph P.Shi, Qianqian...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Intensive double cropping in the North China Plain has been challenged by serious environmental problems. Crop rotation is one of the important strategies for sustainable agriculture, which can reduce production risk and environmental impact. Yet, few studies have assessed enhanced crop rotation diversity on GHG emissions in the North China Plain. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and yields were measured from four cropping systems: (1) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping (WM); (2) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and WM rotation (PWM); (3) ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut and WM rotation (RCPWM); and (4) continuous cotton (C), to determine if enhanced crop rotation diversity can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve yields. The RCPWM, PWM and WM cropping system produced 11.9%, 15.7% and 32.4% higher net greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), respectively, than the C cropping system each year by the soil-based method assessing the field productive process. From 2017 to 2018, in the same crop planting seasons, RCPWM had lower cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions, and produced similar peanut, wheat, and maize yields when compared to PWM. In 2018, PWM had higher cumulative N2O than WM during the wheat period, and they had similar seasonal cumulative N2O emissions during the maize period. Meanwhile, PWM produced lower cumulative CO2 emissions and higher wheat and maize yields. In 2019, RCPWM did not have significantly different seasonal cumulative N2O emissions and yield, but slightly higher soil CO2 emissions than C during the cotton season. The GHG emission intensity (GHGI) of the same crops was lower in RCPWM than in PWM during the peanut, wheat, and maize period or slightly higher than in the C treatment during cotton period. The results demonstrate that RCPWM could reduce soil N2O emissions when the same crops in PWM were compared due to less soil CO2 emissions that the previous cotton brought about. The RCPWM system did not show a lower soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rate than the PWM and C systems. Therefore, increasing cotton into the peanut and wheat-maize rotation system (RCPWM) for more diversified system can help reduce soil GHG emissions without sacrificing yields.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Analysing potato response to subsurface drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation regimes in a temperate environment using the Daisy model

    Zhou, ZhenjiangPlauborg, FinnMotarjemi, Saghar K.Nagy, David...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Growing potatoes in temperate regions often leads to nitrogen (N) leaching, however this could be significantly reduced with drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation if the timing and amounts of the applications matched the crop demand. Determination of when and how much to apply is not straightforward, particularly because the N mineralisation during the potato-growing season is unknown. The present study aimed at providing a solution by the means of a well-calibrated crop model. A comprehensive dataset from a two year experiment on subsurface drip irrigated and N-fertigated potato was used to calibrate and validate the Daisy model with focus on potato crop parameters. The experiment included two irrigation regimes combined with five different N fertigation levels. The calibrated model simulated LAI evolution, crop growth, N uptake and final tuber dry matter and N yield satisfactorily with discrepancies between the simulated and measured variables when simulations were evaluated treatment by treatment. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of the simulated tuber dry matter yield were 0.57 and 0.69 t DM ha(-1) for the Folva cultivar in 2013 and Sava cultivar in 2014, respectively. For tuber nitrogen yield, RMSE of the model simulations were 9.7 and 12.8 kg N ha(-1) in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Results demonstrated that the calibrated Daisy model could be used as a DSS tool for the optimal irrigation and fertigation of Folva and Sava potato cultivars. Compared to the experimental data the same tuber dry matter yield was simulated with substantial savings 30-55% and 35-50% of irrigation water and N fertiliser, respectively. Results indicated an overestimation of bare soil evaporation, and inconsistences in the simulated effects of water and N stresses on the crop.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Cover crops and controlled-release urea decrease need for mineral nitrogen fertilizer for cotton in sandy soil

    dos Santos Cordeiro, Carlos FelipeRodrigues, Daniel RodelaEcher, Fabio Rafael
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cover crops can affect nitrogen fertilization efficiency, soil nitrogen content, and cotton yield. However, the interaction effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers, applied N rate, and cover crops on cotton growth, yield and fiber quality remains unknown, especially in sandy soils with low N content. Soil nitrogen and cotton growth, yield and fiber quality were evaluated as a function of different N rates and N sources in five rotation systems with or without cover crops, over four years. The treatments were: (1) cotton rotation crops (i.e., fallow, single grass, grass + grass, grass + legume and a mixture of cover crops), (2) nitrogen rates (70, 100 and 130 kg N ha(-1)), and (3) nitrogen sources (urea and controlled-release urea). Under a mixture of cover crops, fiber yields were 12% and 21% higher compared to the single grass and rotation fallow, respectively. Cotton in the fallow rotation required a higher rate of N (130 kg ha(-1)) than in rotation systems with cover crops (100 kg ha(-1)), in systems with cover crops to achieve the highest yields. Controlled-release urea reduced the demand for N fertilizer by 30% in the fallow. It also increased the content of soil N by 16% (mean of two seasons). Micronaire and fiber strength were lower with 130 kg ha(-1) of N. There is no need to increase nitrogen fertilization in cotton, as long as controlled-release urea and cover crops are employed, preferably mixtures of grasses and legumes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The stale-drill establishment method for rice: Weed community, rice stand development, and yield components of two vigorous japonica cultivars

    Ceseski, Alex R.Godar, Amar S.Al-Khatib, Kassim
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rice grown in the Sacramento Valley of California is predominantly water seeded (WS), by direct-seeding rice into flooded basins. The effects of flooded rice monoculture and limited herbicides have led to difficult-to-control weed populations, and widespread local herbicide resistance. A novel "stale-drill" rice establishment method has been under investigation in California, to address these constraints. Two rice varieties with high seedling vigor ('M-206', 'M-209') were dry-drilled to 3 cm and 6 cm in 2018 and 2019, and fields were flush-irrigated to initiate weed germination prior to stand emergence. A postplant-burndown (PPB) application of glyphosate at 870 g a.e. ha(-1) was applied 6-7 days after planting (DAP), at rice emergence, which controlled >50% of total seasonal weeds. Glyphosate PPB caused rice first-leaf dieback, but no other symptoms developed. Planting depth or cultivar did not affect date of emergence either year. Deeper seeding reduced M-206 and M-209 stands by 15.4% and 5.2%, respectively, in 2018, but not in 2019. Increased tillering compensated for stand reductions in 2018. Panicle yield components were largely unaffected by planting depth in 2018, however florets panicle(-1) 5and filled grains panicle(-1) were slightly greater for both cultivars at 6 cm. In 2019, M-209 suffered reductions in florets per panicle and grain filling at 6 cm planting depth. Grain yields were unaffected by planting depth in either study year. M-206 and M-209 grain yields were 10.2 T ha(-1) and 12.2 T ha(-1) respectively, in 2018, and 9.4 T ha(-1) and 9.1 T ha(-1) respectively, in 2019. Proper water management and scouting are essential to ensure that PPB treatments do not injure emerging rice to the extent that weak or reduced stands result. However, the present study serves as a promising proof-of-concept for the "stale-drill" method as an alternative stand establishment method in mechanized rice production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modeling long-term water use and economic returns to optimize alfalfa-corn rotation in the corn belt of northeast China

    Peng, YuxingLi, ZizhongSun, TaoZhang, Feixia...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The long-term effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation on soil water use and economic returns have not been evaluated and optimized in the corn belt of northeast China (CBNC). Crop modeling based on long-term weather data and short-term field data helps evaluate agricultural practices' long-term effect. The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was calibrated and validated based on the data sets on soil water storage (SWS), aboveground biomass (biomass), and yield under continuous corn (CC), five years of alfalfa (5A), and three years of alfalfa followed by two years of corn (3A2C) cropping systems from 2014 to 2018 at Quanyangou-Lishu in Jilin province, China. The APSIM could simulate well SWS, evapotranspiration (ET), and annual biomass of alfalfa (5A) with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 9.6%, 5.0% and 13.2%, respectively. This model was also confirmed to simulate well the SWS, ET, yield, and biomass of corn (CC) with the NRMSE of 9.6%, 3.4%, 6.5% and 9.8%, respectively and that of alfalfa-corn rotation (3A2C) with the NRMSE of 8.4%, 4.5%, 8.7% and 12.2%, respectively. The validated APSIM was used to optimize the alfalfa-corn rotation systems by simulating water use and economic returns under five scenarios, including CC, 3A2C, four years of alfalfa followed by two years of corn (4A2C), five years of alfalfa followed by two years of corn (5A2C) and five years of alfalfa followed by five years of alfalfa (5A5A) based on the weather data from 1984 to 2018 (35 years) at Quanyangou-Lishu (black soil with losing mollic epipedon, relatively warm and moist climate, in Jilin province, the center of CBNC), Fujia-Lishu (aeolian sandy soil, relatively warm and moist climate, in Jilin province), Chaoyang (cinnamon soil, warm and dry climate, in Liaoning province, the south of CBNC) and Hailun (black soil with moderately thick mollic epipedon, cold and wet climate, in Heilongjiang province, the north of CBNC). Dry soil layers were only found in 250-400 cm soil layer in 18-yr 5A5A or 20-yr 5A2C treatment at Chaoyang and in 350-450 cm soil layer in 20-yr 5A5A or 26-yr 5A2C treatment at Quanyangou-Lishu. At four sites, the highest and lowest mean annual biomass water use efficiency (WUEB) could be found in CC (30.91-38.93 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)) and in 5A5A (20.53-26.31 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)), respectively. The alfalfa-corn rotation treatments had similar WUEB ranged from 22.91 to 30.17 kg ha(-1) mm(-1). The NR of alfalfa-corn rotation treatments at four sites were 38-169% higher than that of CC and 6-35% lower than that of 5A5A. Alfalfa-corn rotation treatments improved the stability of NR at Fujia-Lishu and Chaoyang by the CV of 40-75% and 65-95%, compared to that of CC treatment by the CV of 79% and 101%, respectively. Among alfalfa-corn rotation treatments, the 5A2C had higher and more stable NR than 4A2C and 3A2C. Therefore, we suggested 5A2C at Fujia-Lishu and Hailun and 4A2C at Quanyangou-Lishu and Chaoyang to achieve dry soil layer's prevention, relatively high WUEB and high and stable NR.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Potential of remote sensing data-crop model assimilation and seasonal weather forecasts for early-season crop yield forecasting over a large area

    Chen, YiTao, Fulu
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Regional crop yield forecasting before harvest is critical for managing climate risk, optimizing agronomic management, and making food trade policy. The advantage of remote sensing data-crop model assimilation for yield estimates has been well recognized, however its potential for early-season crop yield forecasting has not yet been investigated. In this study, combining a crop model, remote sensing leaf area index (LAI) assimilation and weather forecasts, we conducted yield forecasting for winter wheat in the central North China Plain during 2008-2015. Sequential forecasting was conducted to assess the yield forecasting potential and the effects of LAI assimilation and multiple weather forecasts with different lead times. Results showed that forecasting skill increased with shortening of lead time. Assimilating remote sensing LAI into crop model was valuable and critical to improve yield forecasting skills. The uncertainties from weather forecasts could weaken the forecasting skills; and using historical weather observations performed better than using weather forecasts outputted by climate models. In general, winter wheat yield in the central North China Plain could be reliably forecasted with a lead time from five weeks (mean MAPE < 10%, ROC score > 0.8, ACC> 0.65) to two months (mean MAPE <12%, ROC score> 0.75, ACC > 0.55) before harvest. The study highlights that current available data can provide fair yield forecasting; nevertheless the remote sensing LAI data and weather forecasts need further improvements to improve yield forecasting skills and provide valuable suggestions for stakeholders to respond to the forecasts timely.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimizing ear-plant height ratio to improve kernel number and lodging resistance in maize (Zea mays L.)

    Lv, YanjieNing, FangfangCao, YibingLiao, Shuhua...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Exogenous plant growth retardants (PGRs) increase yield by reducing lodging occurrence but lower yield if lodging is absent in maize (Zea mays L.). It is hypothesized that PGRs can increase maize yield as well as improve lodging resistance by optimizing application timing. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 using plant growth regulator "Jindele" with active ingredients of ethephon and cycocel (EC; w/w=3:1), lodging susceptible (LS) and resistant (LR) maize hybrids, two plant densities of 60 000 and 90 000 plants ha(-1), and four EC application treatments. EC was sprayed at the 8-leaf stage - T(8), 15-leaf stage - T(15), and both stages - T (8 +15), respectively, and no EC application was regarded as control - CK. On average, T(8) and T(8 +15) significantly reduced lodging percent compared with T(15) and control due to the optimized morphology and strength of stem and root. Both T(15) and T(8 +15) resulted in a higher kernel number per ear (KN ear(-1)) than T (8) and CK. In non-lodging conditions, T(15) yielded significantly better than CK, especially for LS hybrid in high plant density of 90 000 plants ha(-1) (13,417.4 vs 11,219.2 kg ha(-1)), mainly as a result of increased kernel number. The increases in yield and kernel number were higher in LS hybrid than in LR hybrid. Both KN ear(-1) and KN m(-2) were significantly negatively correlated with internode length. The reduced internode length facilitated assimilate partitioning from leaves to the ear in T(8 +15) and T(15), thus increasing kernel number and weight. Ear-plant height ratio was considered an important parameter to evaluate lodging resistance and yield. The optimal ear-plant height ratios were estimated to be 36.6% for KN ear(-1), 39.4% for KN m(-2), and 38.4% for yield. The optimal range of ear-plant height ratio (36.60%-39.43%) should be taken into account when breeding or selecting lodging-resistant and high-yielding hybrids as well as developing crop management to cope with lodging in practice.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Predicting yield loss in winter wheat due to frost damage during stem elongation in the central area of Huang-huai plain in China

    Liu, BinhuiGong, ZhihongHu, XinMa, Juncheng...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Natural frost during stem elongation of winter wheat is one of the most destructive weather-related events in the Huang-Huai plain of China. Early prediction for yield loss helps to guide the timely implementation of a postfrost management strategy. Currently, frost stress indices calculated using the minimum Stevenson screen temperature (ST) only consider the effects of low temperature and duration of frost damage, exhibiting a limited ability for the early prediction of yield loss. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a new index to improve the accuracy of early prediction for yield loss. In this study, Shangqiu was selected for a survey during 2015-2019 where we proposed a method to calculate the percent yield difference (PYD) based on samples of wheat collected during the reproductive stage. In addition, we considered the impact of the compensation of regenerated tillers on PYD. An integrated frost stress (IFS) index was proposed based on the hourly minimum grass temperature (GT) at the regional scale. The IFS index integrated the influence of low temperature, duration, and developmental progress of winter wheat on frost damage and was compared with two accumulated frost degree-days (AFDD) indices to predict PYD. Frost reduced the grain number per ear and grain yield significantly (p 0.05), and reduced ear number and 1000-grain weight to a lesser extent. The average PYD reached 18.3% in 2018, followed by 11.2% in 2015, 4.2% in 2016, and 1.8% in 2017. Regenerated tillers contributed to yield only if the PYD increased to a certain extent. Compensation by regenerated tillers for PYD in 2018 was only 2.8% and 0.4% in the experimental field and non-experimental fields, respectively, without significant impact (p 0.05) on the PYD. Compared with the AFDD indices, the IFS index improved the accuracy of early prediction for PYD significantly, with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.4%, which showed the advantage of considering the developmental progress and the hourly GT. The IFS, which adopted a critical temperature of - 3 celcius, produced the best calibration model, with the highest interpretation rate of 69.5% for variation in PYD. Although the calibration model did not show the highest accuracy in the validation, its fitted line was closest to the 1:1 line, which indicated the smallest deviation of predicted PYD from measured PYD. This research demonstrated the potential of the IFS index calculated by hourly GT data to evaluate frost damage to winter wheat during stem elongation, which will help guide site-specific, post-frost management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dryland field validation of genotypic variation in salt tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) determined under controlled conditions

    Turner, Neil C.Quealy, JohnStefanova, KatiaPang, Jiayin...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a moderately salt-susceptible grain legume species. Genotypic differences in salt tolerance/susceptibility have been identified in chickpea genotypes grown in adequately-watered soil in pots with different salt concentrations, but few studies have been conducted in saline fields. This three-year study compared the growth and yield of chickpea genotypes to determine whether genotypic differences in salt tolerance/susceptibility identified in glasshouse pot experiments applied when grown in a dryland saline field. The emergence, phenology, growth, leaf ion concentration, yield and yield components of 10-20 chickpea genotypes were compared under controlled saline and water conditions in the glasshouse, and saline and non-saline conditions in the field in a semiarid environment. In the field, soil salinity and yields varied from year to year in the non-saline and saline treatments. Genotypic differences in salt tolerance and sensitivity were observed in the controlled salt and water conditions in the glasshouse. The salt tolerant and salt sensitive check genotypes, GENESIS 836 and RUPALI, respectively, grown in all three comparison years were similarly tolerant and sensitive in the glasshouse and dryland field in all three comparison years. However, other genotypes selected for salt tolerance under controlled conditions were not observed to be tolerant in the dryland field. While salinity slowed the rate of emergence and increased the time to flowering, the variation in saline yields among genotypes was associated with aboveground biomass, filled pod number and seed number at maturity in both the glasshouse and field, but not the number of emerged plants that survived to maturity or the delay in flowering. Salinity significantly increased the leaf Na+ , K+ and Cl concentrations in the glasshouse and field (except in the glasshouse in 2010). Na+ increased in young and old leaves by 28-84%, but the concentrations of Na+ or K+ in the leaves across genotypes was not correlated with yield in saline soil. Salinity increased leaf Cl concentrations by 80-290%; the increase in young leaves had a significant association with reduced yield among genotypes only in the glasshouse in one year. We conclude that selection under controlled soil salinity and water content in pots can identify some genotypes that are salt tolerant, but for dryland saline environments verification of their tolerance in comparable environments is essential.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    From rice-like plants to plants liking rice: A review of research on weeds and their management in African rice systems

    Rodenburg, JonneTippe, Dennis E.Toure, AmadouIrakiza, Runyambo...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Competition from weeds is the most important yield reducing factor in African rice production systems. Generally important weed management practices in rice are controlled flooding and the use of herbicides. Smallholder rice farmers in Africa however often lack the necessary water management infrastructure, access to affordable, good quality herbicide products and knowledge and equipment for their safe and effective application. Against this challenging backdrop, effective and affordable weed management strategies are highly needed. The literature on weed ecology and management in African rice systems is systematically reviewed to assess achievements in the last quarter of the past 50 years of international rice research endeavours, the period since the last comprehensive review (2009), and to propose the way forward for research and development. Most published studies are from West Africa and focussed on rainfed upland (43% of all relevant studies) or rainfed lowland (32%) rice. Grasses are the most frequently studied weed types, closely followed by parasitic weeds and broadleaved weeds (ex aequo). Most research (75% of published studies) focussed on weed management, mostly referring to or including curative measures (e.g., chemical, manual) or preventive weed management options that improve weed competitiveness of the crop (e.g., crop establishment, cultivars), while less attention was observed for preventive measures aiming at reduced weed recruitment or seed bank sizes (e.g., crop rotations, intercropping, mulches) or integrated weed management approaches. Future research should invest more in developing integrated weed management strategies that achieve (1) reduced weed recruitment, (2) reduced weed seed bank sizes and (3) improved crop competitiveness and that are compatible with farmer's production resources, fairly independent of (agrochemical) industries and markets and benign to the environment and human health. We recommend research on parasitic weeds to focus on a further broadening of the range of currently available management options, with a particular focus on the role of soil fertility and more efficient fertiliser technologies that simultaneously improve crop productivity and quality. For research to contribute to the development of meaningful weed management strategies for African rice systems in the future, we believe it would be best to identify and focus on target-location specific weed-communities, and to reconcile field level weed management strategies with the preconditions set at higher system levels (e.g., farming and agricultural systems) and anticipated scenarios regarding changing demographics and biophysical and institutional environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier