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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Quantifying source-sink relationships of drip-fertigated potato under various water and potassium supplies

    Zhang, ShaohuiWang, HaidongFan, JunliangZhang, Fucang...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water and fertilizer supply can affect the processes of assimilate production (source) and assimilate accumulation (sink), thereby causing differences in potato yield. However, little is known about the coupling effects of irrigation amount and potassium rate on potato tuber yield and its potential source-sink relationships. The objective of this study was to quantify how water and potassium supplies affected the source-sink relationships of drip-fertigated potato after tuber emergence. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the potato growing seasons of 2019 and 2020, with three irrigation levels (W1: 60% ETc, W2: 80% ETc and W3: 100% ETc, where ETc is the crop water requirements) and four potassium rates (K0: 0 kg ha(-1), K1: 135 kg ha(-1), K2: 270 kg ha(-1) and K3: 405 kg ha(-1)). The results showed that compared with K0, the treatments viz., K1, K2 and K3 increased average tuber yield by 1.3%, 17.3% and 15.5% in 2019 and 10.7%, 24.0% and 19.3% in 2020, respectively. However, compared with W3, the treatments viz., W1 and W2 reduced the average tuber yield by 8.0% and 12.9% in 2019 and 8.9% and 14.7% in 2020, respectively. The beta sigmoid growth function well fitted the relationship of source capacity and sink capacity. The source capacity and source activity increased with the increase of potassium rate under W2 and W3 in 2019 and under W3 in 2020, while the sink capacity and sink activity first increased and then declined with the increasing potassium rate. Increasing water and potassium supply generally increased the vegetative growth and tuber growth time. The tuber growth rate first increased and then decreased with the increase of potassium rate, while it increased with the increasing irrigation amount. The sink-source ratio decreased with the increase of potassium rate, but there was no significant difference between K1 and K2, and the sink-source ratio under K3 was significantly lower than that in the other potassium treatments. It was concluded that potato was in source-sink balance under K1 and K2, but not under K3. The quantitative approach produced parameters that characterized the differences of source and sink capacity in response to various water and potassium supplies. Sufficient irrigation (W3) with moderate potassium application (K2) increased potato yield mainly by maintaining its source-sink balance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Linking wheat nitrogen use to root traits: Shallow and thin embryonic roots enhance uptake but reduce conversion efficiency of nitrogen

    Liu, HuiColombi, TinoJack, OrtrudWesterbergh, Anna...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nitrogen (N) is considered quantitatively most important for crop growth and productivity. The improvement of crop N use efficiency is economically beneficial to farmers and reduces the negative environmental impact of agriculture. Root traits are promising, yet underexploited breeding targets to improve N use efficiency. We aimed to evaluate (1) the effects of genotype and environment on N use efficiency and various root architectural and anatomical traits; and (2) the relationships between root traits, N uptake and conversion efficiency. Nine spring wheat genotypes were grown on compacted and non-compacted soil during two years with contrasting weather conditions in Central Sweden. Wheat genotype and year caused considerable variation in several root and N use efficiency traits. Negative correlations were found between N uptake efficiency and N conversion efficiency; root number and diameter; root number and angle; and metaxylem number and diameter. The N uptake efficiency increased with shallower root angle, higher root number, smaller root diameter, higher metaxylem number and smaller metaxylem diameter; whilst N conversion efficiency showed the opposite pattern. We conclude that a negative relationship observed between N uptake efficiency and N conversion efficiency can be linked to tradeoffs between embryonic root traits.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Physiological drivers of responses of grains per m(2) to environmental and genetic factors in wheat

    Slafer, Gustavo A.Garcia, Guillermo A.Serrago, Roman A.Miralles, Daniel J....
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：Most of the required increases in food production over the next decades are expected to be achieved through increases in crop yield. As wheat is essential for food security it is worrying that its yield gains over the last two decades were small. To achieve further yield increases it is critical to continue increasing number of grains per unit area (GN m(-2)), the trait best related to yield. In this context, it is relevant to identify the main determinants of GN m(-2) in response to genetic and environmental factors as well as the trade-offs between them. In the present study we compiled a large database across the literature to analyse the relative importance of components when affected by genetic or environmental factors, producing small or large changes in GN m(-2) and its components, either numerical (the number of spikes per m(2), SN m(-2); and the number of grains per spike, GN spike(-1)) or physiological (spike dry weight at anthesis, SDWa; and fruiting efficiency, FE) determinants. The database included 367 papers published in: (i) Field Crop Research (FCR), (ii) European Journal of Agronomy (EJA), (iii) Crop Science (CS) and (iv) Crop and Pasture Science (CPS, formerly Australian Journal of Agricultural Research) between 1990 and 2020. The complete dataset was split into classes, depending on the source of experimental variation, environment or genotype and was normalised to remove the differences between experiments and determine the environmental and genotypic effects within each experiment. Normalised data showed that the responsiveness of GN m(-2)was similarly explained by changes in both SN m(-2) and GN spike(-1), but in terms of physiological components SDWa was more relevant than FE for explaining the variations in GN m(-2). Considering the numerical components of GN m(-2) genotypic and environmental factors modified more GN spike(-1) than in SN m(-2). On the other hand, physiological components were differently modified by genotype and environment: for genotypic effects FE was more critical than SDWa and the other way around for environmental factors. A tradeoff between numerical and physiological components was observed although was greater between physiological than between numerical components.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nitrogen rate for cotton should be adjusted according to water availability in arid regions

    Wu, BaojianZhang, LiTian, JingshanZhang, Guojuan...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recent reports on cotton water use and root-canopy relationship responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer management under varying water supply in arid regions are limited. This experiment was conducted to estimate cotton water use, root-canopy development, canopy photosynthetic rate (CAP), and yield responses to N application rates under varying water supply levels and to quantify associations between water use processes and N-induced variation in root systems. A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2020 at a field site in Xin-jiang, China. Cotton root traits and agronomic responses to three N fertilizer application rates (320, 272, and 224 kg N ha(-1)) under two water supply levels (sufficient water supply: 400 mm; limited water supply: 267 mm) were evaluated. Root length density and root dry matter were maximized at 272 kg N ha(-1) under sufficient water supply and 320 kg N ha-1 under limited water supply. CAP was strongly associated with crop stage water use induced by root-canopy variation. Under sufficient water, 272 kg N ha(-1) substantially increased water use and root growth, slightly inhibited leaf expansion, and substantially improved crop yield compared to 320 and 224 kg N ha(-1). Although net root productivity and live root length declined for 320 kg N ha(-1) under limited water supply, yield increase was not limited because of higher CAP and water use induced by the establishment of strong shallow roots. The results demonstrate that moderate N rate (272 kg ha(-1)) under sufficient water supply improves yield through reducing LAI and promoting root growth, while higher N rate (320 kg ha(-1)) under limited water supply achieves high yield through higher CAP, sufficient leaf area, and efficient water uptake under shallow root systems. These findings suggest that both N management strategies and water availability levels should be considered in future efforts to scale from canopy to root level responses in cotton.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modeling sorghum-cowpea intercropping for a site in the savannah zone of Mali: Strengths and weaknesses of the Stics model

    Traore, AmadouFalconnier, Gatien N.Ba, AlassaneSissoko, Fagaye...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Intercropping is a key entry point for sustainable intensification of cropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa where variable rainfall conditions prevail. Crop simulation models can complement field experiments to assess the agronomic and environmental performances of intercropping systems under diverse climatic conditions, including hypothetical future climate. So far, crop models that can handle intercropping, such as STICS, have not often been extensively evaluated for tropical conditions and for species grown by farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the calibrated STICS model to simulate sorghum-cowpea intercropping systems in rainfed conditions in West Africa. We used data from field experiments conducted at the N'Tarla Agronomic Station in Mali in 2017 and 2018. Two varieties of sorghum (local and improved) with contrasting photoperiod sensitivities were grown as sole crop and intercropped with cowpea, with additive design. Two sowing dates and two levels of mineral fertilization were also investigated. Model simulations were evaluated with observed data for phenology, leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass, grain yield and in-season soil moisture. Large variations in aboveground biomass of sorghum and cowpea was observed in the experiment (i.e. 3.5 - 9.6 t/ha for sorghum and 0.4-2.5 t/ha for cowpea), owing to the treatments (i.e. sole vs intercrop, early vs late sowing, no fertilizer input vs fertilizer input). Such variations were satisfactorily reproduced by the model, with EF of 0.81 in calibration and 0.58 in evaluation (with relative rRMSE of 23 % and 43 %) across crops. Sorghum AGB simulations were more accurate (rRMSE of 21 % and EF of 0.54) than cowpea AGB simulations (rRMSE of 25 % and EF of -0.09). The two main observed features of the intercropping system were well reproduced by the model. Firstly, cowpea and sorghum aboveground biomass decreased with intercropping compared with sole cropping, and the decrease in cowpea biomass was greater than the decrease in sorghum biomass. Secondly, despite a reduction in sorghum and cowpea yield, Land Equivalent Ratio of the intercropping for aboveground biomass was always above one. With regard to grain yield, observed LER was above one only in the non-fertilized treatment. The model failed at reproducing this behavior, probably because of insufficiently accurate calibration of the process leading to grain yield formation: rRMSE for grain yield was 49 % in calibration and 41 % in evaluation. Based on these findings, we discuss avenues to improve model calibration and use the model to explore options for sustainable intensification in land constrained sub-Saharan Africa.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of skip-row planting on grain yield and quality of mechanized ratoon rice

    Zheng, ChangWang, YuechaoYuan, ShenYu, Xing...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Decreases in grain yield and milling quality in the ratoon crop due to crushing damage to stubbles from mechanical harvesting of the main crop constrain the further extension of mechanized rice ratooning technology. Skip-row planting (SP), where the track zone is left untransplanted in the main crop to provide traffic paths for harvest machines, might be effective to alleviate these constraints by avoiding the crushing damage. However, it is remains unclear if border effects could compensate for the yield loss due to decreased planting density from SP in both the main and ratoon crops, and if SP could improve the milling quality of the ratoon crop. To address these questions, a SP pattern with 33.3% decrease in planting density was compared to conventional planting (CP) pattern in field experiments on mechanized ratoon rice in 2018 and 2019. Compared with CP, the grain yield of the main and ratoon crops in SP was reduced by 4.8% and increased by 4.6%, respectively. The large decrease in planting density from SP did not affect grain yield substantially because of the border effects on grain yield in the rows next to traffic paths in both crops. Panicle number, spikelet number panicle(-1), and total dry weight were responsible for the border effects on grain yield in the main crop, whereas panicle number and total dry weight were responsible for the border effects on grain yield in the ratoon crop. Milling quality of the ratoon crop was improved by SP, and the improvement in head rice rate was 2.5-7.0% compared with CP. Our results suggest that SP is effective for improving milling quality of the ratoon crop in mechanized rice ratooning system by avoiding the crushing damage, while maintaining high grain yield of the two crops due to the border effects.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Single application of a new polymer-coated urea improves yield while mitigates environmental issues associated with winter wheat grown in rice paddy soil

    Wang, BaichunZhu, SixiXie, WeiWang, Shenqiang...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rainfed winter wheat grown in rice paddy suffers from a relatively low yield and severe nitrogen (N) losses. Reduction in N application and/or single use of controlled release N fertilizer (CRNF) have been proposed to address these challenges. A new CRNF, known as nano-Fe-III-tannic acid-modified waterborne polymer-coated urea (NWU), has the ability to avoid initial quick release and prolong N availability, which is assumed to synchronize with winter wheat N uptake. Here, we conducted a field experiment spanning three wheat growing seasons to examine the efficacy of single application of NWU on grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses, and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) under two N application rates (160 and 240 kg ha(-1)). Basal application of NWU increased grain yield by 15.7 %, NUE by 51.1 % and NEEB by 45.1 %, while reducing Nr losses by 35.7 % compared to three-split applications of urea at 240 kg ha(-1). Moreover, single application of NWU with a reduced N rate by one-third could even maintain high grain yield and NEEB comparable to that of conventional N practices, meanwhile reducing Nr losses by 58.8 %. Single application of NWU can address high yield and environmental protection simultaneously for wheat grown in paddy soil.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Simulating long-term phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics to advance nutrient assessment in dryland cropping

    Das, Bianca T.Schmidt, SusanneBiggs, JodyLester, David W....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil chemical fertility has steadily declined in tropical and subtropical agriculture with depleted stocks of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C). Assessing the dynamics of these elements and their interactions on crop productivity in dryland cropping are complex because climate often dictates crop nutrient response. This results in under- or over- fertilising crops, suboptimal crop yield, and fertiliser inefficiency. The Agricultural Productions Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model accounts for C x N x climate interactions, but simulation of P dynamics is constrained by a dearth of suitable data. To address this problem, we used a novel approach to simulate P, N, and C dynamics at a 35-year long-term field trial, where a broad range of N (0, 40, 80, 120 kg ha(-1)) and P (0, 10, 20 kg ha(-1)) fertiliser rates were consistently applied. We parameterised the soil P model with quantified adsorption isotherms and by assuming correspondence between conceptual soil P pools and Hedley fractionation pools. Soil N and C dynamics were parameterised with measured organic N, C, and charcoal content to estimate organic matter decay coefficients, pool sizes, and C:N ratios. APSIM accounted for variation in mean N export (94%), crop yield (88%), and P export (62%) across the 12 treatments, and reproduced interannual variation in N x P effects for crop yield and N export, where crop response was strongly mediated by N supply and water availability. APSIM also identified the long-term depletion or accumulation of soil P, N, and C in most treatments. P fractionation and isotherm measurements are labour intensive but worthwhile, and future efforts should work to consolidate a database for different soil types. Better informed P modelling will provide insights into the effects of climate variability on soil fertility and crop productivity, and guide management practices to deliver better fertiliser efficiency and maintain soil organic C.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A positive correlation between seed cotton yield and high-efficiency leaf area index in directly seeded short-season cotton after wheat

    Li, HanjiaLiu, ZhenyuZhang, XiangChen, Dehua...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Leaf area index (LAI) during the growth process is one of the most important indexes for monitoring high-yield cotton production, but the present use of LAI is limited due to the varying photosynthetic capacity of cotton leaves at different plant positions and growth periods. Thus, a more accurate leaf area-related index that includes both leaf area and photosynthetic capacity was explored herein based on the contribution to final yield and photosynthetic efficiency in directly seeded short-season cotton following wheat cropping in the Yangtze River region of China. Pinhead-squares were labeled to investigate the critical timing of pinhead-square appearance during yield formation from 2015 to 2019, and the photosynthetic characteristics of the corresponding subtending leaves were measured in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that the pinhead-squares that appeared after 64 days before frost (DBF) did not contribute to yield (the bolls failed to open at harvest). Furthermore, the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and soluble acid invertase (SAI) activities, carbon assimilation rate (Pn), and 14C photosynthate exportation of the corresponding subtending leaves also declined markedly after 20 DBF. Therefore, the subtending leaves of the pinhead-squares that were formed before 64 DBF were defined as effective leaves based on their contribution to final yield, and their leaf areas were correspondingly defined as effective leaf areas. To further explore the contribution to yield, high-efficiency and low-efficiency leaves would exist among the effective leaves according to the load capacity of the reproductive organs (the presence or absence of corresponding subtending reproductive organs. Among the effective leaves, the subtending leaves with loaded bolls exhibited higher Pn, SPS and SAI activities, and 14C assimilate exportation and were defined as high-efficiency leaves, and their leaf areas were defined as high-efficiency leaf areas. Different effective LAI and high-efficiency LAI cotton populations were constructed using five sowing dates and five nitrogen application rates to assess the relationship between effective LAI, high-efficiency LAI, and seed cotton yield in both 2018 and 2019. With increased effective LAI and high-efficiency LAI, higher seed cotton yields were detected. These results suggested that enhancing effective and high-efficiency leaf area, especially for high-efficiency leaf area, benefits seed cotton yield in cotton production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Grain yield, anthesis-silking interval, and phenotypic plasticity in response to changing environments: Evaluation in temperate maize hybrids

    Silva, Paola C.Sanchez, Andrea C.Opazo, Marcela A.Mardones, Luis A....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Lack of water and low nutrition affecting crop during the critical period of maize are the main determinants in grain yield variability. Grain yield and anthesis-silking interval (ASI) are two of the main traits used in maize breeding programs. Under drought conditions, selection for a reduced ASI has resulted in greater and more stable grain yield, however, these traits are largely influenced by the environment, showing a high GxE. Thus, the phenotypic plasticity of these traits deserve evaluation. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability to change the phenotype according to environmental conditions. Therefore, plasticity can be high (unstable trait) or low (stable trait). In the current research, 7 temperate maize hybrids were assessed in 13 environments, including water and nitrogen stress environments, in the Mediterranean climate area of Chile with the objective to evaluate grain yield, anthesis-silking interval, and phenotypic plasticities. Within the group of evaluated traits, ASI and grain yield had the highest phenotypic plasticity for the set of temperate maize hybrids studied. These results confirm the higher HxE interaction for these traits and the necessity to evaluate "ASI plasticity" and its relationship with yield stability. ASI plasticity was positively associated with yield plasticity (r = 0.93; p = 0.002). Only in water stress environment, a greater ASI plasticity was significantly associated with a greater ASI (r = 0.98; p = 0.00008) and lesser grain yield (r = -0.76; p = 0.047). The greater yield plasticity was associated with a lesser grain yield (r = -0.88; p = 0.009) and a greater ASI (r = 0.93; p = 0.003). There were no associations between these traits under potential and N-stress conditions. According to this research, it is corroborated the necessity to assess "ASI plasticity" as a compliment of ASI for breeding proposes under water stress conditions in temperate hybrid maize.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier