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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Changes in production, yields, and the cropped area of lowland rice over the last 20 years and factors affecting their variations in C?te d′Ivoire

    Komatsu S.Sakurai T.Saito K.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.To meet high demand for rice in West Africa, many governments and the regional and international donor community embarked on ambitious rice sector development. The questions are how much rice farmers have increased rice production in West Africa in the past two decades and what factors have contributed to the increase in rice production there. As a case study on lowland rice farming in central C?te d′Ivoire, we aim to describe changes in production, yields, the cropped area, and agronomic practices between 2000 and 2020, and to identify factors affecting rice yields and cropped area. Farm surveys were conducted in 2000 and 2020 around the city of Bouaké in C?te d′Ivoire to construct panel data, and descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed. Rice production increased by an average of 89% over the 20 years, of which 26% and 63% increase in rice production were attributed to the increase in yields and the cropped area, respectively. Yield variation was 0.1–8.0 t/ha and 0.2–7.0 t/ha in 2000 and 2020, respectively, with medians of 1.6 and 2.4 t/ha. Farmers using low inputs relative to the land area tended to increase their cropped area. Changes in agronomic practices had limited impact on yield increase except for farmers’ adoption of a new variety and its impact on yields. These results indicate a need to understand the causes of poor adoption of agronomic practices such as fertilizer use and water management practices, and to identify the associations between yields and biophysical factors. These could help identify strategies for narrowing the yield gap through the diffusion of yield-enhancing agronomic practices.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Genetic improvement analysis of nitrogen uptake, utilization, translocation, and distribution in Chinese wheat in Henan Province

    Xu W.Hu L.Peng C.Zhang Z....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Genetic improvement analysis of the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) was undertaken to determine the factors guiding NUE in order to develop new wheat cultivars with high yield, high NUE and high quality. To investigate the genetic improvement of wheat NUE and its components, 31 wheat cultivars that had been widely planted in Henan Province since 1941 were grown under high N treatment (HN) and low N treatment (LN). The results indicated that grain yield and NUE have increased significantly with cultivar development since 1941, with an annual genetic gain of 1.03% and 0.74%, respectively, under HN and LN. The significant increase in NUE mainly resulted from a significant increase in N uptake efficiency (NupE) and N utilization efficiency (NutE). NutE was the predominant component contributing to NUE under HN, while NupE was more important than NutE for NUE under LN. The improvement of NutE occurred at the expense of lower grain N content (GNC) as grain yield increased. Breeding was shown to increase N translocation (NTE) by an annual genetic gain of 1.33% and 0.33%, respectively, under HN and LN. N accumulation at the maturity stage was higher in the modern cultivars compared to the pre-modern cultivars, mainly as a result of increased N accumulation during the stem elongation phase. The N translocation capacity of the vegetative tissues increased, and the N translocation efficiency of the sheath and chaff were higher than that of the leaves. Important genetic improvement targets for high NUE include increasing pre-anthesis N assimilation ability and post-anthesis N translocation capacity. Furthermore improvements in wheat breeding should include increasing both N uptake and NHI to improve NUE and reverse the trend of declining GNC.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating early season growth and biomass of field pea for selection of divergent ideotypes using proximal sensing

    Tefera A.T.Banerjee B.P.Pandey B.R.Puri R.R....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The aims of this study were to (i) test ground and aerial-based remote sensing vegetation indices (VIs) for trait-based breeding line selection, (ii) improve our understanding of the association between measured plant traits and readings derived from active and passive sensors and (iii) establish an optimal time for growth assessments in relation to field pea vigour and seed yield. Multispectral sensors were deployed with the handheld Crop Circle (CC) and a sensor mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to collect data from field trials conducted between 2017 and 2020 at Beulah and Horsham in Victoria and Yenda, Wagga Wagga and Ardlethan in New South Wales in Australia. The result showed that normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from an aerial-based passive sensor (UAV) was strongly and significantly correlated to NDVI derived from a ground-based active sensor (CC) at both Beulah (R2 = 0.85; n = 1165; p < 0.001) and Horsham (R2 = 0.77; n = 210; p < 0.001). Both methods showed similar NDVI trends in pea genotype rankings. Based on the three seasons of field trial data, NDVI derived from both the CC and UAV sensors were linearly related to biomass production during pre-canopy closure growth. In water limiting environments, seed yield was positively correlated to NDVI measures. Measures calculated from the area under the NDVI curve throughout the growth season, and an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) identified varieties with high vigour scores (high NDVI). Overall, a high vigour score was correlated to seed yield in lower yielding environments. From these results it appeared that higher vigour helps achieve higher yields in drier environments, however it was correlated with lower yields in better environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice fields among different varieties

    Song K.Zhang G.Ma J.Xu H....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Ratoon rice (RR) is a practice originating from the stubble left after the previous main rice crop (MR) harvested. Planting RR is of great significance to increase grain production and ensure food security. However, few reports are available on the response of RR varieties to greenhouse gas emissions. A field experiment was conducted to comprehensively estimate the CH4 and N2O emissions among RR varieties in Southwest China. Five varieties were adopted in the experiment: Hanyou 73 (HY), Taiyou 390 (TY), Jingliangyouhuazhan (JLY), Yuxiang 203 (YX), and Fengliangyouxiangyihao (FLY). The CH4 and N2O emissions from the RR seasons accounted for 23–24% and 10–27% of total emissions from the MR+RR seasons, respectively. The significant reduction in CH4 emissions during the RR seasons was caused by low temperature, short growth period, and low aboveground biomass. Considering both CH4 and N2O emissions, the global warming potential of JLY was as high as 10.95 t CO2-eq ha–1 in the MR+RR seasons, but the total yields were significantly higher than those of other varieties by 8–16%, and thereby the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of JLY was the lowest at 1.10 t CO2-eq t–1 yield. The findings demonstrate that JLY is a suitable ratoon rice variety with the highest yield and lowest GHGI. Furthermore, it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the innovation of high-yielding rice varieties to adapt to future climate changes and ensure food security.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    An APSIM-powered framework for post-rainy sorghum-system design in India

    Ronanki S.Talwar H.S.Tonapi V.A.Pavlik J....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsSorghum contributes to the livelihoods of millions of food-insecure households in semi-arid agri-systems. Annual production widely fluctuates throughout India due to erratic rainfall and suboptimal agronomic practices. Our novel approach utilizes the digital reflection of post-rainy (rabi) sorghum production systems in India to help better understand its spatio-temporal variations and enable the designing of geography-specific, climate-responsive system interventions (Genotype × Management; GxM). For this, we evaluated a range of farmer-relevant agronomic management practices across three soil types (shallow, medium, and deep vertisols) in combination with observed ranges of biological variability in sorghum cultivar characteristics. We used the crop growth simulation model Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to identify GxM combinations that can support the enhancement/ stability of post-rainy sorghum production systems in India. In general, we found the post-rainy sorghum systems would benefit from early-season sowing (16th - 23rd September), short crop duration (compared to Maldandi (M35–1), commonly grown crop type), and medium fertilizer inputs (70–70 kg urea ha?1 as basal and top-dress application). In addition, site-specific crop management (M) and crop characters (G) optimizations would further enhance/ stabilize sorghum production. Simulations highlighted that in the poorly-endowed environmental context (i.e. shallow soils and low-rainfall areas), optimal G×M targets might involve water conservation GxM combinations, such as low plant populations and low fertilization along with low crop vigor and limited transpiration responsiveness. Details on site-specific optimum GxM are available in a web application at https://ls40.pef.czu.cz/maps/. To enable the use of the study outputs for certain applications (e.g. breeding), we separated the examined geographies based on similarities in optimum production characteristics and similarities in system response to GxM interventions into four “homogeneous system units” (HSU; i.e. geographical units within which reduced GxM interactions are expected). These HSUs intended to offer geography-specific targets to prioritize, test, and introduce distinct G×M interventions. We conclude that the APSIM-powered framework presented provides region-specific Genotype × Management options that could become a blueprint for defining quantitative breeding targets that achieve enhanced productivity/ stability of dry-season sorghum cultivation throughout India.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Uptake and timing of calcium in runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

    Yang R.Howe J.A.Harris G.H.Balkcom K.B....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Peanut production in the southeastern United States is often limited due to low Ca availability. Gypsum and lime are common Ca supplements for peanut, but the indeterminate nature of peanut and variable solubility of these products adds uncertainty to timing of Ca amendments. Two sets of field trials were performed in southern Alabama from 2012 to 2014 under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions using two runner-type peanut cultivars (Georgia-06G and Georgia Greener) to determine Ca uptake patterns and timing of amendments. Calcium uptake was evaluated by pod development stage with four soil Ca treatments: 560 and 1120 kg ha?1 gypsum applied at early bloom, 1120 kg ha?1 lime at planting, and an untreated control. Developmental stages were determined by the hull scrape method. The timing of gypsum and lime was evaluated using metrics of peanut yield, grade, germination, and seed Ca. Treatments included a single application of gypsum at planting and early bloom, split applications of gypsum at planting/early bloom and early/mid-bloom, lime at planting, lime at planting plus gypsum at early bloom, and an untreated control. Results suggested that peanut absorbed Ca throughout the entire growing season and that seed Ca concentration could be used as an indicator of early-season seed quality. Split applications of gypsum at early/mid-bloom tended to have a superior performance than a single application at planting or early bloom and split applications at planting/early bloom. Supplemental gypsum at early bloom combined with lime at planting further increased Ca availability under non-irrigated conditions relative to the lime-only treatment. This study provided helpful information for Ca nutrient management for peanut.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Foliar application uniconazole enhanced lodging resistance of high-quality indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ) by altering anatomical traits, cell structure and endogenous hormones

    Lv R.Xie X.Wang Q.Gao K....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Lodging is an important limiting factor for increasing yield and quality in high-quality indica rice production. The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism of lodging resistance in high-quality indica rice as affected by anatomical and cellular structure, especially its related endogenous hormone changes in culm tissue and response to foliar application uniconazole. Field experiments were conducted in Shanggao County, Jiangxi Province, China, by using two indica rice varieties Meixiangzhan2 (MXZ2) and Taiyou871 (TY871) with two foliar application uniconazole rates (0 mg L?1, U0; 80 mg L?1, U1) in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that the foliar application uniconazole affected the grain yield quite low, but decreased lodging index (LI) value with significant difference in both two varieties and years. Compared with U0 treatments, U1 treatments rapidly shortened length of basal internodes, especially for IN4, but affected length of upper internodes slightly, which resulted in reduction of length from breaking basal internode to top (SL) and bending moment by the whole plant (WP) value. The shorter cell length and denser cell arrangement under U1 treatments, which were induced by lower endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) content in culm tissue, declined the length of IN4 internodes, plant height and center of gravity height. The higher breaking strength (M) was resulted from larger section- modulus (SM) of TY871 and higher bending stress (BS) of MXZ2, respectively. The elevated endogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and zeatin (Z) content increased cell division in culm tissue and thus, raised the culm wall thickness, culm and leaf sheath cross sectional area and SM in basal internodes. Compared with U0 treatments, U1 treatments increased cell wall components including cellulose and lignin, starch, as well as higher BS in both TY871 and MXZ2. These results suggested that reduction of plant height and center gravity height were induced by shorter cell length and denser cell arrangement, which resulted from lower endogenous IAA and GA3 in culm tissue. The foliar application uniconazole could enlarged culm wall thickness and SM by elevate endogenous ACC and Z content, and increase stem strength by higher carbohydrates including cellulose, lignin and starch and thereby, enhanced lodging resistance of high-quality indica rice.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of mineral N fertilizer and organic input on maize yield and soil water content for assessing optimal N and irrigation rates in Central Kenya

    Li X.Hu C.Li Z.Xu Q....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop in Kenya, while low and erratic rainfall, and low nutrient input mainly result in low maize yield. This study were to assess optimal nutrient and irrigation management practice for maize in central Kenya based on field experiment combined with modeling simulation. On-farm experiment with four treatments including no fertilizer (N0), N applied at dose of 100 kg ha–1 only in the form of a chemical fertilizer (N100) or combined with animal manure (N100M) or straw (N100S) has been conducting since 2013 in central Kenya. The Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer–Cropping System Model (DSSAT–CSM) was firstly calibrated under the relative optimal treatment N100M, and it was then evaluated for the rest three treatments for 6 maize growing seasons from 2014 to 2018. The responses of grain yield to different irrigation and fertilizer regimes were simulated using the calibrated DSSAT–CSM. The combination of fertilizer and manure (N100M) resulted in the highest yield and that of fertilizer and straw (N100S), in the highest level of soil water content in each soil layer. The model (DSSAT-CSM) successfully predicted both grain yield (normalized root mean square error, or nRMSE, of 21–37% and the index of agreement, or d, of 0.89–0.93) and changes in water content of each soil layer (nRMSE < 20% and d > 0.70) in all treatments except N100S. The yield was most sensitive to any deficit in soil water content (dry spells) at the beginning of grain-filling stage, and the best regime for high yield, high water-use efficiency, and high agronomic efficiency comprised irrigation at 50–70 mm during that stage combined with fertilizer N at 100–120 kg ha–1. The estimated magnitude yield gain with respect to optimal nutrition and irrigation ranged from 2 to 4 t ha–1 in different crop seasons. Optimal application of irrigation at the sensitive stage, fertilizer N, animal manure, and straw mulching holds great potential as an integrated farming practice for high grain yield and for efficient use of resources in maize cultivation in semi-arid parts of Kenya.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Selection of suitable type and application rate of biochar for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) productivity in ridge-furrow rainwater-harvesting in semiarid regions of China

    Wang Q.Wang X.Zhang D.Zhou X....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Ridge-furrow rainwater-harvesting (RFRH) has emerged as an effective technology to mitigate drought stress, control soil erosion, and increase crop yield in semiarid regions of China. However, the use of plastic film mulch in RFRH makes this technology impractical. A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years in a randomized complete block design to determine 1) the runoff coefficient for ridges compacted with soil mixed with two types of biochar (rice straw biochar and cow dung biochar) at two application rates (single application rate i.e., 3 × 104 kg ha?1; and double application rate i.e., 6 × 104 kg ha?1; and 2) the effects of the ridges compacted with soil mixed with two types of biochar at two application rates on soil physico-chemical properties, economic benefit, fodder yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa, and ridges compacted with soil (no biochar) as control. The average runoff coefficient for NB, SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB (NB, SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB were ridges compacted with soil, compacted with soil mixed with single rice straw biochar application, double rice straw biochar application, single cow dung biochar application, and double cow dung biochar application, respectively) over these three years was 31%, 28%, 27%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. Ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust had lower runoff coefficients, soil water storage, net income, and higher soil nutrients, when compared to ridges compacted with soil. The topsoil temperature at ridge tops was affected by the ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust, but the topsoil temperature at furrow bottoms was not affected. Compared to ridges compacted with soil mixed with cow dung biochar, ridges compacted with soil mixed with rice straw biochar had lower soil nutrients, and higher soil water storage resulting in higher fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa. With runoff, the nutrients in biochar flowed from ridges to furrows, becoming usable for plants. Ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust increased topsoil nutrients, especially soil organic matter ranging from 15% to 34%, resulting in high fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa. Compared to NB, annual fodder yield for SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB increased by 9.0%, 5.9%, 4.4%, and 3.8%, respectively, over three years, while WUE for the same treatments increased by 2.81, 1.95, 0.65, and 0.45 kg ha?1 mm?1. Rice straw biochar at an application rate of 3 × 104 kg ha?1 was found to be suitable type of biochar for increase in fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa in RFRH. Future studies should be conducted in the form of long-term field study to determine economic benefits of biochar application.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Conservation agriculture practices drive maize yield by regulating soil nutrient availability, arbuscular mycorrhizas, and plant nutrient uptake

    Mhlanga B.Pellegrino E.Ercoli L.Thierfelder C....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Conservation agriculture (CA) can sustainably increase crop productivity through improved soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, among others. However, the implementation of all its three main components (i.e., no-tillage, organic soil cover/mulch, and crop diversification) in southern Africa is often challenging, resulting in variable yield responses. Disentangling the contributions of CA practices is necessary to understand the drivers of maize grain yield within the region. Here we analysed two 6-year long component omission experiments, one at a sandy soil location and the other at a clay soil location. In these two experiments, soil chemical parameters, total plant nutrient uptake, rate of crop residue decomposition, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of maize roots were assessed. Soil chemical properties only differed across systems at the sandy soil location with the mulched systems under no-tillage (NT) resulting in increased soil organic carbon levels, total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus as compared to conventional tillage with no mulch or rotation (CT). Conventional tillage-based systems resulted in fastest decomposition of maize residues, while systems with NT and rotation resulted in highest AM fungal root colonization rate of maize at the clay soil location. Total plant N uptake was almost 2-fold higher in tilled and no-tilled systems with both mulch (M) and rotations (R) (i.e., NT+M+R and CT+M+R) as compared to CT. Structural equation modeling was used to disentangle the links between cropping systems, soil chemical and biological properties, plant nutrient uptake, and maize grain yield. Cropping systems had direct and indirect influences on yield at both locations. At both locations, cropping systems influenced yield via plant N uptake, with the NT+M+R and CT+M+R systems having more beneficial effects compared to other systems, as shown by their higher path coefficients. In conclusion, we recommend a more holistic approach to cropping system assessment that includes a higher number of abiotic and biotic determinants. This would allow for a more rigorous evaluation of the drivers of yield and increase our understanding of the effects and performance of practices under the prevailing agro-ecological conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier