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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Effects of dryland summer cover crops and a weedy fallow on soil water, disease levels, wheat growth and grain yield in a Mediterranean-type environment

    McNee M.E.Minkey D.M.Flower K.C.Rose T.J....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Numerous studies have reported wide-ranging benefits of cultivating cover crops during the typical fallow period in temperate cropping systems. However, data on the impacts of summer cover crops in water-limited, Mediterranean-type climates, is lacking. A 3-year field experiment was conducted near the town of Northam in the wheat-belt of Western Australia to test the hypothesis that inclusion of summer cover crops would increase ground cover, water storage and grain yield in subsequent wheat crops. White French millet (Panicum miliaceum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cover crops and a weedy fallow were compared to a typical chemical fallow over the summer period. Autumn groundcover was 10–30% higher when summer weeds were left uncontrolled compared to the chemical fallow treatment. Dry-sown and late established (February) millet failed to increase groundcover, whereas cowpea demonstrated a small increase (~9–10%) in one season, when cowpea biomass approached 1 t ha?1. Cover crops and weeds growing over summer had no significant effect on total plant available water (0–50 cm depth) prior to sowing wheat in any season. However, there was less readily available soil N in the cover crop (less 10–30 kg N ha?1) and weedy fallow (less 50 kg N ha?1) treatments prior to the second wheat crop. Despite some significant effects of weedy fallow and cowpeas on Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (take-all) and Didymella pinodes (causing black pea spot), disease levels were low and thought to pose little risk to following winter crops. Wheat grain yields were not significantly different between treatments, other than a low yield after cowpeas in 2015 due to a low wheat emergence count. Grain protein and screenings were not generally affected by summer fallow treatment in any year, except for higher screenings after the weedy fallow in one year. Given the limited impacts of cover crops and weeds on soil water and disease, it is possible that summer cover crops may be able to be integrated with cereal winter rotations in Western Australia without yield reductions in wheat crops. In light of current chemical usage, issues around herbicide residues in soil and herbicide-resistant weeds, it would be worthwhile revisiting the need for chemical fallow, particularly in the higher rainfall areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nitrogen application at a lower rate reduce net field global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in winter wheat grown in semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau

    Saqib M.Farooq M.Ma Z.Zhang Q....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.With the intensification of crop production pressure and the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, semi-arid regions have increasingly become one of the key areas of research. However, due to the relatively low indigenous soil organic matter (SOM), it is worth pondering whether the long-term introduction of cropland management measures will affect the soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming potential (GWP) in the semi-arid areas. This long-term fertilization experiment was conducted for four years during 2017–2021 to assess fertilization impacts on net global warming potential (NGWP) including estimation of SOC change, N2O and CH4 emissions and indirect emissions (IE), and the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) on the winter wheat in a semi-arid region of China. The treatments included five levels of N application including non-N-fertilized control (N0), 75 kg N·ha?1 (N75), 150 kg N·ha?1 (N150), 225 kg N·ha?1 (N225) and a traditional N application rate, 300 kg N·ha?1 (N300). In comparison with N300, N225 caused a significant increase in SOC content and SOC sequestration rates and reduced the N2O and CH4 emissions and N2O emission factor (EFN2O) followed by N150, N75 and N0. Indirect emissions from farm inputs were highest in the N300 treatment due to excessive N application. The higher grain yield, during all study years, was recorded in N225 treatment and there was no significant difference between N150 and N300 treatments. However, the lowest grain yield was recorded from N0, followed by N75. The lowest mean NGWP and net greenhouse gas intensity (NGHGI) were recorded from the N150 and N225 treatments than all other treatments. The results of this study suggested that N application at 150–225 kg·ha?1 is an effective method to enhance SOC sequestration and grain yield and to reduce the GHGI.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Managing dryland wheat to produce high-quality grain

    Larroque O.R.Angus J.F.Calderini D.F.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The properties of individual grain weight, protein concentration and protein composition contribute to grain quality of wheat. They are known to be affected by genetics, environment and crop management. This paper reports these properties in two dryland field experiments comparing cultivars with similar yield but with contrasting grain weight and number. A large-seeded cultivar, Baviacora, and a small-seeded cultivar, H45, were managed with different nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications and grown in seasons with different rainfall. The aim is to suggest strategies to produce wheat grain of consistently high quality for specified markets, with either pre-harvest or post-harvest management. Individual grain weight and protein concentration varied throughout the spikes of the cultivars and responded to crop management and environment. Protein concentration within a spike was closely correlated with individual grain weight, increasing by 0.05 ± 0.006% per mg of additional grain weight, independent of cultivar or position of grains on the spike. Grain protein composition was related to protein concentration of individual grains but was not as sensitive to individual grain weight. Larger grains were associated with less glutenin per unit of protein, partly offsetting the increase in protein concentration with grain weight. Unextracted polymeric protein (%UPP) was unrelated to grain weight but was negatively related to grain protein concentration in Baviacora. If found to be general, the within-spike relationships between individual grain weight, and the concentrations of grain protein, glutenin and %UPP offer promise for improving grain segregation and post-harvest processing to produce grain of closely defined quality from an unprocessed harvest sample.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Narrowing row space improves productivity and profit of enlarged lateral space drip irrigated spring wheat system in Xinjiang, China

    Diao M.Li W.Wang J.Li Z....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Enlarging lateral space (ELS) saves cost of drip tubes, however, it is challenged by risks of heterogeneity of productivity between different rows of plants in drip irrigated wheat systems. In a two-year field experiment, we expanded the number of wheat rows served by single drip tube (TR, one Tube serves number of wheat Rows) from four (TR4) to six (TR6) and eight (TR8). To maximize grain yield and profit, we modified the ELS patterns by narrowing plant row space (NRS) and shortening inter-block space between planting blocks (SIBS). We then performed six ELS patterns, including normal ELS patterns with row space of 15 cm (TR6 and TR8), narrowed row space of 10 cm with large inter-block space (TR6L and TR8L), narrowed row space of 10 cm with shortened inter-block space (TR6S and TR8S). Compared with TR4 (control), the normal ELS patterns (TR6 and TR8) resulted in yield loss of 5.60–13.75% and WUE reduction of 6.93–15.89% due to the weak performances of plants distant to the drip tube, with a profit loss of 1.03–8.71%. NRS (TR6L and TR8L) caused yield and WUE reductions of only 1.85–10.71% and 2.92–12.41%, and received net profit increase of 0.44–5.07%. NRS in combination with SIBS (TR6S and TR8S) received the best yield and WUE, and much better profit than TR4. The overall yield was closely correlated to yield performance of plants distant to drip tube, though the later received much less irrigation water than the 1st row adjacent to the drip tube (R1). Moreover, the dry matter pre-stored in vegetative organs before anthesis which was further redistributed into grains during grain filling, was improved to well compensate the much less received irrigation water (RIW) in the distant rows to drip tube under ELS patterns. The modified ELS patterns performed better soil water status in distant rows in relation to the normal ELS patterns of TR6 and TR8. The marginal effect also conferred the improved grain yield and WUE to distant rows. In conclusion, narrowing row space in combination with shortening inter-block space were recommended in the enlarged lateral space drip irrigated wheat system in terms of better yield, WUE and profit.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Adopting different irrigation and nitrogen management based on precipitation year types balances winter wheat yields and greenhouse gas emissions

    Gao Z.Wang C.Zhao J.Wang K....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The implementation of appropriate irrigation and nitrogen (N) measures is essential for obtaining higher grain yields while minimizing environmental risks. To determine whether deficit irrigation combined with reduced N-fertilizer rate can mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and maintain yield under different precipitation year types (wet, normal, and dry years), a six-year (2014–2020) field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain during the winter wheat growing seasons. There were two irrigation schedules (conventional irrigation, W2; deficit irrigation, W1) and two levels of N application (conventional fertilization, N2; nitrogen reduction, N1), which resulted in four treatments: W2N2, W2N1, W1N2, and W1N1. Irrigation, fertilization, and precipitation year types all affected the GHG emissions and yield of winter wheat. Compared with conventional irrigation and nitrogen management (W2N2 treatment), appropriate nitrogen reduction (W2N1) and deficit irrigation (W1N2) decreased CO2 emissions by 17.7–19.8% and 14.8–25.2%, respectively, and reduced N2O by 34.4–36.3% and 21.0–25.8%, respectively. Without compromising crop yield, the W1N2 treatment with deficit irrigation resulted in 17.1% lower net greenhouse gas (NGHG) and 16.5% lower greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in wet years; and the W2N1 treatment with nitrogen reduction reduced NGHG and GHGI by 20.5% and 18.7%, respectively, in normal years; and it also led NGHG and GHGI to decrease by 18.5% and 18.1%, respectively, in the dry year. Therefore, deficit irrigation in wet years and N reduction in normal years and dry year can reduce GHG emissions and maintain yield. Optimizing N fertilizer and irrigation management according to variation in precipitation conditions can mitigate GHG emissions, enhance yield, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impacts of co-culture of rice and aquatic animals on rice yield and quality: A meta-analysis of field trials

    Li W.He Z.Wu L.Liu S....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.As an eco-agricultural model, the co-culture of rice (Oryza sativa) and aquatic animals (CRAA) is an efficient approach to utilize the land and water resources for growing the grains and aquatic animals. However, the impacts of CRAA on rice yield and quality remain controversial in actual field conditions. To respond these issues, we conducted a meta-analysis on 456 paired-treatment datasets collected from 129 field research publications that compared rice yield and quality in rice monoculture and CRAA. Overall, the results indicated a significant contribution of CRAA to improve rice yield and quality (P < 0.05). However, the effects varied under different co-culture modes, environmental factors, and agricultural management practices. In accordance, the co-culture of rice with fish or waterfowl had the greatest benefits for both rice yield and quality. Our results revealed that CRAA application in subtropical regions caused the highest increases in rice yield and quality (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that paddy soils with low nitrogen provide a better platform for rice cultivation under CRAA. The yield of indica subspecies was substantially higher than that of japonica under CRAA treatments (P < 0.05). Of all fertilization schemes, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had the greatest impact on rice yield and quality. The effect sizes of the proportion of head rice (r = 0.386, P < 0.05) and gel consistency (r = 0.401, P < 0.05) had significant correlations with that of CRAA on rice yield. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CRAA can be a potential practice to effectively improve both rice yield and quality. In particular, the co-culture of indica rice with fish or waterfowl receiving both organic and inorganic fertilizers in paddy soils with low total nitrogen content (TN ≤ 1.5 g/kg) in humid areas is the most promising strategy to simultaneously achieve the highest rice yield and quality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of long-term mineral fertilization on silage maize monoculture yield, phosphorus uptake and its dynamic in soil

    Martin K.Jindrich C.Ondrej S.Jiri B....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.A long-term continuous silage maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture experiment (1993–2019) was conducted at ?erveny újezd in the Czech Republic to assess the effects of different mineral fertilizers on phosphorus transformations and balance. An unfertilized control (C) was compared with i) ammonium sulfate (AS), ii) urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), iii) UAN + triple superphosphate and potassium chloride (UAN+PK), and iv) UAN + triple superphosphate and magnesium sulfate (UAN+PMg), respectively. The dry aboveground biomass yield (BY), P uptake by plants, bioavailable and stable soil P forms, soil P-sorption characteristics, as well as simple P-balance, sustainability yield index (SYI), and agronomic efficiency (AE) were evaluated. Maize P uptake, content, BY, AE, SYI, and P utilization over the 27 years increased in the order of UAN+PK > UAN+PMg > UAN > AS > C treatments. P uptake was positively correlated with bioavailable soil P and BY. AS and UAN only fertilizing caused a more negative P balance (on average ?621 kg P ha–1 27 yrs–1) as compared to the control (–483 kg P ha–1 27 yrs–1). The bioavailable Al and Fe forms strongly influenced the soil P sorption parameters. As example, phosphorus sorption index increased to 137% for C, averagely to 183% for AS and UAN fertilizing treatments, and 124% for P fertilizing treatments in the year 2019 as compared to 1997 (=100%). Generally, almost all indices show that N only fertilizing (AS and UAN) significantly decreases the bioavailable and even the stable inorganic P forms and has a negative influence on P sorption parameters and thus, overall P-sustainability. The effect of this fertilizing system was even more negative than in the unfertilized control, due to the higher yield and P uptake in AS and UAN treatments. Although soil P was not a limiting nutrient for plant growth, it is possible to expect its direct influence on BY in AS and UAN treatments in the near future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of harvest time on bioethanol production and bagasse characteristics for combustion and forage in sweet sorghum

    Nazli R.I.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Determining the optimal harvest time is very crucial to achieve sustainable production of first-generation bioethanol as well as efficient use of its bagasse for combustion or feed in sweet sorghum. The aim of the current research was to understand the effects of different harvest times, which comprised flowering (FLW), soft dough (SD), hard dough (HD), and physiological maturity (PM) on the bioethanol production and the combustion and forage characteristics of its bagasse in sweet sorghum. In one study, averaged over a period of 2 years, the mean theoretical total ethanol yield (TEY) was between 4802 and 5316 L ha–1. The PM harvest produced the highest TEY, which was followed by the HD and SD harvests, with sligh differences. These results suggested that sweet sorghum should be harvested at any phenological stage after FLW to achieve sustainable total (juice + lignocellulosic) bioethanol production in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Averaged over a period of 2 years, the mean dry bagasse yield (DBY) achieved from the harvest times herein ranged between 12.0 and 14.1 t ha–1. As with TEY, the PM harvest exhibited the highest DBY and desirable bagasse combustion caharacteristics due to exhibiting the lowest moisture and ash contents, which indicated that it seemed be the most suitable harvest time if obtaining solid biofuel production from the bagasse is the main target after the production of juice ethanol. On the other hand, the HD harvest provided the highest bagasse forage quality among the harvest times due to exhibiting the significantly lowest neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, but the significantly highest relative feed value. These results suggested that the HD harvest time was the most suitable for sweet sorghum cultivation when producing juice ethanol that is complemented by the production of forage utilizing the bagasse.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial and temporal variation in drought types for wheat in Argentina and its association with actual yield and fertilization rate

    Sadras V.O.Monzon J.P.Pellegrini P.Alvarez Prado S....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Wheat annual acreage in Argentina is 3.0–6.8 Mha and spans across latitudes between ? 24° to ? 38° in regions with diverse climate, soil, and management practices. Identifying regional limitations is critical for both breeding and crop management. The objectives of this work were to (1) determine the environment types of rainfed wheat in Argentina as sets of spatial, probabilistic patterns of water stress across the region, accounting for crop phenology, soil depth and plant available water at sowing, and (2) associate the environment types with actual yield and fertilizer rate in farmers’ fields. Water stress was quantified as the simulated daily ratio between actual and potential crop transpiration (WSI) using the CERES-Wheat model and climate series (1983–2015) in 15 locations and classified the WSI trajectories along crop phenology into environment types. Environment types revealed two contrasting regions, one in the southwest and east, and the other in the center and north of the country. The southwestern-eastern region showed a higher synchrony between rainfall and crop cycle, higher frequency of non-stressful environments, higher actual yield and higher fertilization rates in farmers’ fields. The central-northern region showed lower synchrony between rainfall and crop cycle, a higher frequency of stressful environments, lower actual yield, and lower fertilization rates. This work highlights (i) the diverse environmental conditions for wheat in Argentina, hence providing a quantitative framework for matching adaptive traits and crop management to specific environments, and (ii) the two causal links between drought and crop yield reduction: a direct biological link whereby dry soil and elevated evaporative demand reduce growth and yield, and an indirect link mediated by a more conservative cropping approach with lower inputs in drier, riskier environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL