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Landscape and Urban Planning
Elsevier
Landscape and Urban Planning

Elsevier

0169-2046

Landscape and Urban Planning/Journal Landscape and Urban PlanningAHCISSCIISSHPSCI
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    An alternative method of developing landscape strategies for urban cooling: A threshold-based perspective

    Zhou, WenYu, WenluoWu, Tao
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increasing the amount of blue-green spaces has been recognized as an effective strategy to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Specific quantitative and actionable landscape mitigation strategies for different land use and land-cover (LULC) types to cool down cities, have been rarely addressed. In this paper, the absolute threshold of cooling (ToC(abs)) -the specific threshold of a certain influencing factor to ensure the effective cooling of a particular patch type, was proposed and defined for the first time to facilitate the research. The effects of size, shape and neighboring greenspace percentage (NGP) of different types of LULC patches on land surface temperature (LST) were examined and their corresponding ToC(abs) values were determined if existed, in the metropolitan areas of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin using satellite images. Results demonstrate that larger sized and complex-shaped water bodies and forested areas produce greater cooling effect. The size is irrelevant to the cooling intensity of grass-dominated patches. ToC(abs) of patch size exist and were identified for water bodies (Beijing, 5 ha; Shanghai, 10 ha; and Tianjin, 5 ha) and forested areas (Beijing, 20 ha; Shanghai, 50 ha; and Tianjin, 20 ha). Besides, NGP is negatively correlated with patch LST for all LULC types, indicating that increasing the amount of neighboring vegetation cover can effectively lower the nearby patch LST. ToC(abs) of NGP exist and were identified for water bodies (Beijing, 30.3%; Shanghai, 61.6%; and Tianjin, 20%) and grass dominated areas (Beijing, 89.1%; Shanghai, 76.9%; and Tianjin, 81.5%). Among the three influencing factors, the size accounts for greatest variability in patch LST for forested areas and impervious surfaces, and neighboring greenspace proportion accounts for the most variability in LST for water bodies and grass-dominated areas. The methodology and results of this study could help to orientate specific and actionable landscape strategies of urban cooling.
      原文链接:
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    Tree canopy, pediatric asthma, and social vulnerability: An ecological study in Connecticut

    Newman, GalenLee, SungminBaek, JuhaKim, Se Woong...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Despite a variety of health benefits associated with trees, previous findings on links between tree canopy and asthma have been mixed. Little is known about the association of tree canopy with asthma emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations at the neighborhood level. This study examines associations between tree canopy and pediatric asthma ED visit/hospitalization rates among the Connecticut population at the census tract level and investigates the moderating effect of social vulnerability on these associations. Using data of the combined pediatric asthma ED visits and hospitalizations (from 2010 to 2014), tree canopy coverage, and area based social vulnerability, we applied multivariate negative binomial regression models, controlling for confounders including ozone and road density. Results show that every 10-percentage point increase in tree canopy cover was expected to bring a 4% decrease in asthma ED visit/hospitalization rates. Further, every 10-percentage point increase in social vulnerability index was associated with an 18% increase in asthma ED visit/hospitalization rates. We also found a nonlinear association, indicating a U-shape effect of tree canopy on pediatric asthma ED visit/hospitalization rates. The levels of social vulnerability moderated the association between the nonlinear effect of tree canopy and asthma ED visit/hospitalization rates (beta =-5.629, p =.004). Findings suggests that tree canopy may help reduce pediatric asthma ED visits and hospitalizations. Particularly, the benefits of tree canopy in decreasing pediatric asthma ED visits and hospitalizations would be more effective in more socially vulnerable areas.
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    • NSTL

    Does urban agriculture lead to gentrification?

    Hawes, Jason K.Gounaridis, DimitriosNewell, Joshua P.
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Urban agriculture, experiencing a resurgence across the Global North, features prominently in food system sustainability and urban resilience discourse, planning, and policy. Research, however, indicates that racialized gentrification tends to accompany urban agriculture, similar to a phenomenon documented with other green space. This study used remote sensing to map home (N = 478) and community (N = 130) gardens across Detroit, an emblematic legacy city undergoing significant redevelopment. Despite being a city in which seventy-eight percent of the residents are Black, spatial regression revealed that gardens in Detroit are actually more prevalent in non-Black-neighborhoods. Community gardens predominate in neighborhoods where residents are younger, wealthier, and college-educated, while home gardens are more numerous in areas with high rates of home ownership. Modeling also indicated that gardens are in areas with limited access to fresh produce. Contrary to the literature, we did not find a correlation between the presence of gardens and potential gentrification. Gardens, however, are consistently more prevalent in neighborhoods that have stabilized after experiencing high rates of vacancy, foreclosure, and housing demolition. These results have three important implications. First, redevelopment processes in legacy cities such as Detroit, through urban agriculture and other green infrastructure, are likely to lead to garden distributions different than those found in cities with more typical development trajectories. Second, the research calls into question generalized assumptions that expanding green space inevitably leads to gentrification, necessitating deeper investigation of these dynamics in diverse urban settings. And finally, racialized narratives around gardens and redevelopment risk undermining long-standing connections between Detroit's gardens and environmental justice.
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    • NSTL

    Drivers of irrigated olive grove expansion in Mediterranean landscapes and associated biodiversity impacts

    Morgado, RuiRibeiro, Paulo FloresSantos, Jose LimaRego, Francisco...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Over the last 30 years, olive farming has experienced a fast and large-scale intensification process across its Mediterranean range, that is reshaping Mediterranean farmland landscapes with associated impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study aims to analyze irrigated olive grove spatial expansion patterns across a 27-year period in a region of Southern Portugal, by exploring its drivers, describing the involved land-use dynamics, and to evaluating its potential biodiversity impacts. Land cover spatio-temporal dynamics were characterized by comparing recent land cover maps 2017 with those before the intensification upsurge (1990), using a grid of sampling points across the area. To investigate the drivers of intensification, these points were characterized using 10 variables reflecting policy context, previous land use (in 1990), biophysical features, and farm structure, which were used to model land cover transitions resulting in intensive olive farming. Finally, we used a counterfactual approach to assess the impacts of the olive intensification process on biodiversity in relation to alternative land cover change pathways, using farmland birds as an indicator group. We confirmed a large-scale expansion of irrigated olive groves in the region between 1990 and 2017, from being practically absent to covering ca. 6% of the study area. This expansion was made mostly at the expenses of open rainfed annual crops (63%) and, to a lesser degree, traditional rainfed olive groves (21%). Change was driven mainly by the combined effect of the availability of public irrigation water and large farms, although other factors related to legal constraints to land-use change, biophysical context and previous land management were also involved. During the study period, land cover transitions conducting to intensive olive farming were the most harmful for biodiversity, when compared to alternative land cover change pathways. By providing a quantitative insight into the underlying mechanisms and environmental consequences of the olive farming intensification process currently affecting biodiversity-rich Mediterranean farmland landscapes, our study contributes with valuable information that can be used by policy makers to better plan and manage the on-going expansion of intensive olive farming.
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    • NSTL

    Biodiversity conservation in urban gardens - Pets and garden design influence activity of a vulnerable digging mammal

    Kristancic, Amanda R.Kuehs, JanineRichardson, Bonnie BealBaudains, Catherine...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Residential gardens can provide essential opportunities for native wildlife and represent a valuable way of creating new habitats. Bandicoots (marsupial family Peramelidae) are medium-sized digging mammals that play a valuable role in maintaining ecosystem health; retaining these important ecosystem engineers across urban landscapes, including in private gardens, can have enormous conservation benefits. Urbanisation is a significant threat for some bandicoot species, and therefore understanding the factors associated with their activity can help guide urban landscape and garden design. To identify key features associated with the activity of a local endemic bandicoot species, the quenda (Isoodon fusciventer), we carried out a camera trap survey of front and back yards for 65 residential properties in the City of Mandurah, Western Australia. We compared quenda activity with biotic and abiotic factors that could indicate potential predation risk (activity of domestic dogs Canis familiaris and cats Felis catus, and the presence of artificial or natural protective cover), food availability (including deliberate or inadvertent supplementary feeding, provision of water, and diggable surfaces) and garden acces-sibility (distance to bushland, permeability of boundary fencing, and garden position). Supplementary feeding was strongly associated with quenda activity. Quenda were also more active in back yards, and in gardens where there was greater vegetation cover. Of concern, quenda activity was positively associated with cat activity, which could reflect that straying pet cats are attracted to gardens that harbour wildlife populations, including quenda. Furthermore, almost half of the gardens showed cat activity despite only a small sample of the surveyed residents owning a pet cat. Results of this study can help guide the design of residential gardens to increase useful habitat for these important digging mammals. Vegetation, wood mulch and semi-permeable fencing can provide valu-able resources needed to support the persistence of quendas across the rapidly changing urban landscape mosaic, where natural and managed (e.g., gardens and parks) green spaces are becoming less common and more isolated.
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    • NSTL

    Deconstructing viewshed analysis makes it possible to construct a useful visual impact map for wind projects

    Palmer, James F.
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：The analysis of wind project visual impact assessments (VIAs) is dominated by photosimulations at a limited number of viewpoints. While wind project VIAs typically include a cumulative viewshed map, they fail to integrate information about distance zone, visible exposure and project extent into a useful measure of visual impact. As a result, the quality of the spatial analysis of visual impacts is of limited value. This study presents an approach to assessing the visual prominence of individual wind turbines based on their distance from the viewer and the turbine's visual exposure. These results provide useful guidance concerning which turbine locations should be permitted. Several ways to combine the impact of individual turbines into a map of visual impact are evaluated. The contrast rating of photosimulations at 17 viewpoints is used as the criterion to validate these maps. The results show significant improvement over the traditional cumulative viewshed map. The contrast ratings are also used to calibrate mapped levels of visual impact.
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    • NSTL

    Land use effects on phylogenetic and functional diversity of birds: Significance of urban green spaces

    Muvengwi, JusticeFritz, HerveMbiba, MonicahNdagurwa, Hilton G. T....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although research has been done in order to understand the impact of urban development on avian diversity, it mainly focused on taxonomic diversity. Here we aimed to assess biodiversity targeting beyond species richness since this has the potential to inform the conservation of healthy functioning ecosystem. We explored how functional and phylogenetic diversity vary between a protected area and urban green spaces. We collected avian data at Lake Chivero Park and six green spaces in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. The avian point count method at 30 sites for each location (Harare and Lake Chivero Park) was conducted. Alpha diversity indices were compared between Harare and Lake Chivero Park using independent t-test. One-way analysis of variance was applied to test for variation in functional and phylogenetic beta-diversity metrics together with the respective standardized effect size. Urban green spaces had higher species richness, abundance, phylogenetic and functional diversity than Lake Chivero Park. Beta diversity between the two sites was much higher than within sites diversity. The two sites did not differ in terms of beta diversity. Our study shows that urban development that incorporates green spaces maybe critical in the conservation of functional and phylogenetic diversity of avifauna. We suggest that urban landscapes be considered in national and regional conservation plans since they can act as conduits between protected areas, especially for avifauna.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL