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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    A comparison of multiple calibration and ensembling methods for estimating genetic coefficients of CERES-Rice to simulate phenology and yields

    Vara Prasad P.V.Jha P.K.Ines A.V.M.Han E....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Estimating genetic coefficients of a new rice cultivar is important when a crop model is used to test its performance. Here, we estimated genetic coefficients of two rice genotypes in the Philippines, namely, inbred PSB Rc82 and hybrid Mestizo 20, for CERES-Rice using parameter estimation methods including, GENCALC (Genotype Coefficient Calculator), GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) and NMCGA (Noisy Monte Carlo Genetic Algorithm). Ensembling of genetic coefficients were also employed. Model calibrations were done during the 2012 wet season using observed anthesis and maturity dates and yields as calibration data. Validation was done during the dry season of that year. Calibration results suggest that genetic coefficients estimated by different methods vary and are not consistent in predicting phenology and yield accurately. One method is better in predicting phenology, while another, for yield. However, arithmetic averaging of genetic coefficients, and weighted averaging based on parameter estimation methods’ performances worked well. In this study, arithmetic averaging of model parameters during calibration produced the best predictions of phenology and yield, in both rice genotypes, and this performance persisted during validation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization influence on alfalfa yield, nutritive value, and resource use efficiency in an arid environment

    Yan Z.Jia Q.Chang S.Ahmad I....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.In arid regions, water and nitrogen are the two most limiting factors for sustainable pastoral production systems. In this study, we determined the potential effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on forage yield, nutritive values, and resource use efficiency of alfalfa in arid agro-climatic conditions. Field experiments were carried out using three irrigation regimes (W1, 300; W2, 450; and W3, 600 mm) and three nitrogen application rates (N1, 150; N2, 225; and N3, 300 Kg N ha?1). Alfalfa seeds were sown in fall 2014, uniformly managed for crop establishment, and subjected to different treatments in spring 2015–2016. Results indicated that irrigation, nitrogen, and their interaction (W × N) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected alfalfa forage yield, quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Forage yield followed an increasing trend with increasing the irrigation amount at each harvest in both growing seasons. However, crude protein (CP), relative feed values (RFV), and IWUE were significantly decreased while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were increased at the high irrigation level (W3). The maximum forage yield was achieved with W3 treatment (25.9 and 23.1 t ha?1), followed by W2 (25.8 and 21.7 t ha?1) in 2015 and 2016. In both years, the highest IWUE (57.3 and 48.2 kg mm?1), CP (16.1 % and 17.7 %), and RFV (197.1 % and 186.2 %) values were achieved with W2 treatment. Moreover, increasing N application resulted in a linear decline in alfalfa forage yield, nutritive quality, and resource use efficiency. The maximum forage yield (24.4 and 21.2 t ha?1), CP (15.5 % and 16.4 %), RFV (210.3 % and 198.8 %), IWUE (54.3 and 47.0 kg mm?1), and NUE (169.9 and 141.2 kg kg?1), and lower ADF (25.7 % and 24.9 %) and NDF (31.0 % and 33.1 %) was obtained with application of 150 kg N ha?1 in 2015 and 2016. The regression equations of irrigation and nitrogen application indicated a quadratic relationship between yield and forage nutritive values. Overall, 450 mm irrigation coupled with 150 kg N ha?1 (W2N1) showed the most promising effects in terms of achieving optimal forage yield consistent with enhanced forage nutritive values, and greater resource use efficiency of alfalfa in the arid region of North China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Efficient nitrogen allocation and reallocation into the ear in relation to the superior vascular system in low-nitrogen tolerant maize hybrid

    Liu Z.Sha Y.Huang Y.Hao Z....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Efficient nitrogen (N) utilization is crucial for maintaining grain yield under low N input. Less is known about the role of within-plant N allocation and reallocation on ear development and the factors determining N allocation during the critical period around silking. In this study, two maize hybrids, ZD958 (N-efficient) and LY99 (N-inefficient), were evaluated in a 2-year field experiment under two N rates (60 and 180 kg N ha-1). N transport and allocation into the ear during critical period were investigated using 15N stable isotopic tracer. The number and area of vascular bundles in ear shank, above- and below-ear internode were measured. The two hybrids did not differ in grain yields under high N rate. However, the grain yield of ZD958 was 43.6% higher than that of LY99 under low N rate, deriving from 26.3% and 13.9% increment in grain number and grain weight, respectively. At early critical growth stage before silking, ZD958 increased allocation of soil-derived N to the ear by 225.2% compared with LY99 under low N rate. At late critical growth stage after silking, ZD958 increased allocation of soil-derived N and reallocation of vegetative-N to the ear by 45.5% and 116.6%, respectively, compared with LY99 under low N rate. As a result, ear growth rate and ear N content of ZD958 was 22.2% and 69.1% higher than that of LY99 at the end of critical period. During N allocation and N reallocation, the lower leaves were sacrificed and the N status of the ear leaf and upper leaves was mostly maintained to sustain photosynthesis. In the ear shank, flux rate and N concentration of the xylem sap in ZD958 were 53.1% and 32.5% greater at silking stage, and were 40.8% and 27.5% greater at 14-days after silking, respectively, compared with LY99 under low N rate. Correspondingly, the number and average area of big vascular bundles in ear shank of ZD958 were 56.2% and 31.0% greater compared with LY99. Parameters characterizing the number and area of big vascular bundles were positively correlated with N allocation and grain yield, while that of small vascular bundles were negative. It is concluded that efficient N allocation to the ear at critical period is essential for ear growth and the subsequent vegetative-N remobilization, so as to improve low-N tolerance in high-yielding maize hybrids. A superior vascular system around the ear, especially in the ear shank, can enhance N allocation into the ear and could be regarded as a physiological selection trait in maize breeding to improve nitrogen use efficiency.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Intercropping modulates the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and nitrogen in maize and peanut

    Gao H.Zhang Z.Wan S.Zhang C....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Intercropping increases resource capture due to species complementarities, but it is not clear to which extent intercropping also affects the redistribution of carbohydrates and nitrogen (N) within the plant. Here, we examined in two years field experimentation the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and N in maize and peanut in pure stands and intercrops at five N input levels. Post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in the cob was on average 117 g plant?1 in sole maize and 159 g plant?1 in intercropped maize, of which post-anthesis dry matter translocation contributed 9 and 19 g plant?1, respectively. Intercropping increased post-anthesis N accumulation of maize from 0.77 to 1.29 g N plant?1 and N translocation to cobs from 0.94 to 1.16 g N plant?1, but it decreased the contribution of post-anthesis N translocation to grain from 54.0% in sole maize to 46.9% in intercropped maize. The kernel number was 486 per cob in sole maize and 609 per cob in intercropped maize, and the thousand-kernel weight was 320 g and 336 g, respectively. In peanut, intercropping decreased post-anthesis dry matter accumulation from 14.8 to 9.4 g plant?1, post-anthesis N accumulation from 0.37 to 0.24 g N plant?1 and N translocation to the pods from 0.25 to 0.14 g N plant?1. The pod number per plant in peanut decreased from 10.6 in the sole crop to 8.6 in intercropping. Nitrogen fertilization increased dry matter accumulation and translocation in intercropped maize, but had little impact in sole maize or in sole or intercropped peanut. In both species, dry matter translocation to the reproductive organs contributed slightly to the yield, while the post-anthesis contribution of N translocation was of the same order of magnitude as that of N uptake.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of soil mulching on staple crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions in China: A meta-analysis

    Qin R.Sun G.Zhang W.Huang J....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Food security and global warming in the 21st century are two major challenges for agricultural development. Soil mulching either with plastic film or straw is a common agricultural practice, which can improve crop growth by reducing evaporation and regulating soil temperature, and is widely applied globally. Although soil mulching can significantly affect crop yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, there is controversy regarding its effect on crop yield and GHG emissions in the long run. We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the impact of soil mulching practices on maize, wheat, and rice yield and GHG emissions in China. Our results demonstrated that soil mulching improved crop yield (16 – 22%), and its impact on GHG emissions varied with crop, region, and mulching method. Plastic film mulching (FM) and straw mulching (SM) increased yield by 28% and 9% compared with no-mulching (NM), respectively. FM decreased methane (CH4) emissions in paddy by 51%, and CH4 uptakes in upland by 23%, but SM increased CH4 emissions in paddy by 140%. Soil mulching increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of maize and wheat by 13% and 12% than NM, respectively. CO2 emissions under FM decreased when ATP > 911.8 mm and AMT > 15.6 °C. N2O emissions under soil mulching may be reduced when nitrogen input is greater than 144 kg N ha?1. This showed that the reasonable use of soil mulching has the potential to achieve a win-win strategy to ensure food security and mitigate climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating plant nitrogen content in tomato using a smartphone

    Movedi E.Vesely F.M.Invernizzi M.Paleari L....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization is increasingly becoming a key issue to maximize productivity and farmers’ income while reducing environmental impact of agricultural productions. Among the most sophisticated approaches to support variable rate N applications, a central role is played by frameworks that integrate satellite images and smart-scouting driven ground estimates of plant N content (PNC) and critical N concentration. Among the approaches to estimate PNC, the smartphone application PocketN demonstrated its suitability for cereals as well as its great integrability within digital platforms. In this study, we developed genotype-specific calibration curves to derive PNC of tomato crops from PocketN readings and we compared the performance of PocketN with the SPAD ones. Five commercial genotypes were grown in two field experiments in Northern and Southern Italy and four PocketN/SPAD readings and sampling events were carried out along the season. The most reliable relationships between PocketN/SPAD readings and PNC values from the laboratory were obtained for the readings carried out on the apical leaflet of the lower leaves of three plants. Mean R2 for all genotypes was 0.75 and 0.62 for PocketN and SPAD, respectively. This allows considering PocketN as a suitable tool for PNC estimates in light of its adoption within digital frameworks aimed at transferring precision agriculture principles to operational farming contexts.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Maize prolificacy under contrasting plant densities and N supplies: II. Growth per plant, biomass partitioning to apical and sub-apical ears during the critical period and kernel setting

    D'Andrea K.E.Parco M.Maddonni G.A.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Maize (Zea mays L.) prolificacy (i.e., more than one fertile ear per plant) is a source of reproductive plasticity that contributes to increase or sustain crop grain yield when plant density is reduced in drought-prone environments. The rare use of N fertilization, however, can limit prolificacy. In a companion paper we studied floret differentiation and biomass allocation in apical (E1) and sub-apical ear (E2) and flowering dynamics of five maize hybrids with contrasting prolificacy under different plant densities and N supplies. Briefly, after apex induction, E1 and E2 of the most prolific hybrids (DK-3F22, DK-4F37 and DK-664) had similar temporal patterns of growth and floret differentiation. On the contrary, E2 in the less prolific hybrids (DK-747 and DK-7210) had less biomass allocation and floret differentiation than E1, which were reduced under low soil N supply, resulting in a fewer proportion of plants with silk extrusion of E2. In this work, we explore the relationships between (i) kernel number per plant vs the growth rates of plants around flowering, (ii) growth rate of ears vs plant growth rate around flowering (i.e. biomass partitioning to E1 and E2), (iii) kernel number of E1 and E2 vs the growth rates of ears around flowering (i.e. reproductive efficiency of E1 and E2), and (iv) kernel number and prolificacy vs flowering synchrony (i.e., ASI: anthesis-silking interval and ESI: ear silking interval between E1 and E2). For all hybrids, N supply modulated plant growth rate and biomass partitioning to both ears around flowering, kernel number per unit of plant growth rate around flowering and reproductive efficiency of E2, with no impact on the reproductive efficiency of E1. Reductions of kernel number per plant were related to failures of early emerged silks (of E1 under low N supply and of E2 under both N supplies) to set kernels. Failures in kernel setting of E2 were also related to a reduced biomass partitioning to E2 around flowering. Higher ASIE1 values described crops with lower kernel numbers of E1, while higher ESI values depicted both a lower proportion of plants with more than one fertile ear (i.e., prolificacy) and lower kernel numbers of E2. Results complement evidence from the companion paper of the role of N supply on plant biomass production and biomass partitioning to E2 from early floral development stages to the period around flowering, and on the reproductive efficiency of E2. Consequently, N supply must be ensured from early vegetative stages of low-density maize crops, so as not to compromise prolificacy and E2 kernel setting.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing the impacts of pre-growing-season weather conditions on soil nitrogen dynamics and corn productivity in the U.S. Midwest

    Li Z.Guan K.Zhou W.Peng B....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency is urgently needed to achieve co-sustainability of agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Environmental conditions and farming management practices affect the N cycle in agroecosystems. Particularly, weather conditions during the pre-growing-season (e.g. winter and early spring for the U.S. Corn Belt) can influence the dynamics of soil inorganic N (SIN) content and have implications for the end-of-season crop yield. Here, we used an advanced agroecosystem model, ecosys, to assess the consequences of different pre-growing-season weather scenarios in terms of both SIN dynamics and crop productivity. We first benchmarked ecosys using extensive N trial data collected across the U.S. Midwest, and found that ecosys captured the N fertilizer-yield responses and field-scale N cycle dynamics. We then used ecosys to conduct multiple experiments by changing the pre-growing-season precipitation and temperature, and assessed how these changes affected soil N dynamics and crop yield. We found that: (1) wetter pre-growing-seasons reduced SIN content through increasing leaching, leading to a reduction in corn grain yield of 0.54–0.86 Mg/ha (5–14%) under no fertilizer and of 0.21–0.33 Mg/ha (1–3%) under the normal N fertilizer rate (167 kg N/ha; Illinois average N fertilizer rate in 2018); yield loss induced by higher pre-growing-season precipitation can be eliminated by applying more N fertilizer in spring; and (2) colder pre-growing-seasons can reduce SIN content through decreased N mineralization and enhanced leaching. Both factors further contribute to corn yield loss of 0.10–0.68 Mg/ha (2–8%) under no fertilizer and of 0.12–0.48 Mg/ha (1–4%) under the normal fertilizer rate; however, in this case adding more fertilizer does not necessarily eliminate the yield loss caused by the colder pre-growing-season, because the lower temperature not only causes SIN deficiency but also reduces early-growing-season active root nutrients uptake and crop N demand by cooling soil temperature. These findings expand our understanding of the impact of weather conditions on crop yield and can inform improvements in N fertilizer use efficiency in the U.S. Midwest agroecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Maize straw mulching with uniconazole application increases the tillering capacity and grain yield of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

    Yang H.Xiao Y.Zhang X.Huang X....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Improvements in wheat tillering in dry-land farming systems can be achieved by reducing soil water loss by straw mulching and enhancing the capability of wheat roots to capture soil water and N. However, the effects of the application of maize straw mulching in combination with uniconazole application on wheat tillering is not yet investigated. Field experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 (dry, 167 mm) and 2018–2019 (favorable, 222 mm) to investigate the combined effects of uniconazole (0 and 10 mg kg-1) and maize straw mulching (0 and 7500 kg ha-1) on soil water and root distribution, phytohormone signal transduction, total N uptake, plant N nutrition, tillering capability, and the expression of critical genes and metabolites in response to wheat tillering. Compared with no mulch control, straw mulching combined with uniconazole application increased soil moisture content and root length in the 0–20 cm soil layer and thereby increased total N uptake. Owing to allometric increases in aboveground N content and plant dry mass, uniconazole application combined with straw mulching increased the dry mass per kg N uptake and N nutrition index in the tillering and stem extension stages. Improved N nutrition index led to higher tiller emergence rate and tiller occurrence rate of first primary tillers and thus increased the number of fertile spikes and grain yield. Multi-omics integration analysis revealed that the increased tillering capability was associated with abscisic acid and gibberellic acid-mediated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism because of their critical roles in lignin biosynthesis and the maintenance of cell membrane integrity in tiller node cells. The collective results indicate that maize straw mulching combined with uniconazole application improved the capability of wheat roots to capture soil moisture and N in addition to increasing lignin biosynthesis, ultimately enhancing tillering capability and grain yield of dryland winter wheat.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Seeding rate, fertiliser and herbicide effects on canopy growth and productivity of direct-seeded rice (DSR) under different management practices

    Onwuchekwa-Henry C.B.Van Ogtrop F.Tan D.K.Y.Roche R....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.A low seeding rate with seed drill is a good management practice to promote good canopy growth and increase yield of direct seeding rice (DSR) in lowland rice fields. Many studies did not evaluate seeding rates in an integrated way under different management practices in smallholder farmers’ fields. Estimating canopy cover from Canopeo and normalised vegetation difference index (NDVI) may offer a non-destructive, rapid way to assess crop growth and productivity under different field conditions. On-farm field experiments were conducted comparing the yield and canopy growth in response to seed drilled seeding rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha?1 and hand-broadcast seeding rates of 180 kg ha?1 (farmers’ practice) grown under different management conditions in Cambodia. In the first experiment, different seeding rates were compared in two villages, Kork Ton Loab (KTL) and Svay Cheat (SVC), in the 2018 growing season. In the second experiment, seeding rates and fertiliser application rates were compared at Kork Ton Loab location in the 2019 cropping season. The third experiment compared seeding rates and pre-emergence herbicide options at Oroung village in the 2018 and 2020 cropping seasons. In experiment 1, sowing at 20 and 40 kg ha?1 consistently decreased mean canopy cover with Canopeo index at Kork Ton Loab and Svay Cheat locations. In experiment 2, sowing at 80 kg ha?1 significantly increased the mean canopy cover compared with 20 and 40 kg ha?1 seeding rates with Canopeo index at 60 and 75 DAS at the Kork Ton Loab location. The low seeding rates of 60, 80 and 180 kg ha?1 increased in canopy cover at 60 DAS with NDVI compared with the lower seeding rates at Kork Ton Loab and Svay Cheat locations. Seeding rates had significant effects on grain yield and gross margin only for experiment 1 and experiment 3 in the 2020 cropping season. For experiment 1, the seed drill rates of 60 and 80 kg ha?1 did not significantly differ in grain yield or gross margin compared with broadcast of 180 kg ha?1 in both locations. Sowing at 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha?1 produced similar yield and gross margin at Kork Ton Loab except for the 20 kg ha?1 seeding rate that significantly reduced yield and gross margin at Svay Cheat. For experiment 3, the seed drill of 80 kg ha?1 and 180 kg ha?1 by broadcast (Farmer's Practice) significantly increased yield up to 3.5 t ha?1 compared with 40 and 60 seeding rates in the 2020 cropping season. Increasing fertiliser rates (high fertiliser; N-100, P-80, and K-50 kg ha?1) by two times increased grain yield by 12.8% compared with the low fertiliser rate of N-50, P-40, and K-30 kg ha?1. Pre-emergence herbicide application significantly increased mean grain yield by 16% and 15% in the 2018 and 2020 cropping seasons, respectively. Therefore, the seed drill of 80 kg ha?1, high fertiliser rate and pre-emergence herbicide interventions improved uniformity in canopy growth and increased grain yield of DSR. This information can be incorporated into integrated crop and weed management programs for the productivity of direct-seeded rice in the lowland ecosystem.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier