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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Eco-physiological yield determinants in four potato genotypes grown in a temperate environment

    Andrade F.H.Monzon J.P.Caldiz D.O.Santos D.H....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The eco-physiological yield determinants of four potato genotypes suitable for processing into French fries were studied. Field trials were carried out during the growing seasons 2016/17 and 2017/18 at Balcarce, Argentina (?37.85 S, ?58.19 W). Genotypes, identified as Bal1, Bal2, Bal3 and Bal4, have growing cycles of 95–105, 100–110, 110–120, and 120–130 days after emergence, respectively. Intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PARint), radiation use efficiency (RUE), harvest index (HI) and tuber yield were evaluated during both growing seasons. Bal4 achieved the highest dry matter tuber yield in both growing seasons, with 1412 and 1879 g mˉ2 for 2016/17 and 2017/18, respectively. Due to a combination of a high PARint and RUE values, tuber dry matter in Bal4 was 20–30 % higher than that achieved by other genotypes. PARint throughout the growing cycle was 1025 and 1121 MJ mˉ2 for Bal4, for 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons, respectively; these values were 10–22 % higher than those observed for the other genotypes. RUE was 1.66 and 2.02 g MJˉ1 for Bal4 in 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons, respectively, these values are 14–18 % higher than those observed for the other genotypes. HI varied between 0.81 and 0.87 for all genotypes, in both seasons. PARint, and RUE were the two most critical yield determining factors that explained the differences in tuber dry matter yield between the potato genotypes. Bal4 showed highest yields due to a particular combination of high PARint and high RUE, not reported in the literature, so far. These results could contribute to improve early selection in future breeding programs, to better adjust growth models and to establish specific management strategies for a particular genotype.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Matching NPK fertilization to summer rainfall for improved wheat production and reduced environmental cost

    Wang S.Cao H.Hui X.Ma Q....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Driven by a national commitment to achieve food security in China, policies have unintentionally favored overfertilization, with implications for the environmentally concerning release of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We assessed current winter wheat yield, protein concentration, Nr losses, GHG emissions, and net profit in the winter wheat–summer fallow system in the Loess Plateau of China, using a combination of (i) original data from a 14-year field experiment, including five N fertilizer rates from unfertilized control to 320 kg N ha–1, (ii) surveys from 1167 farmers, and (iii) modeling. The study emphasized on N, with a secondary focus on phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Farmer yields ranged from 1500 to 13,500 kg ha–1, and fertilizer rates ranged from 0 to 465 kg N ha–1, 0–454 kg P2O5 ha–1, and 0–279 kg K2O ha–1. Five yield scenarios were compared: (1) Ymax, defined as the maximum from the yield–N rate curve; (2) Yuptake, defined as the yield when N application rate equaled N uptake; and (3) low, (4) moderate and (5) high yields in farms. The yield–N rate curve accounted for summer rainfall, with Yuptake expected to return smaller environmental impacts than Ymax. Compared with Ymax, targeting Yuptake would reduce N fertilizer rate (40%), Nr losses (25%), and GHG emissions (14%), with modest reductions in yield (7%), protein concentration (6%), and net profit (11%). Compared with current practice, Yuptake would increase net profit (140%) and decrease Nr losses (23%) and GHG emissions (14%). Scaling to the Loess Plateau region (246.3 × 104 ha wheat-growing area), targeting Yuptake would return a production of 1.4 × 107 t yr–1 and increase annual net profit by US$7.3 × 108 with less Nr losses (17,200 Mg) and GHG emissions (1.2 × 106 Mg CO2 eq) in relation to farmer practice. Therefore, targeting Yuptake and matching NPK fertilization to summer rainfall should be adopted to improve wheat yield and net profit and reduce environmental risk in the Loess Plateau and similar regions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Plastic mulching significantly improves soil enzyme and microbial activities without mitigating gaseous N emissions in winter wheat-summer maize rotations

    Siddique K.H.M.Feng H.Li Y.Dong Q....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Plastic mulching is an important agricultural practice to increase crop yield by increasing soil temperature and moisture. Plastic mulching can also affect soil greenhouse gas emissions [e.g., N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization] and soil characteristics such as soil enzyme and microbial activities, but the simultaneous effects of plastic mulching on these parameters and the potential links between them are rarely evaluated. Here, we conducted a field study to investigate the concurrent responses of N2O emissions, NH3 volatilization, soil enzyme and microbial activities, soil dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), and crop yield to plastic mulching (mulching) and no mulching (ambient) under consecutive winter wheat–summer maize rotation cycles in China's Loess Plateau. The mulching treatment significantly increased soil water-filled pore spaces (WFPS) and soil temperature during growing cycle 1 (2018–2019 winter wheat and 2019 summer maize) and cycle 2 (2019–2020 winter wheat and 2020 summer maize). Averaged across both growing cycles, the mulching treatment significantly increased winter wheat yield by 31.8 %, summer maize yield by 36.4 %, soil NO3–-N content by 18.2 %, NH4+-N content by 27.4 %, cumulative N2O emissions by 34.0 % and NH3 volatilization by 50.6 %, relative to the ambient treatment. Moreover, the mulching treatment significantly enhanced soil alkaline phosphatase, invertase, catalase, and urease activities and soil microbial biomass C and N contents in the 0–10 cm soil layer across both growing cycles. This study revealed a tradeoff, with plastic mulching significantly improving crop yields and soil enzyme and microbial activities but not mitigating N2O emissions or NH3 volatilization. Our results highlight that simultaneously documenting gaseous N emissions and changes in soil properties under plastic mulching can advance the understanding of sustainable agriculture in semi-arid areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Kernel weight relevance in maize grain yield response to nitrogen fertilization

    Ruiz A.Archontoulis S.V.Borras L.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Knowledge of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel weight (KW) and kernel number (KN) response to nitrogen (N) fertilization can help understand the physiological basis behind the overall grain yield response to N fertilizer, but such data are rare. To fill this gap, we studied how KN and KW respond to N fertilization. We first analyzed grain yield and its components in 23 field N response experiments (site × year combinations) from Argentina and United States. Second, we compared results to literature studies, and analyzed the contribution of each yield component to yield N fertilization response. We hypothesized that there is a range in grain yield response to N fertilization where both KN and KW explain the responses to a similar degree, but large increases in grain yield are only sustained by KN changes. Our experiments showed that N fertilization had a consistent effect over both yield components across experiments. In Argentina the average grain yield relative response ([Trait Nn – Trait N0]/Trait N0) across sites to the maximum N fertilization rate (43%) was more related to KW (23%) than to KN (17%). In the United States the average relative grain yield response across sites to the maximum N fertilization rate (82%) was more related to KN increases (52%) than to KW (22%). When comparing our results to literature studies, we found that in situations where grain yield responses to N fertilization were less than 30%, the KW response is slightly a higher contributor than KN to grain yield increases. As the grain yield response to N fertilization is higher than 30%, then KN changes are significantly more important in explaining these grain yield increases. The KW response to N fertilization increases showed a maximum response value of 34% increase, while KN continued increasing linearly. These results evidence the relevance of KW changes in maize grain yield response to N, but also the importance of KN responses when N grain yield limitations are most severe.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Establishing a critical nitrogen dilution curve for estimating nitrogen nutrition index of potato crop in tropical environments

    Sandana P.Makowski D.Ciampitti I.A.Fernandes A.M....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The critical nitrogen (N) dilution curve (CNDC) (Nc = A1W-A2) and the N nutrition index (NNI) have shown to be a robust diagnostic tool to assess crop N status. Several CNDCs were established for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in various conditions. However, it is difficult to know if these different CNDCs reflect a true variability across genotype × environment × management (G×E × M) scenarios, or are rather linked to estimation errors. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (i) estimate and compare CNDCs via a Bayesian statistical approach for different G×E × M scenarios in tropical environments and (ii) assess the uncertainty in the relationship between tuber yield and NNI. Field experiments were conducted in three site-years (SYs) in the southeastern region of Brazil. Treatments consisted of two potato cultivars (Agata and Electra) and five N fertilization managements [differing in the N rates (0 ?320 kg N ha-1) and/or application timings]. Based on 95% credibility intervals, we found no significant differences between CNDCs across G×E × M scenarios assessed and thus derived a single generic CNDC for both cultivars and all SYs defined by Nc = 3.86 W-0.34. This global CNDC was used to compute NNI and discriminate tuber yields obtained under N-limiting and non-N-limiting conditions. An uncertainty analysis revealed that critical NNI threshold values for the tuber yield response to N management were not statistically different among G×E × M scenarios. Therefore, these results support the use of a unique CNDC for estimating the N status (NNI) of potato crop in tropical environments. We found no evidence of the need for SY- or cultivar-specific CNDCs. Future studies should evaluate N dilution curves and NNI for potato across different production environments worldwide.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Deep-injected straw incorporation improves subsoil fertility and crop productivity in a wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain

    Zhou S.-L.Wen Y.Ling J.Zhao D.-Q....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Deep-injected straw incorporation (DI-SI) is a novel soil tillage and straw management, which allowed for the formation of maize straw layer structure in the subsoil (20–38 cm) in wheat-maize rotation systems. However, little is known about how DI-SI affects soil physicochemical and enzymatic processes, as well as crop productivity. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment during 2018–2020 in the North China Plain to determine whether DI-SI would improve soil structure, nutrients, enzyme activities, and crop yield. Three treatments were included: straw removal (SR), conventional straw incorporation (SI), and DI-SI. The results showed that DI-SI improved soil structure and water retention through decreasing the bulk density and penetration resistance in 20–40 cm soil layer. DI-SI significantly increased soil organic C (67.5%), total N (61.3%), and available nutrients (i.e. NO3-, NH4+, dissolved organic C) compared with SI in the subsoil (20–40 cm), while no differences were detected among straw managements in the topsoil (0–20 cm). This was mainly attributed to the accumulation of microbial biomass C and C-, N-acquisition enzymes in the straw layers, which promoted the straw decomposition and nutrient release. Finally, with the combined effects of soil ecological processes, DI-SI significantly increased the grain yields of wheat and maize by 12.0% and 11.8% compared with SI in the second year, respectively. Our study suggested that deep placement of straw would better promote the utilization of crop residue for farming, and deep-injected straw incorporation represents a viable strategy to improve subsoil physical, chemical, and biological processes, and subsequently crop productivity in wheat-maize rotation systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nitrogen transfer and yield effects of legumes intercropped with the perennial grain crop intermediate wheatgrass

    Reilly E.C.Sheaffer C.C.Gutknecht J.L.Tautges N.E....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsPerennial grain crops are being developed to reduce the negative environmental impacts of tillage and chemical inputs related to annual row-crop agriculture. To further improve the ecological benefits of perennial grains like Kernza? intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host.) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey], intercropping with perennial legumes has the potential to diversify grain production systems and reduce mineral N fertilizer requirements; however, the facilitative vs. competitive effects of various legume species on perennial grain yields are unknown. We compared grain and biomass yields, tissue C:N ratio, and δ15N of IWG in response to either mineral fertilizer treatments or intercropping with one of six legume species at three locations for three years. IWG tissue C:N ratio increased through time at all sites suggesting a consistent increase in N limitation. Although no legume intercrop consistently affected grain yields through time or across sites, very rarely did an intercrop reduce grain yields to levels less than fertilized and unfertilized IWG monocultures. However, legume biomass in year 1 was negatively correlated with IWG grain yields in year 1, suggesting that negative effects of competition may outweigh positive effects of N fixation and transfer the year following establishment. The relationship between legume biomass and IWG grain yield became positive by year 3, indicating a potential lag in the positive effects of legume intercrop on grain yield. At one location, red clover (Trifolium repens L.) biomass was higher than all other legume treatments in year 1 and declined through time, giving way to a subsequent increase in IWG biomass and grain yields through time. At this site, N transfer from legumes to IWG determined by δ15N was positive by year 3 for red clover and two other legume species. This study provides evidence that legume intercrops can benefit IWG production under certain conditions, but outcomes are site-specific and may depend on conditions related to soil N levels, temperature and precipitation patterns, and weed pressure. Research is needed to identify specific traits that promote legume coexistence and facilitation with IWG, and how these traits might rank in importance depending on environmental conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Enviromic prediction is useful to define the limits of climate adaptation: A case study of common bean in Brazil

    Heinemann A.B.Costa-Neto G.Fritsche-Neto R.da Matta D.H....
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Ongoing changes in the global environmental conditions foster plant breeding research to develop climate-smart cultivars as fast as possible. Data analytics are essential for achieving this goal, especially the so-called science of enviromics (large-scale environmental characterization of crop growing conditions) that could be used to pinpoint the relevant environment impacts driving the adaptation of a certain specie in a breeding framework. Here we quantified the effects of diverse climate factors on the current adaptation of elite common bean germplasm in Brazil. To capture the non-linearity of those impacts across a wide range of environments, we developed an “enviromic prediction” approach by combining Generalized Additive Models (GAM), environmental covariates (EC), and grain yield (GY) from 18 years of historical breeding trials. Then, we predicted the optimum limits for ECs at each production scenario (four regions, three seasons, and two grain types) and its respective predictions of GY adaptation. Our results indicate that the nonlinear influence of air temperature, solar radiation, and rainfall led to a huge interaction of the impacts among the development stages, seasons, and regions. This revealed that seasonality differently affected the vegetative and reproductive stages, which its impact drastically vary according to the region and season, which makes unfeasible the development of a breeding strategy for selecting for broad adaptation. Conversely, with our approach it was possible to pinpoint the effects of the region- or season-specific impacts, which helped identify the “climate limits” and critical development phases for each possible production scenario. This could allow breeders to design crop ideotypes while directing efforts to develop climate-smart varieties. Furthermore, enviromics prediction is a cost-effective way to use EC as a data analytics tool to support the visualization of regional breeding gaps for specific growing conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Rainfed cotton crop in central India is a strong net CO2 sink: An eddy covariance-based analysis of ecosystem fluxes

    Manikandan A.Mani J.K.Venugopalan M.V.Bagadkar A.J....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The present study reports ecosystem CO2, H2O exchanges (at diurnal, daily, and seasonal-scale) from a rainfed (dryland) cotton crop (Gossypium sp) grown in deep black soil of tropical central India during 2019–20 and 2020–21, using an Eddy Covariance (EC) system. The half-hourly CO2 fluxes were found to vary significantly across the growth stages of cotton crop with peak values during first boll opening to first picking stage [mean Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange (NEE), ?16 to ?18 μmol m-2 s-1; mean Gross Primary production (GPP), 20–22 μmol m-2 s-1; and mean Ecosystem Respiration (Reco), 5–6 μmol m-2 s-1]. The response of daytime GPP to Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) was found to be poor during 1–30 days after sowing (DAS) with R2～0.4. It improved during 30–150 DAS (R2～0.6), while deteriorating further as the crop started senescing. The rainfed cotton crop was found to be a strong net CO2 sink, with seasonal NEE, GPP, Reco, and evapotranspiration (ET) of ? 333.66 gC m-2, 990.16 gC m-2, 656.50 gC m-2 and 468.32 mm during 2019–20, respectively. The cotton season of 2020–21 had seasonal NEE, GPP, Reco, and ET of ? 391.85 gC m-2, 1063.89 gC m-2, 672.04 gC m-2, and 545.25 mm respectively. The seasonal Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency (EWUE) was estimated to be 1.9 and 2.1 gC kg-1 H2O during 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively. Maximum values of crop coefficient (Kc) were observed to be 1–1.2 during 30–75 DAS, signifying favourable conditions for crop growth. The inter-seasonal differences in the CO2 and H2O exchanges were mainly driven by the differences in incoming PPFD due to cloudiness. Results of the present study will help in understanding the ecosystem processes and exchanges from a rainfed cotton-based cropping system, which in turn can significantly contribute to the global carbon and moisture budget.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Accurate model of nitrogen accumulation in transplanted rice under different nutrient distribution ratios

    Ni L.Lu Y.Wang L.Bai Y....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The purpose of this study were to explore an accurate model of nitrogen accumulation factoring in temperature and light meteorological conditions from 2018 to 2019, as well as the pattern of nutrient absorption and utilization in transplanted Yongyou No. 15 rice under different conditions of nutrient application, i.e., different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.Using Yongyou No. 15 rice as the experimental material, five groups of samples that received different fertilization treatments and one group of samples that was not treated with fertilizer (N0P0K0) were established under field conditions for two sequential years to study the dynamic changes in rice yield and nitrogen accumulation, as well as the influence of efficiency of fertilizer used under different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The principal results is that the dynamic change in nitrogen accumulation under optimal fertilization conditions could be expressed by the Gompertz model: y = 178.60 *exp(-exp[2.05–0.0884x]) (R2 =0.985, x represents the number of days after rice transplanting, and y represents nitrogen accumulation). The OPT demonstrated superiority in nitrogen accumulation in Yongyou No. 15 rice, and the days of gradual growth stage (21.78 d) and rapid growth stage (21.75 d) were all higher than those of other treatments. The Gompertz model is suitable for simulating the dynamics of nitrogen accumulation in rice under different nutrient distribution ratios In addition, the analytical method of the accurate model was used to quantitatively describe the dynamic variation of total nitrogen accumulation (TNA) in Yongyou No. 15 rice and explain the mechanism of optimal treatment (OPT) for high yields. The Gompertz model can simulate all the dynamic characteristics of the variation of nitrogen accumulation in rice plants after transplanting. The parameters i.e., N accumulation amount and the precise time to reach it, determined by the models provide a basis to accurately nitrogen regulation in the period of gradual increase and rapid increase in nutrient absorption, which is especially beneficial for the nutrient management in digital agriculture.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier