查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)Landscapes change due to natural processes and anthropogenic influences such as farming, forestry, urban development and civil engineering. Sustainable land and water management is needed to meet human needs while responding to the climate and biodiversity crises. Landscape visualisation may facilitate this by improving stakeholder engagement and changing environmental baselines. We developed a 4D landscape visualisation of the Crummock Water catchment in England's Lake District National Park. It showed 14,000 years of landscape evolution, including 140 years of reservoir engineering and future renaturalisation scenarios (weir removal and river remeandering). We used a cognitive model novel to landscape visualisation research to understand stakeholder values, beliefs, and attitudes. We tested the hypotheses that presenting extended landscape evolution information changes stakeholder beliefs (H1) and attitudes (H2) towards the renaturalisation proposals. The experiment comprised online visualisation workshops with 45 participants in two treatments (‘long’ extended and ‘short’ control). We analysed pre- and post-workshop surveys using statistical tests and qualitative coding. Results show the workshop changed beliefs around landscape naturalness, and made attitudes towards renaturalisation more supportive. There was no significant difference in belief between treatments, therefore we reject our belief hypothesis (H1). However, participants who saw the extended information were more likely to support weir removal, supporting our attitude hypothesis (H2). We discuss the validity of the cognitive model and the utility of the extended landscape evolution information. We conclude that 4D landscape visualisation can change beliefs about landscapes and attitudes towards environmental management. This effect may be enhanced by extended landscape evolution information.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Vegetation in historic fortification areas is sometimes perceived mainly through the prism of the threat it poses to the historic structures. However, its presence can be socially desirable. Therefore, a question arises regarding how to shape military heritage landscapes in order to ensure their legibility and the optimal degree of naturalness. This study attempts to identify the nature of the relationship between the legibility and naturalness of military heritage landscapes (19th–20th century) in five European countries as well as the social preference for these landscapes, taking into account the complexity of these relationships (mediating effects). A more in-depth exploration may be helpful in determining the potential directions for contemporary shaping of the green areas of historic fortifications, taking into account social expectations and preference. This study examined the preference of 131 participants (age range 17–76 year; Mage = 38.3; SDage = 15.61) for 57 sites in terms of naturalness and legibility via participation in a questionnaire survey assessing reactions to naturalness, legibility and preference for three different maintenance categories of military heritage landscapes (‘well-kept’, ‘partly-wild’ and ‘wild’). Correlations between variables and mediating effects (suppressions) were analysed. A negative correlation was demonstrated between naturalness and legibility. Moreover, naturalness does not correlate with preference, which can be explained by the influence of legibility. The legibility correlates positively with preference, but this correlation would have been stronger were it not for the influence of naturalness. The outcome suggests that the most popular fortifications are maintained in a way that allows vegetation to appear, while at the same time at least partially preserving the legibility of the structures.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Due to the triple process of marketization, decentralization, and globalization, China has become one of the most unequal countries since the beginning of the new century. Though a huge volume of research has investigated the mechanism of China's urban–rural income disparity, few studies have examined the influence of urban/town planning, which is regarded as a value creation tool in regional development. With a panel data of 30 provinces/municipalities in mainland China during the period 2008–2019, the paper explores the causality correlation between urban–rural income inequality and town planning. The results of Granger causality tests and the simultaneous equation model show that town planning has both direct and indirect influences on urban–rural income inequality. The impact of the government's planning expenditure on urban–rural income inequality is positive, while that of the coverage of town planning and the size of planning staffing is negative. These findings indicate that, though China's town planning is pro-growth orientated in the context of rapid urbanization, town planners are increasingly concerned about social equality. Therefore, we argue that town planning is an important coordination instrument for the urban–rural disparity. The local government should enhance the coverage of town planning and the education of advocacy planning as well.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Houses with better street design are found to relate to a price premium. Prior studies mainly present the street quality using objective indicators like tree counts and distance to parks with land use data, or most recently using the greenery view index extracted from street view imagery (SVI). We argue objective indicators cannot completely describe people's sense of a place, as perception is a highly subjective process. We hypothesize that subjective measures using visual surveys could capture more subtle human perceptions, thus providing stronger predictive power to housing prices. However, the role of subjectively measured street design qualities is less known due to the lack of large-scale perception data. To test our hypothesis, we first collected designers’ perceptions on five urban design qualities from pairwise SVIs rankings in Shanghai with an online visual survey. Unlike the mainstream of using generic image features, we followed urban design theory and used rule-based features, i.e., about thirty streetscape elements extracted from SVIs to train machine learning (ML) models to predict subjective perceptions. The predictive power of five qualities versus ten selected individual streetscapes on housing price were compared using the hedonic price model. Besides the standard ordinary least squares (OLS), spatial regression and geographical weighted regression (GWR) were also developed to account for the spatial dependence and heterogeneity effects. We found both subjectively measured design qualities and objective indicators outperformed housing structural attributes in explaining housing price. While the objective view indexes collectively explained more price variances, the five perceptions individually exhibited stronger strength. Third, less-studied perceptions like “human scale” showed stronger strength than commonly studied “safety” and “enclosure”. Fourth, less-studied view indexes like “person” and “fence” outperformed ubiquitous features like trees and buildings. Lastly, prior studies might have resulted in biased estimations due to ignoring the multicollinear issues between the sky, tree and building views. Our study addressed the effectiveness of incorporating subjective perceptions at a micro level to infer housing prices. correlations between subjective perceptions were strong while that of objective indicators were negligible, therefore subjective perceptions can complement the objective indicators. The findings provide important reference to decision makers when selecting street quality indicators to infer urban design, city planning and community and housing development plans.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The concept of urban metabolism has been profusely used by various disciplines over the last and current century to describe different urban phenomena. One theme that appears to gain importance in the interdisciplinary field of urban metabolism is the spatial dimension. In this article, we have carried out a bibliometric and qualitative analysis of the use of this multi-faceted notion in order to understand the place of space in urban metabolism research. Our results show that several communities within the urban metabolism field use and manipulate space for their research according to different approaches (territorial economic, socio-political, socio-ecological, governance and urban planning, and modeling). We discuss recent contributions of these communities and their approaches, their limitations, and a future agenda that might cross-fertilize them in order to embed space more consistently in urban metabolism research.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Although environmental justice scholars have been addressing spatial scale for at least thirty years, one of its components remains largely overlooked, namely extent. In this paper, we investigate the effects of extent variation in environmental (in)justice patterns by analyzing the statistical associations between socio-economic marginality and environmental vulnerability at three different spatial scopes: metropolitan areas, municipalities, and boroughs. Using census and geospatial data, our case study focuses on the relations between income and color/race, on the one hand, and susceptibility to flooding and landslides, on the other, in Brazil's two largest cities (S?o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro). We constructe an integrated, census tract-level database using areal weighting interpolation combining census with susceptibility data to perform k-means multivariate clustering analysis. Although our results show that the most vulnerable to landslides and flooding are non-white, low-income people – confirming common environmental justice claims – they also suggest that spatial extent impinges on statistical patterns. While the clusters are very similar in the metropolitan and municipal scales, pointing to a fractal-like structure, they differ significantly at the borough scale. This smaller scale reveals a different picture, one in which well-to-do white people are just as exposed to hazards (especially flooding) as non-white, middle- to lower-middle-class people. We argue this is a result of elite self-exposure to risk, which is supported by socio-spatially unjust distribution of risk-mitigation infrastructures. Policymakers should pay attention to such scale-dependent complexities in devising ways to cope with the increasing inequities brought about by climate change.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Road construction is expanding worldwide, exacerbating both direct mortality by road-kills and habitat fragmentation, especially for mobile vertebrates such as bats. Understanding how road density affects bat communities in mosaic landscapes of various compositions and configurations is therefore critical. We acoustically sampled bat communities in 172 landscapes of southern France to: (i) disentangle the relative and interacting effects of road density and forest fragmentation by farmland on the activity of bat communities; (ii) investigate how road density affects different aspects of bat diversity (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic) and species activity according to their life-history traits; and (iii) assess whether road density effects on bats change with the level of forest fragmentation. Forest amount and patchiness were more important than road density for all components of bat diversity, except for functional evenness. Bat diversity peaked in landscapes with intermediate levels of forest fragmentation, while road density had negative effects on functional and phylogenetic diversity. The effect of road density on the activity of R. ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, N. leisleri and P. pipistrellus was only negative in landscapes with either a low forest amount or a low number of forest patches. By better understanding interactions between forest fragmentation and road density, our study will contribute to a more adequate landscape planning that will improve the resilience of bat communities to both road expansion and forest fragmentation. Moreover, the complex landscape-level interactions between habitat fragmentation and matrix quality on bats advocate for the use of a more holistic view in future fragmentation studies.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe biodiversity of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi (basidiomycetes) is declining, and many species are threatened in forests. Based on data from a 30-year fruiting body survey from 1988 to 2017 in the region of the city of Jena (100,000 inhabitants, 4500 ha forest), Germany, we evaluated the role of the urban environment with a variation of ownership, property size, associated management, and high diversity of woody species for the presence of non-red list and red-list fungal species. We found that (i) the urban area hosted 1172 mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting basidiomycete macrofungi, identified on 64 woody host genera, representing 23% of the total German basidiomycetes on 0.4‰ of the German forest area. Among these species, 194 species (16%) are threatened according to the German Red List; (ii) a few common forest tree genera (Fagaceae and Pinaceae) hosted 90% of the total and red-list fungal species detected in this study; (iii) plant identity and host functional groups rather than plant phylogeny shaped the community composition and richness of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi; (iv) conifers contributed 68% and 51% and broad-leaved trees 81% and 74% to total and red-list fungal diversity, respectively; (v) red-list species occurred mainly on common forest trees and shrubs from Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, and Oleaceae, especially on native ones; and (vi) a few exotic trees (Robinia pseudoacacia and Pseudotsuga menziesii) supported a diverse native fungal flora. We conclude that urban areas can serve as an important zone for maintaining mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi by promoting a high heterogeneity of land use, ownership, and a high diversity of woody species.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022In the 1930's the Federal Home Loan Bank Board established a program to appraise real estate risk levels in several cities. Four classes indicating level of security for real estate investments were developed: A (green) – best, B (blue) – still desirable, C (yellow) – declining, and D (red) – hazardous. Recent studies have shown that heat island effects are greater, imperviousness is higher, and tree cover lower in areas that were formerly redlined (class D). This paper analyzed all redlined areas in U.S. cities and confirms that redlined areas (class D) have lower tree cover, greater impervious cover and lower forest ecosystem service values than other classes, with tree cover declining and impervious cover increasing as security risk class increased. Nationally, tree cover averaged 40.1 percent in class A and 20.8 percent in Class D; impervious cover averaged 30.6 in Class A and 53.0 percent in Class D. Loss of annual ecosystem services in riskier redlined areas (classes B-D) compared to the highest rated zone (class A) conservatively equates to $308 million nationally if classes B-D had the percent tree cover exhibited in Class A. At the city scale, these losses in foregone services can reach up to $100 million per year (New York, NY). As percent tree cover and percent tree cover stocking declines as percent impervious cover increases, differences in the physical impervious structure of the redlined areas at the time of designation influence tree cover differences. As redlined areas were often delimited in areas with higher population density and impervious cover, these areas tend have lower tree cover today. Even if stocking levels were increased to levels exhibited in Class A (57.8%) among all classes, tree cover would still decrease as class risk increases due to less available greenspace in lower graded classes. These patterns illustrate the importance of impervious cover on the distribution of ecosystem services and understanding the impacts of redlining practices. City policies could be directed to help offset these disparities by enhancing tree cover and reducing impervious cover in these under-resourced areas.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsSmart technologies promise innovative approaches to manage nature-based solutions (NBS) for more effective regulating functions under climate change. However, smart systems may also affect people's experiences of NBS by introducing noticeable changes in urban landscapes. This study investigated public perception of “smart” retention ponds that had changing water level as controlled by smart systems and varied in the following microscale landscape elements determined by planning and design choices: land use context, basin slope, and surrounding plants. Using visualizations that showed pond landscape design alternatives at typical, low (draining water), and high (retaining water) water levels, we surveyed residents in three American cities for their perceptions of smart ponds (n = 974). Our results suggest that water level manipulation by smart systems negatively affects perceptions of stormwater ponds; both low and high water were perceived as significantly less attractive, neat, and safe than the typical water level condition. Furthermore, these effects of water level were moderated by other design elements. Perceptions of high water level were more positive for ponds in greenspace than in residential or commercial contexts. Perceptions of low water level were more positive for ponds in residential contexts than in greenspace or commercial contexts, as well as for ponds surrounded by woody or unmaintained plants than those surrounded by mown turf edge. In both high and low water conditions, ponds with steep slopes were perceived more positively than those with shallow slopes. These findings can support successful planning, design, and management of smart NBS.
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