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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Exploiting heterosis of semi-hybrids and heterogeneity of cultivar mixtures to enhance alfalfa crop performance

    Annicchiarico P.Pecetti L.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Alfalfa semi-hybrids (alias free-hybrids or chance-hybrids) of genetically-distant populations may display heterosis, but their actual value is substantially unknown. Higher biomass yield may also derive from heterogeneity in cultivar mixtures. This study aimed to compare three two-way and one three-way semi-hybrids and three two-way physical mixtures issued from putative heterotic populations selected from elite Italian germplasm, Egyptian germplasm and a semi-erect pool from Eastern Europe, Canada and Spanish Mielga, their source populations, and a reference synthetic variety selected from the same pool as the Italian population. We assessed three-year dry-matter biomass yield, final persistence, adaptability and yield stability across eight densely-planted managed environments obtained by the factorial combination of two summer water amounts by two soil types by pure stand (PS) or mixed stand (MS) with forage grasses. Heterogeneity increased yield by 17.0% on average while affecting persistence inconsistently. The advantage over mid-parent value averaged 35.1% for yield and 16.3% for persistence of two-way semi-hybrids, while being 35.6% for yield and 21.1% for persistence of the three-way semi-hybrid. The top-yielding semi-hybrid, issued from Italian and Egyptian material, out-yielded both parent populations, and exhibited 7.4% higher mean yield and greater competitive ability than the reference synthetic variety. PS or MS condition affected plant material × environment interaction for yield or persistence more than summer water availability or soil type, but interaction patterns were mainly quantitative with increasing variation in MS. No manifest plant material variation emerged for yield stability. Based on our results, a semi-hybrid variety type can be valuable for alfalfa.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    15N labelling of cattle manure reveals the distribution of organic fertiliser nitrogen in a winter wheat system

    Ma L.Shi L.Wang S.Wang K....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.15N tracer technology can be used to study the distribution of fertiliser N in the soil–plant system. However, few studies have used 15N tracer to directly label organic fertiliser such as livestock manure. Therefore, we analysed the distribution of N derived from cattle manure labelled with15N in winter wheat plants and the soil. An unlabelled large-plot experiment and 15N-labelled micro-plot experiment were performed using five fertilisation treatments: M (30 t ha–1 manure) without additional N fertiliser, M+N75 (75 kg N ha–1), M+N150 (150 kg N ha–1), M+N225 (225 kg N ha–1) and M+N300 (300 kg N ha–1). The amounts of manure-derived N in crop plants and the soil were determined over a 2-year period (2019 and 2020). The wheat yield of M+N150 treatment plots was close to the highest wheat yield obtained in the M+N225 treatment plots (6311 kg ha–1 in 2019 and 6523 kg ha–1 in 2020). A large amount of manure-derived N was distributed in the whole plants treated with M+N150, being 78.4% (2019) and 58.3% (2020) higher than that in the plants treated with M+N300. The N use efficiency of manure in the M+N150 treatment plots was 8.1%, not unlike the highest N use efficiency observed in the M+N75 treatment plots (8.4%, sum of 2019 and 2020). The manure-derived total N at 0–40 cm soil depth in the M+N150 treatment plots was lower than that in the M treatment plots, whereas the manure-derived mineral N in the M+N150 treatment plots was similar to that in the M treatment plots and lower than that in the M+N300 treatment plots. These results suggested that the application of 30 t ha–1 of cattle manure with 150 kg ha–1 of N fertiliser was the optimal fertilisation treatment in the soil–wheat system, which could obtain high crop yield and improve N use efficiency by increasing the distribution of manure-derived N in whole plants and reducing manure-derived N in the soil.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Cassava-maize intercropping systems in southern Nigeria: Radiation use efficiency, soil moisture dynamics, and yields of component crops

    Nwokoro C.C.Barthel M.Six J.Adeyemi O....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsEfficient utilization of incident solar radiation and rainwater conservation in rain-fed smallholder cropping systems require the development and adoption of cropping systems with high resource use efficiency. Due to the popularity of cassava-maize intercropping and the food security and economic importance of both crops in Nigeria, we investigated options to improve interception of photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), radiation use efficiency (RUE), soil moisture retention, and yields of cassava and maize in cassava-maize intercropping systems in 8 on-farm researcher-managed multi-location trials between 2017 and 2019 in different agro-ecologies of southern Nigeria. Treatments were a combination of (1) maize planting density (low density at 20,000 maize plants ha-1 versus high density at 40,000 maize plants ha-1, intercropped with 12,500 cassava plants ha-1); (2) fertilizer application and management targeting either the maize crop (90 kg N, 20 kg P and 37 kg K ha-1) or the cassava crop (75 kg N, 20 kg P and 90 kg K ha-1), compared with control without fertilizer application. Cassava and maize development parameters were highest in the maize fertilizer regime, resulting in the highest IPAR at high maize density. The combined intercrop biomass yield was highest at high maize density in the maize fertilizer regime. Without fertilizer application, RUE was highest at low maize density. However, the application of the maize fertilizer regime at high maize density resulted in the highest RUE, soil moisture content, and maize grain yield. Cassava storage root yield was higher in the cassava fertilizer regime than in the maize fertilizer regime. We conclude that improved IPAR, RUE, soil moisture retention, and grain yield on nutrient-limited soils of southern Nigeria, or in similar environments, can be achieved by intercropping 40,000 maize plants ha-1 with 12,500 cassava plants ha-1 and managing the system with the maize fertilizer regime. However, for higher cassava storage root yield, the system should be managed with the cassava fertilizer regime.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Metabolomic analysis reveals differential metabolites and pathways involved in grain chalkiness improvement under rice ratooning

    Lin F.Zou J.Lin S.Zhang Z....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Metabolomic approaches provide new insights into studying changes in yield traits and grain chalkiness under a ratoon cropping system. In this study, when rice plants were grown as ratooning season rice, seed setting percentage, chalky grain percentage and chalkiness degree were highly improved, as compared to their counterparts in main-cropping season rice and late-cropping season rice. Furthermore, such improvements were proven to be associated with a shift in the metabolomic composition of the grain, especially regarding variations in sugar components in carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, rice ratooning specifically increased the total ascorbate content combined with an enhancement of oxidative stress tolerance in grains. Finally, a potential mechanism was revealed: rice ratooning caused compositional changes in sugar metabolism in addition to promoting starch synthesis during the early stage of grain filling, ultimately improving the level of grain chalkiness.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Yield and water-use related traits in landrace and new soybean cultivars in arid and semi-arid areas of China

    Feng Y.-Y.He J.Jin Y.Li F.-M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Empirical soybean breeding has improved its yield in arid and semi-arid areas of China. The objective of this study was to identify the important traits found in successful commercial soybean cultivars following the domestication of landraces through breeding in the semi-arid region of North-west China. A further objective was to identify any key traits that can be targeted using trait-based selection to improve yield under drought. Seed yield, phenology, water-use, water-use efficiency and their related traits in soybean landraces and successful cultivars were compared over a four year period in the field and this was supplemented with an outdoor pot experiment. The results in both field and pot experiments showed that successful soybean cultivars have a reduced thermal time to flowering but the thermal time for seed filling has increased. This change in partitioning of phenological time in the commercial cultivars resulted in a lower number of pods, fewer seeds per unit area but an increase in 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield. New soybean cultivars with high seed yield also had a lower vegetative biomass and less water use in both field and pot experiments than landraces but the lower water use did not compromise seed yield. The commercial cultivars also had a lower pod wall ratio (ratio of pod wall weight to total pod weight at maturity) which also contributed to yield by improving harvest index. We conclude that the key traits that have been altered as a result of soybean breeding in arid and semi-arid areas of China have been (1) a shortening of the duration between sowing and flowering but an extension of the seed filling period, (2) fewer pods but an increase in seed number per pod and 100-seed weight and also a decreased pod wall ratio, (3) an increased harvest index and (4) a reduced water use, particularly in the deeper soil layers.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    How process-based modeling can help plant breeding deal with G x E x M interactions

    Hajjarpoor A.Vadez V.Nelson W.C.D.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsGenotype-by-Environment-by-Management (GxExM) interactions represent many unknowns for crop improvement programs, which hampers the development of improved varieties, especially for highly variable environments like those limited by rainfall. While breeding programs have traditionally used statistical tools to deal with these interactions, process-based crop modeling has recently become an alternative and powerful approach. Overall, while statistical methods remain the most optimal solution to deal with GxExM interactions when many production datasets across time and space are available from multi-environment trials (MET), in silico methods like crop modeling can be used if such data is lacking, or if MET data don't cover the entire target region. Yet, despite several reviews on the potential uses of process-based modeling tools to aid such issues, their practical use in helping breeding programs is still in its infancy. After exposing the pros and cons of process-based modeling, this paper presents the step-by-step process that would allow breeding programs to harness this tool to help guide their breeding decisions. We also argue that the issue of GxExM interactions should be tackled in a co-construction process, involving breeders, agronomists, extensionists, and modelers from the beginning, and this would bring crop models one step closer to being used to help make plant breeding decisions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Thirty years of water management research for rice in sub-Saharan Africa: Achievement and perspectives

    Dossou-Yovo E.R.Devkota K.P.Akpoti K.Zwart S.J....
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Rice is one of the major staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is mainly grown in three environments: rainfed upland and rainfed and irrigated lowlands. In all rice-growing environments, the yield gap (the difference between the potential yield in irrigated lowland or water-limited yield in rainfed lowland and upland and the actual yield obtained by farmers) is largely due to a wide range of constraints including water-related issues. This paper aims to review water management research for rice cultivation in SSA. Major water-related constraints to rice production include drought, flooding, iron toxicity, and soil salinity. A wide range of technologies has been tested by Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) and its partners for their potential to address some of the water-related challenges across SSA. In the irrigated lowlands, the system of rice intensification and alternate wetting and drying significantly reduced water use, while the pre-conditions to maintain grain yield and quality compared to continuous flooding were identified. Salinity problems caused by the standing water layer could be addressed by flushing and leaching. In the rainfed lowlands, water control structures, Sawah rice production system, and the Smart-Valleys approach for land and water development improved water availability and grain yield compared to traditional water management practices. In the rainfed uplands, supplemental irrigation, mulching, and conservation agriculture mitigated the effects of drought on rice yield. The Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) approach was developed to work with and educate communities to help them implement improved water management technologies. Most of the research assessed a few indicators such as rice yield, water use, water productivity at the field level. There has been limited research on the cost-benefit of water management technologies, enabling conditions and business models for their large-scale adoption, as well as their impact on farmers’ livelihoods, particularly on women and youth. Besides, limited research has been conducted on water management design for crop diversification, landscape-level water management, and iron toxicity mitigation, particularly in lowlands. Filling these research gaps could contribute to sustainable water resources management and sustainable intensification of rice-based systems in SSA.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of nitrogen fertility rate and seeding rate on yield, nutritive value and economics of forage corn in a low corn heat unit region of Western Canada

    Agnew J.Sprenger C.Kendel Z.Jefferson P.G....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Grazing whole plant forage corn (Zea mays L.) during winter by gestating beef cows (Bos taurus) is an alterative feeding strategy in Saskatchewan, Canada. Seeding rate for target plant population and N fertility rates for grazing corn have been based on grain corn research results. The objectives of this study were to determine seeding rate and N fertility rate effects and interaction on forage corn yield and nutritive value. Trials were conducted over three growing seasons (2016, 2017, and 2018) at six sites: Scott, Lanigan, Melfort, Yorkton, Outlook, and Redvers Saskatchewan, that ranged from 2100 to 2450 corn heat unit (CHU) rating. Three N fertility rates, 112, 168 and 225 kg ha?1, and 3 seeding rates, 75,000, 100,000 and 125,000 seeds ha?1, were evaluated with corn hybrids that were adapted to each site. Dry matter (DM) forage yield at the half-milk line stage was determined and samples analyzed by NIRS at a commercial lab for nutritive value. Increased seeding rate from 75,000 to 125,000 seeds ha?1 resulted in increased DM yield by 1.0 ± 0.1 Mg ha?1 and increased total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield while crude protein (CP) and P concentrations decreased. Fiber, TDN, and carbohydrate concentrations were not affected by seeding rate. Increased N fertility from 112 to 225 kg ha?1 resulted in increased DM yield by 0.6 ± 0.1 Mg ha?1, and increased CP yield, and TDN yield. CP and soluble protein concentrations increased while neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF-dig) concentration decreased with increased N fertility. Mineral concentrations also increased with increasing N fertility. There were no seeding rate x N rate interactions for yield or nutritive value. Site-years varied in most yield and nutritive value variables. N rate x site-year interactions were significant for DM yield, CP yield and TDN yield because the effect of N fertility was significant at only one third to one half of the site-years. Cost of production per tonne of DM or TDN increased with increased seeding rate but neither was affected by N fertility rate. Net revenue was reduced from $522 ha?1 to $462 ha?1 by increased seeding rate while there was no effect of N fertility rate on net revenue. Current seeding rate and N fertilizer rates for grazing corn in Saskatchewan will provide producers with the highest net return.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in the U.S. soybean systems

    de Borja Reis A.F.Rosso L.H.M.Adee E.Ciampitti I.A....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation (SNF) is critical to satisfying the nutritional need of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maintaining productivity and high seed protein concentration. Due to its low environmental impact, a key factor for increasing the sustainability of soybean systems is to enhance SNF. Seed inoculation with the free-living Azospirillum brasilense alone or with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (herein called co-inoculation) are plausible strategies that have been explored in tropical environments but lack information in temperate regions. Following this rationale, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense (herein called Azospirillum) alone or combined with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (herein called Bradyrhizobium) in a range of environments in the United States (US) for: (i) seed yield, (ii) relative abundance of ureides (RAU) as a proxy of SNF, and (iii) seed protein concentration. Twenty-five field studies across the US states with the same experimental design were performed during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The primary outcomes of this research were: (i) yield responses to co-inoculation were considered significant in only 2 out of 25 site-years, (ii) RAU was not increased by Azospirillum inoculation or co-inoculation, and lastly, (iii) seed protein concentration was marginally associated with the inoculation strategies. Although Azospirillum did not impose remarkable gain in any observed plant traits, future studies should focus on mechanistically understanding whether Azospirillum can naturalize in temperate region soils. Still, strategies for enhancing SNF are required for sustainably improving productivity and quality for US soybean systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effective GAI is best estimated from reflectance observations as compared to GAI and LAI: Demonstration for wheat and maize crops based on 3D radiative transfer simulations

    Jiang J.Weiss M.Liu S.Baret F....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The definition of LAI (Leaf Area Index) is important when deriving it from reflectance observation for model application and validation. Canopy reflectance and the corresponding quantities of LAI, PAI (Plant Area Index), GAI (Green Area Index) and effective GAI (GAIeff) are first calculated using a 3D radiative transfer model (RTM) applied to 3D wheat and maize architecture models. A range of phenological stages, leaf optical properties, soil reflectance, canopy structure and sun directions is considered. Several retrieval methods are compared, including vegetation indices (VIs) combined with a semi-empirical model, and 1D or 3D RTM combined with a machine learning inversion approach. Results show that GAIeff is best estimated from remote sensing observations. The RTM inversion using a 3D model provides more accurate GAIeff estimates compared with VIs and the 1D PROSAIL model with RMSE = 0.33 for wheat and RMSE= 0.43 for maize. GAIeff offers the advantage to be easily accessible from ground measurements at the decametric resolution. It was therefore concluded that the most efficient retrieval approach would be to use machine learning algorithms trained over paired GAIeff and the corresponding canopy reflectance derived either from realistic 3D canopy models or from experimental measurements.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier