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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Effects of irrigation on stem lignin and breaking strength of winter wheat with different planting densities

    Wang, YuanyuanJin, MinChang, YonglanZhu, Junke...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increasing planting density is an important cultivation approach to improve wheat single yield. In field production, over irrigation under densified population conditions can easily cause lodging. Therefore, the lodging resistant wheat cultivar JM22 and the lodging sensitive wheat cultivar SN16 was used as experimental materials. Two irrigation treatments [rain-fed and spring irrigation (at jointing and anthesis stage)] were set with five planting densities (150 x 10(4) plants ha(-1), 225 x 10(4) plants ha(-1), 300 x 10(4) plants ha(-1), 375 x 10(4) plants ha(-1) and 450 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)). Lignin accumulation and its monomers (guaiacyl, syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl) in combination with the apparent and microanatomic characteristics of the basal second stems, were determined to elucidate effects of irrigation on the formation of breaking strength in wheat stems at different planting densities. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the breaking strength of stems were different in different stages and different treatments. Through multiple stepwise regression analysis, it was found that under low density (150 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)) conditions, irrigation decreased breaking strength of stem mainly by affecting lignin accumulation and its subunits. However, at medium and high density (225 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)- 375x 10(4) plants ha-1), the decrease of stem breaking strength caused by irrigation was the result of the co regulation of lignin metabolism, stem microscopic and morphological characteristics. At anthesis stage, when irrigated under the condition of low density (150 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)), the content of G subunit increased by 100 mu gg(-1) plants ha(-1)), irrigation increased S subunit content by 100 mu g g(-1), which resulting in high stem breaking strength by 0.5 N. However, at high density (375 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)-450 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)), along with H subunit content was increased by 10 mu g g(-1), the stem breaking strength was decreased by 0.14 N. Under irrigated and densified populations conditions, the decreasing range of wall thickness (-13.53%), stem filling degree (-16.65%) and the increasing range of H monomer ratio (15.77%) of high lodging resistance varieties were lower than those of SN16. Therefore, it held better ability to resist adverse environment and maintain lodging resistance. In this experiment, on the basis of irrigation (at jointing and anthesis stage) and 25 x 10(4) plants ha-1 planting density resulted in the highest yield (10,325.03 kg ha(-1)) and moderate stem. , the stem breaking strength increased by 0.4 N. At medium density (225 x 10(4) plants ha(-1)-300 x 10(4)
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Root plasticity and interspecific complementarity improve yields and water use efficiency of maize/soybean intercropping in a water-limited condition

    Zhang, YueSun, ZhanxiangSu, ZhichengDu, Guijuan...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Intercropping maize and soybean is renowned for improving crop production and resource use efficiencies. Interspecific competition and complementarity with respect to root plasticity is essential knowledge for understanding the mechanisms of overyielding and optimizing intercropping species selection. We conducted a threeyear field experiment (2017-2019) to quantify land and water productivities in relation to above- and belowground interspecific interactions, root growth and distribution under different nitrogen rates in maize/soybean intercropping. The land productivity in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) in maize/soybean intercropping was 1.10 across all years and N rates. The yield increase in intercropped maize was mainly gained from an 45% increase in kernel numbers, while the yield loss of intercropped soybean was caused mainly by an 35% decrease in the pod numbers compared to sole cropping. The system level water use efficiency, defined as water equivalent ratio (WER) was also 1.10. Compared with sole stands, intercropped maize consumed more water during the vegetative stage, but intercropped soybean took up more during the reproductive stage. That indicated a temporal complementarity of water use in the intercrop, which benefited maize kernel formation and partially offset the negative shading effect of soybean grain filling. Soybean showed a marked increase in root length density (RLD). Compared to the produced aboveground biomass (DM) in the intercrop, the intercropped soybean invested more assimilates into root than shoot, as defined as root plasticity, the RLD/DM ratio of soybean in the intercrop was 76% more than sole system. However, the intercrop did not change root plasticity of maize. The overlap of maize and soybean roots, i.e. interspecific interaction interface, occurred mainly within the position between two border rows and at first soybean row. Under interspecific competition, soybean in the intercropping created both temporal and spatial differentiation for water uptake, which might be a key reason for enhancing intercropping land and water productivities. Our results contribute to understanding the mechanism of interspecific interaction for maximizing land and water productivities in rain-fed intercropping.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modelling the integrated strategies of deficit irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and biochar addition for winter wheat by AquaCrop based on a two-year field study

    Huang, MingyiWang, CeQi, WeiZhang, Zhanyu...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Biochar application has been proposed as a promising practice for sustainability due to its potential to ensure food security while alleviating the water shortage and fertilizer overuse. Scheduling the proper integrated management of deficit irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and biochar addition are necessary to facilitate the effective use of biochar in agriculture. The objectives of this study were to test the AquaCrop model for winter wheat under different irrigation, nitrogen, and biochar regimes and to optimize the integrated strategies. For the model calibration and validation, a field experiment of winter wheat with two irrigation levels (full and deficit irrigation) and three fertility levels (200 kg/ha N, 100 kg N + 15 t/ha biochar, 0 kg/ha N) was conducted in the North China Plain during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons. The results showed that AquaCrop performed well in simulating soil water content (0.82 <= R-2, 0.92 <= d, RMSE <= 2.82%, NRMSE <= 17.34%), canopy cover (0.89 <=& nbsp; R-2, 0.95 <= d, RMSE <= 7.58%, NRMSE <= 13.33%), biomass (0.96 <= R-2, 0.96 < d, RMSE < 1.04 t/ha, NRMSE <= 16.75%), and grain yield (0.94 < R-2, 0.97 <= d, RMSE <= 0.34 t/ha, NRMSE <<= 5.32%). The effects of biochar on soil moisture, fertility, and wheat production could be adequately simulated by AquaCrop using the hydraulic properties of the biochar-mixed soil layer and its semi-quantitative method for soil fertility stress. The optimal integrated strategies were deficit irrigation with three irrigations of 60 mm at the jointing, anthesis, and grain-filling stage for dry years, two irrigations of 60 mm at the jointing and anthesis stage for normal years, and one irrigation of 60 mm at the anthesis stage for wet years, combined with 100 kg/ha N and 15 t/ha biochar, which could achieve over 80% of the potential yield while substantially increasing irrigation water productivity. Nonetheless, the model tended to under-estimate soil moisture, leaf growth and senescence, and grain yield in the biochar amended treatments, particularly under drought. Further improvements in the modules of soil properties, soil water balance, and canopy cover can be performed to increase the estimation accuracy. Additionally, AquaCrop was only calibrated and validated based on a two-year experiment under the weather conditions of no drought and moderate drought. Therefore, future validation studies using the long-term field data with the larger climate variability are necessary to better identify the impacts of integrated strategies and climate change. Finally, considering its good balance in simplicity, robustness, and accuracy, AquaCrop could be a reliable tool to guide the field management of irrigation, fertilization, and biochar addition.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating the maize above-ground biomass by constructing the tridimensional concept model based on UAV-based digital and multi-spectral images

    Shu MeiyanShen MengyuanDong QizhouYang Xiaohong...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Above-ground biomass (AGB) is an important basis for the formation of crop yield. The accurate estimation of maize AGB based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images is important for superior varieties selection, field management and maize yield prediction. The previous studies mainly focused on constructing empirical models of AGB by using spectral vegetation indices (VIs), plant height (PH), texture, and is lacked of universality. We conducted the field experiments of maize breeding materials for three years, and obtained UAV digital and multispectral images. Considering that the maize AGB before tasseling stage was composed of stem and leaf, we constructed a tridimensional concept model to predict maize AGB coordinated by integrating leaf area index (LAI) and PH, in order to improve the accuracy and universality of UAV data on monitoring maize AGB at multiple growth stages. Firstly, the maize PH was estimated based on the maize canopy height model constructed using the UAV digital images. Secondly, the maize LAI was estimated based on UAV multi-spectrum images and the modified Beer-Lambert law. Finally, the tridimensional concept model of maize AGB was constructed by integrating PH and LAI, and compared with the AGB regression model based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The results showed that the maize PH could be estimated well, and the R2, RMSE and rRMSE of the measured and estimated PH were 0.87, 11.17 cm and 16.04% respectively. The LAI could be estimated effectively, and the R2, RMSE, and rRMSE of the sample set were 0.78, 0.49 and 30% respectively. Compared with the maize AGB estimation model based on NDVI (R2 = 0.79, RMSE = 41.95 g/m2, rRMSE = 31.79%), the tridimensional concept model could better estimate the maize AGB (R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 38.53 g/ m2, rRMSE = 29.19%). Testing the tridimensional concept model by stand-alone data of 2019 and 2021 years, the accuracy of the AGB estimation model based on the tridimensional concept was much higher than that of the NDVI model. In conclusion,the tridimensional concept model of maize AGB proposed in this study effectively improved the accuracy, stability and universality, which could provide a reference for the estimation of maize AGB by UAV technology at plot scale of the breeding materials.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Near-isogenic lines for resistance to blast disease, in the genetic background of the Indica Group rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar IR64

    Fukuta, YoshimichiJeanie Telebanco-Yanoria, MaryKoide, YoheiSaito, Hiroki...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：We developed 21 near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of the Indica Group rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar IR64, with each containing one of the 11 blast resistance genes: Pish, Piz, Piz-5, Pi9(t), Pii, Pi3, Pik, Pik-h, Pik-p, Pi1, and Pi7(t). The NILs were confirmed to harbor these genes by their reaction patterns to standard differential blast isolates and by analyses for graphical genotypes using DNA markers located on the same chromosome regions as the target resistance genes. The agronomic traits of these NILs, such as days to heading and yield components, were also investigated and found to be very similar to those of IR64, even when grown under the dramatically different environmental conditions of the temperate and subtropical regions of Japan. These NILs and their genetic information will be used as gene sources for Indica Group rice breeding programs, to improve resistance to blast disease, and as a multiline variety that will also be useful as an alternative approach to the development of the durability of rice resistance to blast disease in tropical areas, especially in irrigated lowland ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Water budgeting in conservation agriculture-based sub-surface drip irrigation using HYDRUS-2D in rice under annual rotation with wheat in Western Indo-Gangetic Plains

    Rana, BiswajitParihar, C. M.Patra, KiranmoySingh, V. K....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABS TRACT Rapidly depleting groundwater in western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) is a major threat to food security in South Asia. Conventional tillage-based and flood irrigated puddled transplanted rice (PTR) is a major contributor to faster depleting aquifers. Urgent actions are therefore warranted to develop alternate productive, profitable, water and N-use efficient rice production practices for rice-wheat (RW) cropping system. Conservation agriculture (CA) based direct-seeded rice (DSR) has been advocated as a potential alternative to PTR. Further, bundling CA with precision water and N management using sub-surface drip irrigation (SSD) has demonstrated significant benefits over CA-based flood irrigation (FI). However, for more efficient use of water, water budgeting is needed which is a challenging task as it requires expensive tools, and time, and efforts. Information about complete water budgeting in high water demanding crops like rice grown under CA-based SSD, FI, and PTR are not available. We deployed HYDRUS-2D model for estimating water budgeting of rice under CA+ (CA-based SSD), CA-based FI, and PTR-based systems. The objective of our study was to calibrate and validate the HYDRUS-2D model to simulate water dynamics in rice grown under CA-based SSD and FI compared to PTR and to design water and N-use efficient production practices for rice cultivation in western IGP. Five treatments comprised of PTR+FI with 120 kg N ha-1 (PTR), zero-till direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR)+FI without N (ZT-N0), ZTDSR+FI with 100% of N recommended dose (ZT-N100), ZTDSR+SSD without N (SSD-N0), and ZTDSR+SSD with 100% of N-recommended dose (SSD-N100) were compared. The result showed that the HYDRUS-2D model satisfactorily simulated the soil moisture content with low root mean square error (RMSE) (0.014-0.028), high coefficient of determination (74-92%), and model efficiency (59-87%) during the simulation period (80 days: 35-114 days after sowing). The highest grain yield (7.18 t ha(-1)) was observed in the PTR treatment, which was statistically similar to SSD-N100 (6.54 t ha(-1)) and significantly higher than ZT-N100. During the simulation period, PTR plots received 131.7 cm of water (rainfall + irrigation) which was 27.3% and 50.1% higher than ZT-N100 and SSD-N100 plots, respectively. Out of the cumulative water applied, PTR transpired only 18.4% of applied water, compared to 24% in ZT-N100 and 36.3% in SSD-N100. Interestingly, SSD-N100 plots recorded 20.6% and 23.5% less evaporative loss and 45.0% and 66.0% less water loss by deep drainage than ZT-N100 and PTR, respectively. Thus, conversion to CA+ system with 100% N-recommended dose saved 50.1% and 31.3% of water, and consequently attained 2.0 and 1.45-times higher biomass water use efficiency than PTR and ZT-N100, respectively. Based on the results, CA-based SSD could be recommended for precise utilization of water and to curtails the unproductive water loss components such as evaporation and deep drainage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Source-sink relationships in short-duration and hybrid rice cultivars in tropical Asia

    Won, Phyo L. P.Kanno, NorikoBanayo, Nino P. M.Bueno, Crisanta S....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Shortening the period of rice cropping enables farmers to reduce irrigation water in tropical lowlands. However, grain yield of tropical short-duration rice is often restricted by poor grain filling, whose causes are yet unknown. This study evaluated the source-sink balance, which is closely associated with grain filling, in tropical rice. We compared the percentage of filled grains and stem nonstructural carbohydrates in a popular short-duration cultivar and a high-yielding hybrid cultivar over a wide range of spikelets m(-2) by differentiating the N inputs and planting densities on a lowland farm of the International Rice Research Institute, the Philippines, during four seasons. Grain yield ranged from 2.2 to 8.6 t ha(-1), with the hybrid cultivar producing consistently higher yield (by 27% on average). Compared with the hybrid cultivar, the short-duration cultivar had less stem nonstructural carbohydrates at heading per spikelet (by 24% on average) and a lower percentage of filled grains in the wet season (by 13% on average), when the source capacity was lowest. Source capacity per spikelet and stem nonstructural carbohydrates at heading per spikelet were significantly associated with the percentage of filled grains, suggesting that these indicators of the source-sink ratio modulate grain filling in tropical rice. Although the sink capacity of the short-duration cultivar was similar to, or smaller than, that of the hybrid cultivar, its limited source capacity resulted in poorer grain filling. We suggest that the role of stem nonstructural carbohydrates should be emphasized in the breeding of tropical short-duration rice.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    DPC can inhibit cotton apical dominance and increase seed yield by affecting apical part structure and hormone content

    Shi, FengLi, NannanKhan, AzizLin, Hairong...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, DPC) has been successfully used worldwide in cotton production. Fortified DPC (DPC+) can slightly damage young tissues of the epidermis, which has shown potential in cotton chemical topping in China. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. We investigated whether apical meristem and leaf morpho-physiological traits contribute to delayed growth of the main stem and increased seed yield in DPC or DPC+ as a chemical inhibitor. Two different DPC-sensitive varieties (Xinluzao 60, L60; Jinken 1402, JK1402) were field-grown using three different topping treatments manual topping (MT), no topping (NT) and chemical topping (DPC+ and DPC) in irrigated arid lands of Xinjiang for two years. The plant height decreased by 1.4-13.6% for the DPC+ and DPC treatments compared with the NT treatment and increased by 3.8 -9.2% compared with the MT treatment. The thickness of the leaves, palisade tissue (Pt) and spongy tissue (St) increased by 5.1-21.5% under DPC treatment compared with other treatments. The 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) content of the leaves significantly increased by 25.0-93.8% at 10 days under the DPC treatment compared with that under the MT and NT treatments. The zeatin riboside (ZR) content of the leaves and apical buds increased up to 7.5 times at 40 days under the DPC+ and DPC treatments compared with that under the NT treatment. The accumulation of reproductive organ biomass and proportion of reproductive organ dry matter to total dry matter under the DPC+ and DPC treatments increased by 2.0-39.7% compared with that under the MT and NT treatments. The seed cotton yield between the DPC(+ )and DPC treatments showed no significant difference. However, the seed cotton yield of JK1402 under the DPC+ and DPC treatments signifi-cantly increased by 9.5-11.7% compared with that under the MT and NT treatments. The main stem length was significantly correlated with the stem length of the upper part and gibberellin (GA) content in the apical buds. The leaf Pt and ZR contents were significantly correlated with the boll weight and seed cotton yield. Collectively, the data suggest that improved morpho-physiological traits of the apical part, such as an increase in the IAA and GA contents in the apical buds, leaf Pt and ZR contents, and boll weight, inhibited growth of the main stem and increased seed cotton yield for DPC, which is cheaper than DPC+ as a chemical inhibitor under chemical regulation during the whole growth period.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The optimization of conservation agriculture practices requires attention to location-specific performance: Evidence from large scale gridded simulations across South Asia

    Zhang, TianningXiong, WeiSapkota, Tek B.Jat, M. L....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The ways in which farmers implement conservation agricultural (CA) practices - which entail reduced tillage, maintenance of soil cover, and crop rotations - varies considerably in different environments, farming systems, and by the intensity with which farmers administer management practices. Such variability requires an efficient tool to evaluate the cost-benefit of CA, to inform agricultural policymakers and development priorities to facilitate expanded use of CA under appropriate circumstances. Rice-wheat rotation is the principal production system in South Asia (SA). Research has shown that CA can be promising in this rotation because of improved irrigated water, energy, and labor use efficiencies, in addition to the reduction in atmospheric pollution and potentially long term improvements in soil quality. Yield responses to CA are however varying across studies and regions. With a nine-year rice-wheat CA experiment in Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia, this study parameterizes the Environmental Policy Climate (EPIC) model to simulate five CA and conventional managements on the RW cropping system. Information from geospatial datasets and farm surveys were used to parameterize the model at the regional scale, increasing the management flexibility and range of localities in the simulation. Yield potential of the CAs in the whole SA was thereby explored by utilizing the model with various management strategies. Our results demonstrate how geospatial and survey data, along with calibration by a long-term experiment, can supplement a regional simulation to increase the model's ability to capture yield patterns. Yield gains from CA are widespread but generally low under current management regimes, with varied yield responses among CAs and environments. Conversely, CA has considerable potential in SA to increase rice-wheat productivity by up to 38%. Our results highlight the importance of applying an adaptive definition of CA, depending on environmental circumstances, while also building the capacity of farmers interested in CA to apply optimal management practices appropriate for their environment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Indirect early generation selection for yield in winter wheat

    Hunt, James R.Rattey, AllanHarris, Felicity A. J.Porker, Kenton D....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Early generation selection (EGS) aims to accelerate genetic yield gain by applying selection pressure for desirable traits at early generations within breeding programmes. This study was designed to evaluate single plant yield (SPY), harvest index (HI; SPY divided by aboveground biomass) and estimated fruiting efficiency (FEm; kernels per unit chaff weight) as EGS traits in predominantly F3 populations of winter wheat. Lines were sown as single plants and in plots of pooled family seed in northwest Victoria, Australia in 2018. From the single plant populations, 21-23 lines were selected for each EGS trait and 52 lines were selected at random to estimate true population mean; 25 lines were selected visually from pooled plots. Selected lines were sown in partially replicated plots in 2019. Lines selected for HI yielded 24% more than lines selected at random and 22% more than lines selected visually; selections made for SPY and FEm yielded the equivalent of HI selections, but not significantly higher than the random or visual treatments. In 2020, the 7 highest-yielding lines from the HI, random and visual selection treatments were sown in replicated plots. There was no significant difference in yield between treatments. Nevertheless, EGS for HI successfully culled low yielding lines, and enriched populations with high yielding lines prior to plot-level yield testing. Advancements in high-throughput phenotyping are required before widespread adoption but are anticipated in the near future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier