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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    An early-morning flowering trait in rice can enhance grain yield under heat stress field conditions at flowering stage

    Ishimaru T.Sasaki K.Fukuta Y.Lumanglas P.D....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.An early-morning flowering (EMF) trait is supposed to be effective in enhancing grain yield due to mitigation of heat-induced spikelet sterility at flowering in rice. This study evaluated (i) phenotypic differences between a near-isogenic line carrying a QTL for EMF trait (designated as IR64 +qEMF3) and a recurrent parent, IR64, under wide variation in climates and (ii) whether the EMF trait can enhance grain yield under heat stress at flowering. IR64 +qEMF3 had significant earlier flower opening time (FOT) in diverse environmental conditions including temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. FOT differentially responded to maximum and minimum air temperatures between genotypes. Under non-heat stress temperatures at flowering, IR64 +qEMF3 had similar grain yield to IR64 with minimal changes in yield components. Seven field trials in heat-vulnerable regions of Myanmar for multiple years showed that higher percentage of grain set contributed to the significantly higher grain yield in IR64 +qEMF3 when plants were exposed to daily maximum air temperatures around 36.1 °C or higher. Lower spikelet sterility in IR64 +qEMF3 was attributed to the earlier FOT during cooler early morning hours. This is the first field study that clearly demonstrates the enhancement of grain yield due to EMF trait under diverse heat stress field conditions at flowering.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Improvements in grain yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of japonica inbred rice released since the 1980s in eastern China

    Meng T.Chen X.Zhu G.Zhou G....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The cropping area of japonica inbred rice has expanded rapidly since the 1980 s, which occupies 90% of the total cropping area nowadays in Jiangsu, east China. In this process, information on the genetic improvement in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency of japonica inbred rice is still limited. Fifteen japonica inbred rice released from 1983 to 2014 were tested during the 2018 and 2019 rice-growing seasons. Grain yield increased yearly at 65.1 kg ha?1 (0.65%) in 2018 and 58.1 kg ha?1 (0.59%) in 2019. Panicles per m2 and filled-kernel percentage decreased (P < 0.01), while spikelets per panicle increased (P < 0.01), with year of release. Pre-heading biomass, post-heading biomass, and total biomass increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) linearly with year of release; while harvest index gradually increased with year of release before 2000, thereafter remaining relatively stable. Leaf area index (LAI) at heading and maturity, plant height, specific leaf weight, and flag leaf photosynthetic rate at heading, and intercepted radiation and radiation use efficiency (RUE) from heading to maturity all increased (P < 0.01) with year of release, which was associated with the increased biomass accumulation during the breeding process. Genetic improvement has increased total N, P, and K accumulation, as well as their use efficiencies. Grain yield and harvest index correlated positively (P < 0.01) with NUEg, PUEg, and KUEg among rice cultivars. Our results suggested the impressive progress in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency of japonica inbred rice since the 1980 s in eastern China. The yield progress was mainly attributed to the increased spikelets per panicle. For rice cultivars released before 2000, an increase in harvest index contributed more to yield improvement than total biomass; while the yield improvement after 2000 resulted from total biomass. The results also indicated possible opportunities for improving use efficiency of N, P, and K through increasing harvest index in rice.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Soil carbon and nitrous oxide dynamics in corn (Zea mays L.) production under different nitrogen, tillage and residue management practices

    Jiang Q.Madramootoo C.A.Qi Z.
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Reducing tillage frequency and intensity and returning crop residues to the soil are two agricultural management practices to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). Timing and rates of nitrogen fertilizer, coupled with tillage methods and residue incorporation, can also influence nitrous oxide emissions. In this study, we used measured data from a long term (23 years) tillage and residue management experiment, under intensive grain corn production, together with the DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) process-based model, to ascertain the most effective fertilizer and tillage management practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching, and increase soil carbon stocks. The field experiment consisted of no-till [NT], reduced [RT], and conventional tillage [CT], with and without corn residue return. After calibration and validation, using field observed data, the DNDC model was run with 108 management scenarios (six N application rates, spring single N fertilization, spring split N fertilization and fall fertilization, three tillage practices and two residue-return options). N application rate was predicted to be a significant driver for corn yield, SOC sequestration, N2O emissions and nitrate leaching, indicating the need to identify a critical N rate to both optimize production and achieve sustainability goals. Split (vs. single) N application did not significantly affect corn yield, nitrate leaching, N2O emissions or SOC, while fall fertilization should be avoided due to greater nitrate leaching and higher N2O emissions as well as lower crop yield. Although stimulating N2O emissions, both NT and residue return are recommended for their ability to enhance SOC stocks. Results of this study can be used for policy development regarding carbon sequestration and GHG emissions for intensive grain cropping systems in the humid regions of North America.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A VI-based phenology adaptation approach for rice crop monitoring using UAV multispectral images

    Yang Q.Shi L.Han J.Chen Z....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Accurate monitoring of crop biophysical parameters such as the plant area index (PAI) is essential for regional crop growth simulations and crop management. Many efforts have been made to estimate PAI by vegetation index (VI)-based methods, such as the widely used single empirical regression method and the piecewise relationship method. However, model structure error is inherent to the single-relationship method since it neglects the influence of phenology, and the discontinuity of the piecewise method can result in abrupt changes in estimates in the stage-transition period. Here we introduce a generalized and more accurate approach, termed the VI-based phenology adaptation (VPA) method, to estimate PAI of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral data. The VPA method automatically adapted the VI-PAI relationship at each observation time by bridging the VI, phenology and PAI into a continuous model. Moreover, the capability to monitor aboveground biomass of rice via the VPA method was evaluated. Intensive aerial and ground experiments were conducted in the controlled experimental plots and the randomly selected farmer-managed plots during two consecutive years (one year for calibration and another year for testing). The trajectory of the anchor-point that linked the discrete VI-PAI/biomass relationship for each phenological stage was developed and parameterized. The estimates of the single-relationship method were scattered when PAI was high, and this method failed to estimate PAI for the entire growing season. Significant underestimation was observed at the flowering stage (BBCH 64) for the piecewise methods. In contrast, the VPA approach outperformed the other methods for both controlled plots (R2 of 0.799 and RMSE of 0.536) and farmer-managed plots (R2 of 0.543 and RMSE of 0.671). Moreover, the VPA method exhibited superior generality for estimating other crop biophysical parameters such as biomass. Compared with the piecewise methods, the proposed method best estimated aboveground biomass, with 93% of biomass variation captured. The results demonstrated the steady performance of the VPA method for estimating various biophysical parameters throughout the entire growing season, indicating the promising potential of this method for cross-year and cross-site crop status monitoring.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A preliminary study of ‘Tidy Field Technology’ to assess growth, development and weed control in direct-seeded rice

    Nie L.He A.Jiang M.Sun H....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is an important method to achieve simplified and mechanized rice planting in economical manner. However, proper weed management is a major limiting factor in the development of DSR. ‘Tidy field technology’ (TFT) is a new non-transgenic herbicide-resistant (HR) cropping technology, which refers to ‘herbicide-resistant crops combined with broad-spectrum herbicide’, and has been widely confirmed to effectively suppress weed populations in agriculture. However, it is rarely applied in DSR production in China. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of TFT on rice growth and weed control in 2019 and 2020. In this study, two rice varieties, Huanghuazhan-HHZ (Vc) and herbicide-resistant HHZ (Vr) were adopted and practiced with broad-spectrum herbicide management (Hb) and conventional herbicide management (Hc). An equal amount of water was sprayed on Vc as a control (CK). Thus, there were five treatments: VrHb, VrHc, VcHb, VcHc and CK. The grain yields of VrHb was increased by 8.4% and 160.3% in 2019, and 16.0% and 226.6% in 2020 compared with VrHc and CK, respectively. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in grain yield between VrHb and VcHc, but the total economic benefit of VrHb was significantly higher than that of VcHc. In addition, the tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground total dry weight (TDW) of VrHb were significantly higher than VrHc, VcHc and CK. In contrast, weed species and density under VrHb were significantly lower than those under VrHc, VcHc and CK. Overall, TFT (VrHb) could replace conventional weed management for DSR due to a better weed control effect and higher economic benefit with similar or even higher grain yield. However, it is necessary to explore the effects of TFT residue on soil physical and chemical properties, microorganisms and the growth of subsequent crops in the near future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of root characteristics on panicle formation in japonica rice under low temperature water stress at the reproductive stage

    Wang H.Zou D.Wang J.Zheng H....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Cold stress during the reproductive stage causes spikelet sterility and limits rice productivity in high-altitude and high-latitude regions. In higher plants, phytohormones regulate root and panicle development under environmental stress. Maintaining high root physiological activity during the reproductive stage may be a strategy for high yields in crops under abiotic stress. However, little is known about the root physiological activity and panicle size response mechanisms associated with rice cold tolerance at the reproductive stage. In this study, we investigated the effects of low root zone water temperature (Tw) during reproductive growth on root physiological characteristics and root phytohormones associated with panicle development in japonica rice from 2018 to 2019. The rice plants were subjected to 17 °C low Tw for 5, 10, and 15 days during reproductive growth. The results showed that, compared with the control, rice pollen grain development was hindered, and the percentage of fertile pollen decreased under low Tw; the number of surviving total panicle branches decreased significantly; the number of degraded branches increased significantly; the range of change increased gradually with the extension of low Tw stress time; and the impact of low Tw stress on the secondary branches and spikelets was greater than on the primary branches and spikelets. The abundance of zeatin (ZR) and auxin (IAA) in the roots, the root physiological activity, and the number of surviving spikelets and branches had a significant positive correlation in variety DN428. DN428 exhibited strong cold tolerance and possessed a high level of ZR and IAA in the roots, which allowed it to maintain root antioxidant enzyme activity, root vitality, and the root absorption surface area at a relatively stable level, resulting in the roots not accumulating large amounts of soluble protein, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde, and proline. This facilitated the accumulation and transfer of photosynthetic materials above the ground and provided a stable material foundation for spikelet and branch formation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Can deep fertilizer application enhance maize productivity by delaying leaf senescence and decreasing nitrate residue levels?

    Wu P.Liu F.Chen G.Wang J....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Deep fertilizer application is an effective strategy for minimizing gaseous losses and improving the nutrient use efficiency and grain yield. However, it is unclear whether deep fertilizer application can improve the antioxidant defense system in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and the photosynthetic capacity after silking to delay senescence, and then contribute to improvements in the yield and resource utilization efficiency. The effects on the NO3–-N residue levels also require elucidation. Therefore, we tested different fertilization application depths in the field during 2019–2020, where all of the N-P fertilizer was applied underground at 5 cm (D5), 15 cm (D15), 25 cm (D25), and 35 cm (D35) before sowing spring maize in the Loess Plateau region of China. The results showed that the antioxidant and photosynthetic performance of the leaves followed the order of: D25 > D15 > D5 > D35. The H2O2 and O2– contents decreased by 21.5% and 14.0% under D25 compared with D5, respectively, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and mean grain filling rate (Gmean) increased by 32.9% and 5.0%. The translocation and assimilation of nitrogen under D25 increased by 20.1% and 18.6% compared with D5, respectively, the translocation and assimilation of phosphorus increased by 43.6% and 54.3%, and the biomass and maize yield increased by 12.7% and 13.8%. The water use efficiency (23.5 kg·ha–1·mm–1), water productivity (45.7 kg ha–1 mm–1), nitrogen use efficiency (43.6%), and phosphorus use efficiency (20.3%) were significantly higher under D25 than the other treatments. The accumulated residual nitrate contents in the 0–100 cm soil layer were 6.0% and 8.0% lower under D15 and D25 than D5, respectively (P < 0.05). However, D35 significantly increased the accumulated residual nitrate content in the 0–200 cm soil depth to increase the risk of leaching. A fertilization depth of 25 cm can delay maize leaf senescence and enhance the grain-filling capability by improving the antioxidant defense system and photosynthetic capacity of the leaves after silking, thereby increasing the maize yield and resource utilization efficiency.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Reevaluation of calcium source for runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

    Yang R.Howe J.A.Harris G.H.Balkcom K.B....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Calcium supplementation is vital to optimal peanut production. As peanut cultivars and Ca sources change over time, Ca requirement may subsequently change, but few studies have reevaluated effectiveness of different Ca sources using currently produced peanut varieties. To address this issue, field experiments were performed in 12 environments (i.e., site-years) in the southeastern United States with the following treatments: four solid Ca sources, including mined gypsum, flue gas desulfurized (FGD) gypsum, phosphogypsum, and lime and four liquid Ca sources, including CaCl2 solution, chelated CaCO3, CaS2O3 solution, and CaCO3 suspension. The effectiveness of various Ca sources was evaluated on peanut yield, total sound mature kernels (TSMK), seed Ca, germination, and soil Ca using two runner-type peanut cultivars, Georgia-06G and Georgia Greener. Results indicated that the three evaluated gypsum materials had similar effectiveness, and the mined gypsum was the most effective possibly due to its larger, more crystalline particle size. Lime remains an adequate Ca source for peanut provided that water from rainfall or irrigation does not limit its dissolution. Liquid Ca sources, as stand-alone treatments, were not as effective as solid Ca sources possibly due to their low Ca content and great leaching potential. This study provides helpful information for Ca nutrient management for peanut.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Designing low-input upland rice-based cropping systems with conservation agriculture for climate change adaptation: A six-year experiment in M'bé, Bouaké, C?te d'Ivoire

    Husson O.Tano B.F.Saito K.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Climate change models predict an increase in climate variability in the future, with more rainfall extremes and greater risks, causing a negative impact on crops produced by smallholders in West Africa. Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems can be effective in mitigating yield loss in environments with increased weather risk. This study aimed to evaluate CA cropping systems that can minimize both economic and climatic risks under erratic climatic conditions in West Africa. We tested upland rice-based CA systems and conventional systems with tillage (CT), in rotation with maize in some of the cases, without and with fertilization, at different sowing windows in the Bouaké region, C?te d'Ivoire, from 2015 to 2020. Sowing in June showed in a higher rice yield (1183 kg ha-1 and 1370 kg ha-1 without and with fertilization, on average over the 2017–2020 period) than in March (521 kg ha-1 and 495 kg ha-1 without and with fertilization) or in July or August (335 kg ha-1 and 498 kg ha-1 without and with fertilization). During the first four years, rice yields tended to be lower under the CA systems than under the CT systems, especially when water availability was not a major constraint. However, after this transition period, and especially when water stress occurred, as in 2020, rice yields under CA systems (1835–2021 and 2147–2254 kg ha-1 without and with fertilization) were higher than under CT systems (1350 kg ha-1 and 1435 kg ha-1 without and with fertilization). CA systems having relatively longer duration for growing cover crops tended to produce higher upland rice yield grown in the subsequent season. In both CT and CA systems, the impact of fertilization on rice yield was small over the study period, and the mean rice yield increase due to fertilization was on average 451 kg ha-1 even when rice was sown in the summer season, resulting in negative economic return. These results indicate that whereas low-input CA upland rice-based systems together with optimizing sowing window for rice could be promising options for sustaining rice yield and mitigating yield loss in environments with increased weather risk, further research is needed for reducing transition period to CA systems in order to enhance their adoption by smallholder farmers. Desirable cover crops should be less labor-demanding, generate incomes from their products, and produce large biomass under erratic climatic conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Both biomass accumulation and harvest index drive the yield improvements in soybean at high and low phosphorus in south-west China

    Yang J.-X.He J.Richards R.A.Jin Y....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Soybean breeding is typically conducted in soils with favourable soil phosphorus yet soil P levels are typically low in sub-tropical regions. This study was conducted to determine yield progress of soybean cultivars released between 1995 and 2016 in sub-tropical parts of south-west China and grown at both low and high P availability. The principal factors that changed indirectly with breeding and that contribute to soybean yield were also determined. Field experiments were conducted in three consecutive years with two different sites each year. A more detailed investigation of traits contributing to soybean yield was investigated in one year at two sites. The rate of genetic gain in seed yield was around 2% per year and this was found at both low P and high P. Thus, breeding under favourable conditions has also resulted in substantial gains in soils with low P. Yield gains were attributed to a longer duration of pod filling but there was no change in the duration from sowing to flowering. The extended pod filling duration increased both above-ground biomass and harvest index (HI) at both P levels and both were important in contributing to yield gains. The increase in HI was also a result of the changed allocation of assimilates away from stems and instead to the pods and growing seeds. The allometric analysis (ratios between log transformations of the leaf, stem and pod dry weight) showed that the stem weight decreased as pod dry weight became heavier whereas leaf weight remained constant as stems became lighter as a result of breeding. Breeding also progressively increased pod number and the total seed number but there was no change in average seed weight.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier