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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Response of rice grain quality to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration: A meta-analysis of 20-year FACE studies

    Hu S.Wang Y.Yang L.Tong K....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Compared with growth and yield, far less attention has been devoted to the impact of elevated CO2 on rice grain quality. Exposure to elevated CO2 induces numerous physiological changes in plants that can alter the chemical composition and thus the quality of rice grains. This meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the effect of free air CO2 enrichment (FACE, approximately 550 μmol mol?1) on grain quality of rice grown under open field conditions. Factors that could modify the CO2 effects were also investigated. They included cultivars, nitrogen applications, environmental temperatures and grain types. On average, elevated CO2 decreased head rice percentage by 8%, which led to no increase in head rice yield, despite substantial increases of brown rice yield and white rice yield that were obtained under FACE conditions. Elevated [CO2] increased chalky grain percentage by 26% and chalkiness degree by 30%, which significantly impaired rice appearance. However, the cooking and eating quality was improved by elevated [CO2], as indicated by the changes in starch RVA profiles and the palatability of cooked rice. The nutritional value of FACE rice declined as shown by the 2–9% decreases in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese and amino acids; meanwhile the anti-nutrient phytate and the molar ratio of phytate to zinc were increased. High nitrogen application alleviated negative effects of elevated [CO2] on milling quality and rice appearance but further decreased the bioavailability of essential nutrients. The CO2-induced decreases in element concentrations of white rice were generally higher than those in brown rice. In general, CO2-induced changes on grain quality were seldom modified by rice cultivars, temperatures or experimental locations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating maize harvest index and nitrogen concentrations in grain and residue using globally available data

    Ludemann C.I.Hijbeek R.van Loon M.P.van Ittersum M.K....
    25页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsReliable estimates of crop nitrogen (N) uptake and offtake are critical in estimating N balances, N use efficiencies and potential losses to the environment. Calculation of crop N uptake and offtake requires estimates of yield of crop product (e.g. grain or beans) and crop residues (e.g. straw or stover) and the N concentration of both components. Yields of crop products are often reasonably well known, but those of crop residues are not. While the harvest index (HI) can be used to interpolate the quantity of crop residue from available data on crop product yields, harvest indices are known to vary across locations, as do N concentrations of residues and crop products. The increasing availability of crop data and advanced statistical and machine learning methods present us with an opportunity to move towards more locally relevant estimates of crop harvest index and N concentrations using more readily available data. The aim of this study was to investigate whether improved estimates of maize crop HI and N concentrations of crop products and crop residues can be based on crop data available at the global scale, such as crop yield, fertilizer application rates and estimates of yield potential. Experiments from 1487 different locations conducted across 31 countries were used to test various prediction models. Predictions from mixed-effects models and random forest machine learning models provided reasonable levels of prediction accuracy (R2 of between 0.33 and 0.68), with the random forest method having greater accuracy. Although the mixed-effects prediction models had lower prediction accuracy than random forest, they did provide better interpretability. Selection of which method to use will depend on the objective of the user. Here, the random forest and mixed-effects methods were applied to N in maize, but could equally be applied to other crops and other nutrients, if data becomes available. This will enable obtaining more locally relevant estimates of crop nutrient offtake to improve estimates of nutrient balances and nutrient use efficiency at national, regional or global levels, as part of strategies towards more sustainable nutrient management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Crop yield estimation and irrigation scheduling optimization using a root-weighted soil water availability based water production function

    Wu X.Shi J.Zhang T.Zuo Q....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The crop-water production function (CWPF) is widely used to quantitatively describe relationships between crop water deficit and yield, and evaluate the effects of different irrigation strategies in agro-hydrological models. In order to reasonably and reliably estimate crop yield and optimize irrigation scheduling, a novel CWPF was proposed by combining the plant water deficit index (PWDI), estimated based on root-weighted soil water availability, with a daily water sensitivity index derived from a sigmoidal cumulative function. Parameterized using data from a two-year winter wheat field lysimetric experiment conducted in the North China Plain and from a previously published two-year spring maize field drip irrigation experiment in Inner Mongolia, China, the CWPFs provided reasonable estimation of different crop yields with different water stress response characteristics under different field environments. Through coupling the genetic algorithm with the integrated simulations of soil water dynamics, PWDI and CWPF in the soil-wheat system, an optimization procedure was developed to determine PWDI threshold combinations to timely trigger irrigation according to pre-designed crop water deficit status. Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat were estimated and compared under different optimized constant and variable PWDI threshold combinations. In addition, the effects of climate change on the optimized variable PWDI threshold combinations were investigated using 38 years of historic meteorological data. The results showed that regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with a variable threshold combination, in which the sensitivity characteristics to water deficit were considered for the crop at different growth stages, was superior to a constant threshold in enhancing crop yield and WUE. Irrespective of the number of irrigation events (1, 2, 3 or 4) during the growing season, the coefficients of variation (CV) of optimized PWDI thresholds for different combinations of irrigation sequence and events were not very large under the same kind of hydrological year (wet, normal or dry), with CV < 0.39 and a median of 0.21. When the mean (MN) of the optimized PWDI threshold combinations for different irrigation sequence and events was used to schedule RDI of winter wheat in terms of various hydrological years, up to 91% of the estimated relative yield was found to be higher than 90% of the corresponding maximum values. Therefore, the MN can be valuable in formulating rational irrigation management strategies of winter wheat to achieve relatively high yields with limited water under changing climatic conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Plastic film mulch combined with adding biochar improved soil carbon budget, carbon footprint, and maize yield in a rainfed region

    Liu Z.Wang B.Li Z.Huang F....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Plastic film mulch is used widely in rainfed areas to increase crop yields, and the addition of biochar to soil has been proposed as an effective measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Comprehensive analysis is required to assess the effects of plastic film mulching combined with adding biochar on the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB), greenhouse gas emissions, and water use efficiency (WUE) in farmland ecosystems. Therefore, we tested the following six treatments in a three-year (2018–2020) field trial: no mulching or added biochar (NM); biochar applied at 4.5 t ha–1 without mulching; biochar applied at 9.0 t ha–1 without mulching; plastic film mulch without biochar application (PM); biochar applied at 4.5 t ha–1 with plastic film mulching; and biochar applied at 9.0 t ha–1 with plastic film mulching (PMH). The results showed that plastic film mulching improved the maize yield (20.22%), greenhouse gas emissions (CO2: 22.57%; N2O: 17.58%), NGWP (net global warming potential; 15.19%), and CF (carbon footprint; 13.97%), but the effect on NECB did not differ significantly from that under NM (P > 0.05). Compared with PM, PMH reduced the CO2 (3.24%) and N2O (26.44%) emissions, increased the absorption of CH4 by 65.55%, and significantly increased NECB. Under PMH, the maize yield, WUEg (water use efficiency of grain), and PUEg (precipitation use efficiency of grain), increased by 6.40%, 10.14%, and 6.92%, respectively, whereas the NGWP, GHGI (greenhouse gas intensity), and yield-scaled CF decreased. Therefore, PMH simultaneously improved the productivity, production efficiency (WUE, PUE, and yield-scaled CF) and soil carbon budget in rainfed farmland, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, and thus it is a possible sustainable management method for farmland in rainfed areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    UAV-based indicators of crop growth are robust for distinct water and nutrient management but vary between crop development phases

    Zhu W.Sun Z.Li J.Nouri H....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing and machine learning have emerged as a practical approach with ultra-high temporal and spatial resolutions to overcome the limitations of ground-based sampling for continuous crop monitoring. However, little is known on the suitability of distinct sensing indices for different crop management and distinct crop development phases. In this study, we assessed the potential of the UAV-based modeling to monitor field-scale crop growth under different water and nutrient supply considering distinct phenological phases of maize. UAV multispectral observations were deployed over two long-term experimental sites in three growing seasons. Calibration and validation of the random forest model took place at the Nutrient Balance Experimental Site (NBES) and the Water Nitrogen Crop Relation Site (WNCR), respectively. Leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and aboveground dry matter were measured at the jointing, heading, and grain filling phases of maize in 2018–2020. Our results revealed that the suitability of sensing indicators differed at distinct maize phenological phases. Overall, red edge, red edge reflectance ratio, and chlorophyll index green are the most appropriate UAV indicators for estimating maize growth variables. The random forest model developed and calibrated at NBES with nutrient supply detected the signal of nitrogen × irrigation interactions at the other experimental site (WNCR) in different development phases and years very well, suggesting that random forest models developed by UAV images of same spatial and spectral attributes could be transferred across sites with the same cultivar while different irrigation and fertilizer management. We conclude that the selected number of UAV detected indicators processed with a random forest model could be used for robustly estimating environment × management (fertilizer and irrigation) interactions on maize growth variables.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Ammoniated straw incorporation increases wheat yield, yield stability, soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen content

    Li Y.Feng H.Dong Q.Li J....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Straw management strategies are highly important for maximizing the benefits of straw incorporation, which should aim to increase crop production while improving soil fertility. Ammoniated straw incorporation may be one of the potential candidates for achieving these goals. However, the effects of ammoniated straw incorporation on wheat yield, yield stability and soil properties as well as their potential relationships remain poorly understood. Based on an ongoing long-term field experiment commenced in 2011 on the Chinese Loess Plateau, we investigated the responses of soil properties, wheat yield and yield stability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to ammoniated and conventional straw incorporation during 2017–2020. The three treatments were: (i) no straw (Control), (ii) conventional straw incorporation (CSI), and (iii) ammoniated straw incorporation (ASI). We found that the ASI treatment on average significantly increased wheat yield by 10.1% and yield stability by 19.5% compared to the CSI treatment, and significantly increased wheat yield by 26.9% and yield stability by 38.7% compared to the Control treatment. Changes in wheat yield and yield stability were positively related to ASI-induced increases in soil water storage. When compared to the Control and CSI treatments, the ASI treatment on average significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 17.2% and 14.2% and total nitrogen (TN) content by 27.3% and 18.3% in 0–10 cm depth, and it significantly increased SOC content by 19.2% and 12.4% and TN content by 27.8% and 19.4% in 10–20 cm depth, respectively. There were positive relationships between changes in wheat yield and SOC and TN content. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve higher wheat yield and yield stability while increasing SOC and TN content by optimizing straw management practices in semi-arid areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Tillage and crop establishment effects on weeds and productivity of a rice-wheat-mungbean rotation

    Mishra J.S.Kumar R.Mondal S.Rao K.K....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsWeeds are one of the key threats in sustaining the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. The development of sound integrated weed management technologies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence weed flora composition and weed seedbank dynamics. A long-term study was initiated in 2015 at Patna, Bihar, India to evaluate the effect of seven tillage and crop establishment methods on weed density, weed seedbank composition, and crop productivity in rice-wheat-mungbean rotation. All the treatments included zero-till mungbean after wheat. Tillage and crop establishment methods had differential effects on weed and weed seedbank composition. In rice, zero-till direct-seeded rice recorded 62% lower emergence of Cyperus iria, 82–90% of Echinochloa colona, and 81–83% of total weeds compared to tilled systems, but the system of rice and wheat intensification favoured E. colona. In wheat, the system of wheat intensification favoured the Phalaris minor and Solanum nigrum. Zero-till rice and wheat reduced the seedbank of Trianthema portulacastrum by 95%, and total weed seedbank by 62% compared to the system of rice and wheat intensification. Nearly, 72% of C. iria seeds, 62% of grasses, and 64% of broad-leaved weeds were in 0–15 cm soil layer. Zero-till direct-seeded rice produced a 13% lower rice grain yield than conventional puddled transplanted rice. Compared to the system of wheat intensification, zero-till wheat under triple zero-till systems produced an 11.5% higher grain yield. Managing weed seedbank is a long-term endeavour. The present study revealed that tillage and crop establishment methods influence weed density and diversity. Under zero-till rice-wheat system, rice yield decreases marginally, but the system productivity maintains due to improvement in succeeding wheat yield. This system is also helpful in reducing the weed flora density and soil weed seedbank. Regular monitoring and management of emerging pests such as armyworm (Mythimna separata) are, however, required. The study suggests that the adoption of triple zero-tillage can be a viable option for reducing the weed density and weed seedbank concurrently increasing the system productivity of the rice-wheat-mungbean cropping system in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Maize prolificacy under contrasting plant densities and N supplies: I. Plant growth, biomass allocation and development of apical and sub-apical ears from floral induction to silking

    Parco M.D'Andrea K.E.Maddonni G.A.
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.In limited-production regions for maize (Zea mays, L.) crop, late sowing date and low plant densities are progressively adopted. At low plant densities, the expression of prolificacy (i.e., more than one fertile ear per plant) can stabilize maize yield throughout environments. However, the limited adoption of N fertilization can reduce kernel set on the apical (E1) and sub-apical ear (E2) and consequently crop grain yield at low plant densities. Five Argentinian maize hybrids with different degrees of prolificacy (1.37–1.92 ears pl-1 at 4 pl m-2 irrigated and without N limitations) were cultivated under contrasting plant densities (4 and 8 pl m-2) and N fertilization rates (70 and 270 kg N ha-1) to analyze (i) plant biomass, biomass allocation in E1 and E2 (BAE1 and BAE2), and floret differentiation of both ears from floral induction to silking stage, (ii) the anthesis-silking intervals of E1 and E2 (ASIE1 and ASIE2) and the silking interval between E1 and E2 (ESI), and (iii) silk extrusion of both ears. From the eight-ligulated leaf stage onwards, low N availability and high density decreased plant biomass and BAE2 without modifying BAE1. Additionally, N stress reduced floret differentiation of E2 in the less prolific hybrids (DK-747 and DK-7210). On the contrary, E1 and E2 of the most prolific hybrids (DK-3F22, DK-4F37 and DK-664) showed similar temporal patterns of growth and floret differentiation. These hybrids presented the highest proportion of exposed silks in both ears coinciding with their highest BAE1 and BAE2, which possibly modulated silk elongation. Finally, under the most stressful environments, the lower BAE2 than BAE1 at silking increased ASI of both ears, ESI and reduced the proportion of plants with silks of E2 exposed to pollen. The latter response (i.e., low proportion of plants with silks extrusion in E2) was more pronounced in less prolific hybrids. Therefore, floret differentiation and BA in E2 of the most prolific hybrids would be more stable in the face of changes in nutritional offer, a prevalent scenario of limited-production regions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Clade-dependent effects of drought on nitrogen fixation and its components – Number, size, and activity of nodules in legumes

    Denton M.D.Denison R.F.Sadras V.O.Zhou Y....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Drought affects the growth of legumes directly, and indirectly, by reducing total nitrogen fixation. Here, we compiled published data to compare the sensitivity to water deficit on plant growth and total nitrogen fixation traits, i.e., the number of nodules per plant, average nodule mass, and nitrogen fixation per unit nodule mass. Hierarchies of phenotypic plasticity have been established for seeds and organelles, whereby variation in number associates with conserved size. By analogy, our first hypothesis is that there is a hierarchy of plasticities between nitrogen fixation traits. Our second hypothesis is that determinate nodules are more sensitive to water deficit than their indeterminate counterparts, because the latter can reactivate meristems when water becomes available. In our sample, onset of stress treatment averaged 28 d after sowing; median duration of stress was 12 d; and intensity of stress (ratio of shoot biomass between stressed and control) averaged 0.65. These drought conditions (i) reduced total nitrogen fixation and average nodule mass more severely than plant shoot mass, (ii) elicited a hierarchy of plasticities whereby number of nodules per plant varied substantially, and average nodule mass and nitrogen fixation per unit nodule mass were relatively conserved, and (iii) affected more severely Milletioids (determinate, ureide exporting nodules) than their IRLC counterparts (indeterminate, amide exporting nodules).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Grain mineral concentration of Chinese winter wheat varieties released between 1970 and 2005 under diverse nutrient inputs

    Han Y.Yang M.Liu L.Lei X....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Wheat yields have significantly increased through breeding, but the trends of grain mineral concentrations following the breeding progress are inconsistent. In this study, we established a factorial trial combining 9 nutrient regimes with three (2013–14) and five (2014–15) varieties released from 1970 to 2005 to evaluate changes in grain zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) concentrations of Chinese winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The ranges of grain Zn, Fe and Se concentrations were 16.3–49.8 mg kg?1 with a mean of 26.5 mg kg?1, 16.1–39.2 mg kg?1 with a mean of 28.3 mg kg?1, and 0.022–0.078 mg kg?1 with a mean of 0.044 mg kg?1, respectively. Fertilizer inputs significantly decreased grain Zn concentration, generally lowered grain Fe concentration, and had no significant effect on grain Se concentration compared with no fertilizer input. Grain Zn was significantly and negatively correlated with grain yield, soil available Zn concentration, and the ratio of soil available phosphorus to available Zn (P/Zn), but significantly and positively correlated with grain nitrogen (N), Fe, and Se concentrations. The breeding progress had no significant effect on grain Zn, Fe and Se concentrations. In the future, it is necessary to apply for specific fertilizers and breeding new variety for increasing grain mineral concentration to meet the needs of human health.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier