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Neotropical Entomology
Springer
Neotropical Entomology

Springer

1519-566X

Neotropical Entomology/Journal Neotropical EntomologySCI
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    Local Climate Conditions Shape the Seasonal Patterns of the Diptera Community in a Tropical Rainforest of the Americas

    Hernández-Ortiz VicenteDzul-Cauich José F.Madora MarthaCoates Rosamond...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Insect life cycles are short-term and therefore sensitive to immediate changes triggered by climate, vegetation structure, or land use management; hence, the insect populations shape the communities and functional relationships in tropical forests. In this study, we hypothesized that seasonal variations of the dipteran families respond in different ways to changes of weather conditions, thereby affecting their population dynamics. In a one-hectare plot, we surveyed the fly community inhabiting the understory of a Neotropical rainforest. Over a yearly cycle, we used three Malaise traps operated continuously for 365?days and recorded a total of 68,465 fly specimens belonging to 48 families of Diptera, 15 of which were most abundant, accounting for 99.2% of all sampled individuals. The results of the trapping frequency indices (TFIs) exhibited significant population fluctuations in 12 of the 15 most abundant families, which were particularly correlated with temperature or precipitation. Based on such variations, we identified four seasonal patterns as follows: (i) Spring–Autumn bimodal pattern (Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, Phoridae, Stratiomyidae); (ii) Spring pattern (Mycetophilidae, Dolichopodidae, Ceratopogonidae); (iii) Autumn pattern (Chironomidae, Psychodidae); (iv) Winter pattern (Empididae, Tipulidae, Ditomyiidae). From a functional perspective, we found the prevalence of families with saprophagous larvae, in addition to phytophagous, fungivores, and predacious. Our results suggest a key role played by the Diptera community on structuring the functional clusters, both in terms of taxonomic composition and on seasonal shifts of abundance, thus influencing the dynamic processes of nutrient cycling in the understory.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Parasitoids of Drosophilids in the Brazilian Savanna: Spatial–temporal Distribution and Host Associations with Native and Exotic Species

    Laumann Raul AlbertoTidon RosanaSchneider Dariane IsabelSujii Edison Ryoiti...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Host–parasitoid interactions may have a relevant role not only in ecological processes but also in human procedures such as biological control and the management of invasive species. Although the Drosophila–parasitoid system has been widely used for investigating all aspects of host–parasitoid relationships, it is still poorly understood in tropical areas. Here, we investigate the richness, spatial–temporal distribution, and host associations of parasitoids attacking drosophilid flies in the core region of the Brazilian Savanna, a hotspot of biodiversity. Using different methods, we collected wasps on several occasions over 7?years and found 13 species representing families associated with drosophilid larvae (Figitidae, Braconidae) and pupae (Pteromalidae, Eurytomidae, Dipriidae). The dominant species infesting larvae and pupae were Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), respectively. Spalangia simplex Perkins was recorded for the first time in the Brazilian Savanna. Although our study was not designed to evaluate collection methods, we observed that they captured different subsets of the wasp community. The spatiotemporal distribution of wasps followed those of drosophilids: they were more abundant in forests and during the rainy season, suggesting that the abundance of hosts, especially native drosophilids, is an important factor determining the assemblage structure and population dynamics of parasitoids. Common parasitoids and drosophilids were associated with more than one host/antagonist species, suggesting that caution should be used for the selection of biological control agents. This study confirms the role and relevance of natural vegetation in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services, especially in a biome severely threatened by agricultural expansion.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Assessing Anatomical Changes in Male Reproductive Organs in Response to Larval Crowding Using Micro-computed Tomography Imaging

    Morimoto JulianoBarcellos RenanSchoborg Todd A.Nogueira Liebert Parreiras...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Ecological conditions shape (adaptive) responses at the molecular, anatomical, and behavioral levels. Understanding these responses is key to predict the outcomes of intra- and inter-specific competitions and the evolutionary trajectory of populations. Recent technological advances have enabled large-scale molecular (e.g., RNAseq) and behavioral (e.g., computer vision) studies, but the study of anatomical responses to ecological conditions has lagged behind. Here, we highlight the role of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in generating in vivo and ex vivo 3D imaging of anatomical structures, which can enable insights into adaptive anatomical responses to ecological environments. To demonstrate the application of this method, we manipulated the larval density of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen?flies and applied micro-CT to investigate the anatomical responses of the male reproductive organs to varying intraspecific competition levels during development. Our data is suggestive of two classes of anatomical responses which broadly agree with sexual selection theory: increasing larval density led to testes and ejaculatory duct to be overall larger (in volume), while the volume of accessory glands and, to a lesser extent, ejaculatory duct decreased. These two distinct classes of anatomical responses might reflect shared developmental regulation of the structures of the male reproductive system. Overall, we show that micro-CT can be an important tool to advance the study of anatomical (adaptive) responses to ecological environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Revision of the “celia clade” of Pseudodebis Forster, 1964, with Two New Species and Notes on Papilio phorcys Fabricius, 1793 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

    Nakahara ShinichiJanzen Daniel H.Hallwachs WinnieHuertas Blanca...
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The species-level classification of the “celia clade” of the nymphalid butterfly genus Pseudodebis Forster, 1964, is revised as part of ongoing revisionary work on this genus. The “celia clade” contains three species, of which two, Pseudodebis darrenthroopi Nakahara & Willmott, n. sp. and P. tigrillo Nakahara & Willmott, n. sp., are described and named herein based on morphology and molecular data. Consequently, we increase the described species diversity of Pseudodebis to 13, with a remarkable six species occurring in the trans-Andean region. We discuss five specific epithets associated with the clade and designate a neotype for Papilio celia Cramer, 1780, and lectotype for Taygetis keneza Butler, 1869, based on the same specimen, thus retaining the status of the former name as a senior objective synonym. We also provide a brief historical review for Papilio phorcys Fabricius, 1793, an enigmatic name currently synonymized under Papilio celia. Nevertheless, we were unable to locate the syntype(s) for this name and the identity of Papilio phorcys remains uncertain, so we retain the current synonymy as a parsimonious approach.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    New Complex of Cryptic Species Discovered in Genus Biblis (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) in Mexico

    Pozo Carmenálvarez-García HugoMachkour-M’Rabet SalimaMartínez Armando Luis...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Our research focuses on demonstrating the existence of cryptic species named under Biblis aganisa Boisduval.?We used COI sequences to delimit Biblis species for Mexico using species delimitation analyses and examined phylogenetic relationships with sequences from Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina, USA, and Guana Island using a Bayesian inference tree. We performed a discriminant analysis with quantitative traits using female and male wing and genitalia, and a tree of maximum parsimony based on 39 qualitative characters of wings, head, and male genitalia. The results were congruent in the three analyses. Three groups were formed based on DNA, ECO 01?+?DHJ02, ECO 02?+?DHJ01, and ECO 03. The characters that contributed over 50% separation were for wings: wing length, anal margin length, and distance from the band to the outer margin; for male genitalia, angle of the integument, uncus, and the length of the hypandrium, while for females, it was the angle of the anteapophysis and the length of the abdomen. For the analysis of qualitative characters, a tree of maximum parsimony was obtained where 20 characters were informative. We confirmed the existence of three cryptic Biblis species in Mexico, two not yet described, and one corresponding to B. aganisa (ECO 02), which is sympatric in Oaxaca and Sinaloa (ECO 03) and in the Yucatan Peninsula (ECO 01).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Jasmonic Acid-Treated Cotton Plant Leaves Impair Larvae Growth Performance, Activities of Detoxification Enzymes, and Insect Humoral Immunity of Cotton Bollworm

    Yang ShiyongCao QianPeng KaihaoXie Jianchun...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Enhancement of plant defense by exogenous elicitors is a promising tool for integrated pest management strategy. In the present study, cotton plants were treated with different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0?mM) of the natural plant defense elicitor, jasmonic acid (JA), and defense-related indicators in the plants were then determined. The cotton bollworm larvae were fed with JA-treated cotton leaves and larvae performances were discussed in terms of larvae relative growth rate (RGR), larval duration, pupal mass, humoral immunity, and activities of a target enzyme, three detoxification enzymes and two metabolic enzymes. Research results showed that JA treatment increased the contents of gossypol and H2O2, and decreased that of the total soluble carbohydrates, and 0.1?mM JA was more powerful in the induction of defense-related parameters. As a consequence, cotton bollworm larvae reared on JA-treated cotton leaves showed slower RGR, prolonged larvae duration, and decreased pupal mass. In addition, when larvae were fed with JA-treated cotton leaves, activities of phenoloxidae (an indicator of humoral immunity) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE, a target enzyme), alkaline phosphatases (ALP), acidic phosphatase (ACP), and three detoxification enzymes, carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 (P450), were all reduced compared to the control. Taken together, the results suggest that JA can be an alternative agent for pest management by delaying insect growth and inhibiting immune defense and detoxification capacity of the cotton bollworm, which may reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Survival, Body Condition, and Immune System of Apis mellifera liguistica Fed Avocado, Maize, and Polyfloral Pollen Diet

    Quesada-Béjar VeneciaContreras-Gardu?o JorgeCalvillo L. Karina AdameGarcía Eduardo Cuevas...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Nutritional stress is the major factor contributing to decline in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations given the high degree of dependence on floral resources, and due to the habitat loss. In this sense, monocultures of maize and avocado have great extensions in Mexico, but their impact on the physiology and morphology of A. mellifera is unknown. This research evaluated the effect of total protein content in monofloral (maize or avocado pollen diets) and polyfloral (using five types of pollen: Persea americana Mill., Zea mays L., Melampodium perfoliatum Cav., Drymaria villosa Cham Schltdl., and Lopezia racemosa Cav.) on their survival, body condition (controlled density, head mass, and development of hypopharyngeal glands; protein content in hemolymph), and immune response [lytic activity and activity of prophenoloxidase in the hemolymph (proPO)]. Corbicular pollen of P. americana had the highest protein content, followed by the corbicular pollen of Z. mays, M. perfoliatum, D. villosa, and L. racemosa. Polyfloral diet seems to be better for A. mellifera than the monofloral maize and avocado. Bees fed polyfloral pollen diet showed a high content of protein in the hemolymph in comparison with that fed maize or avocado pollen diets. Bees fed polyfloral and avocado pollen diet had the highest lytic activity but showed a decrease in proPO activity. In conclusion, polyfloral diets seem to be better for A. mellifera than the monofloral maize and avocado.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Host Size Preference of the Leafcutter Ant Parasitoid Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai?(Diptera: Phoridae)

    Pereira Renata CunhaBailez OmarVieira-Júnior José Olívio LopesSilva Gerson Adriano...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai Brown?(Diptera: Phoridae) is a natural enemy of Atta sexdens?Linnaeus?and Atta laevigata Smith?and is considered a promising candidate for the biological control of these ants. The aim of this study was to verify if E. tonhascai has a preference for specific sizes of A. sexdens foragers and whether this parasitoid demonstrated host species preference when comparing parasitism of A. sexdens and A. laevigata. Worker ants were classified into four different size groups and introduced into an attack arena with one E. tonhascai female. To verify host species preference, both A. sexdens and A. laevigata workers were placed in the attack arena together with one E. tonhascai female. A no-choice test was also performed, when each ant species was offered to a phorid female at different times. Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai performed the highest number of inspection flights, attempted attacks, and actual attacks against A. sexdens workers with a cephalic capsule size of 3–5?mm. When comparing attacks on A. sexdens and A. laevigata workers, they were equally inspected, attacked, and the total parasitism rates were similar. However, the phorid adult emergence rate was significantly higher in the A. sexdens?parasitized workers. We conclude that E. tonhascai females express preference for parasitizing larger hosts (cephalic capsule width of 3–5?mm), but do not display a preference for host species when comparing A. sexdens versus A. laevigata, and thus can similarly contribute to both leafcutter ants’ natural biological control.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Evaluation of the Bioefficacy and Insecticide Compatibility of Entomopathogens for Management of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Upland Cotton Under Laboratory and Polyhouse Conditions

    Kumar RishiVerma Surender KumarPrasad Yenumula G.Sain Satish Kumar...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Entomopathogens (EPFs) are potential alternatives to chemical insecticides for managing Bemisia?tabaci?(Genn.),?an invasive pest of the cotton crop. EPFs alone may not always provide enough insect pest control, but combining EPFs with pesticides, provided both components are compatible, can make an integrated pest management program considerably more effective.?Hence, the?bioefficacy?of EPFs against whitefly, their compatibility with pesticides, and the factors responsible for determining compatibility were studied.?The highest nymphal mortality was recorded with the?Beauveria?bassiana?strains Bb-4511 (95.1%) and Bb-4565 (89.9%), and?Metarhizium?anisopliae Ma-1299 (86.7%)?at 1?×?106?conidia?ml?1.?Lower LC50?values were?observed?for Cordyceps?javanica?Cj-089 and Bb-4511, 0.2?×?104 and 0.5?×?104?conidia ml?1, respectively. The?toxicity index values in insecticide sensitivity?assays?ranged from 19.4 to 119.6% among all the EPFs. Comparatively, all the EPFs except Bb-4543 and Bb-4565 showed compatible to moderately toxic reactions to neonicotinoids and spinosyns. Organophosphates (ethion) and?pyrethrins?(bifenthrin) were toxic to very toxic to all the EPFs except Bb-4511, Fv-083, and Ma-1299. Cj-102 and Cj-089 were compatible with 50% of the average recommended dose of bifenthrin and ethion, and the average recommended dose for the field application of neonicotinoids and spinosyns. Principal?component?analysis showed that?spore?production and toxicity index values correlate with each other and?are responsible for?determining?the EPF compatibility with insecticides.?The EPF spore production and toxicity index are important factors for determining?chemical?compatibility.?Compatible EPFs can be used individually or in combination as promising and compatible biological alternatives to insecticides in the management of whitefly in cotton.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil

    Insecticides in Use and Risk of Control Failure of Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

    Neves Robério Carlos dos SantosTorres Jorge BrazRolim Guilherme GomesArruda Lucas Souza...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Growers rely on synthetic insecticides to control the boll weevil throughout the reproductive cotton stage. An average of 19.6 insecticide applications (range: 10 to 30) for control of boll weevil were found in a survey with growers in the Brazilian Cerrado, covering an area of 494,100 hectares of cotton. Twenty-one insecticides were applied, with 64.8% of the applications made with malathion, fipronil, carbosulfan, and thiamethoxam?+?lambda-cyhalothrin. These four insecticides were used by 100, 76, 70, and 62% of the growers, with respectively 7.2, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.6 applications. Growers classified their boll weevil control achieved into four categories (fair, good, very good, or excellent), without correlation between these categories with the number of insecticide applications. Control of cotton regrowth and volunteer cotton plants were the major obstacles for effective boll weevil management, followed by the low efficacy of insecticides. Five registered insecticides to spray cotton against other pests than boll weevil were enlisted by growers with potential for recommendation. A boll weevil standard population for susceptibility was assayed with 27 insecticides and the results presented within a failure risk quotient (FRQ). The FRQ of eight, six, and 13 of the 27 tested insecticides was high, intermediate, and low, respectively. The high FRQ included 7 of 10 pyrethroid formulations, pymetrozine, and methomyl. On the opposite end, fipronil had the lowest FRQ value.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Entomological Soc Brasil