首页期刊导航|Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics
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Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics
G. Fischer Verlag
Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics

G. Fischer Verlag

1433-8319

Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics/Journal Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics
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    Assessment of weed invasion at bait sites in a Central European lower montane zone

    Falvai, DominikaCzobel, SzilardRusvai, KatalinSalata, Denes...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The effects of wild game feeding on the local environment have been widely investigated in northern European countries but have received little consideration in Central Europe. Bait sites, that is, places where food is set out to entice wild boar for hunting are becoming ever more widespread, and they are having an increasing impact on surrounding vegetation. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent of weed invasion at different bait types. 3 bait sites located in forests, 3 baits in clearings and 3 baits on unpaved forest roads in the Central European lower montane zone, in Hungary. The field work was conducted in May and August. Four transects were laid out (at right angles to each other) from the centre of each bait, and consisted of 22 one meter square quadrats, in which vegetation survey were conducted. The application of multivariate statistical methods (PCA) and UPGMA analysis to the data collected revealed substantial differences between the bait types. The baits in the forest were the least degraded, with a sparse understory cover in both surveys. Road baits displayed a notable difference, as they varied depending on canopy closure, accessibility and exposure. Sites in clearings proved to be the most infected. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the vegetation of the periods examined, arable weeds dominated in August. A stress gradient was detected along the transects, with the proportion of weeds decreasing from the centre, while the natural components of the vegetation increased. The effect was more noticeable in clearings, probably due to their greater openness. Invasion is typically limited to the immediate environment of the bait sites, but valuable patches of habitat can also be destroyed, and bait sites may serve as bridgeheads for biological invasions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Differential elemental stoichiometry of two Mediterranean evergreen woody plants over a geochemically heterogeneous area

    Monaci, FabrizioAncora, StefaniaPaoli, LucaLoppi, Stefano...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Leaf nutrient composition and stoichiometry reflect complex interactions of the plant with its environment and are useful traits to explore ecological processes and relationships. In the present study, the foliar elemental compositions of two common Mediterranean woody species, the evergreen broad-leaved Quercus ilex and the coniferous Pinus pinaster growing in an area of Central Italy known for geochemical and geothermal anomalies, were investigated. To assess the site-specific and age-dependent pattern of foliar composition and stoichiometry, macronutrients (C, N, P, K, Mg, S) and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) were determined in leaves and needles of three different ages (6-, 12-and 24-month-old) collected from metalliferous (geothermal, mining) and rural areas. Leaves of Q. ilex showed comparatively high concentrations of micro-nutrients (i.e., Cu, Fe and Zn), while needles of P. pinaster accumulated significantly high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (i.e., As, Pb and S). No significant trend was found in elemental concentrations in relation to the age of leaves and needles. Multi-element stoichiometry of P. pinaster was driven by the geochemical heterogeneity of the sites, suggesting plastic adaptation at the sites with the most selective eda-phoclimatic conditions (i.e., patches with nutrient poor and metalliferous soils). On the other hand, the content of both nutrients and potentially toxic elements in Q. ilex leaves varied little across the study area, reflecting stoichiometric stability; this is consistent with the ecophysiological features of Q. ilex as a late-successional species with a dominant role in the ecosystems of the Mediterranean area. Our findings demonstrate the value of foliar stoichiometric traits for understanding plant adaptation in a heterogeneous environment and also the consequences of biotic interactions during succession.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evolutionary patterns within the New World Clade Polygala sections Clinclinia and Monninopsis (Polygalaceae)

    Martinez, AgustinaAcosta, Juan ManuelFerrero, Maria A.Pastore, Floriano Barea...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Members of Polygala sections Clinclinia and Monninopsis, from the New World Clade (NWC), inhabit arid to humid habitats along the American continent. Although knowledge of these sections is currently incomplete, it is crucial for understanding evolutionary and diversification patterns in Polygalaceae. Here, we sample new species from the Polygala NWC with emphasis on these two sections, providing a comprehensive molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequence data from one nuclear (ITS) and three chloroplast (trnL-F intergenic spacer, rbcL, and partial matK-trnK) loci. Furthermore, we conducted comparisons for the main clades in the environmental and geographic spaces using climatic and elevation data processed by ordination and species distribution modelling (SDM) techniques. In addition, an ancestral state reconstruction for the morphological flower traits "violet spots on lateral petals" and "style shape" was carried out. The ancestral flower of the Polygala NWC was reconstructed as not having violet spots on the lateral petals and with a style with superior appendages. Within Polygala sect. Monninopsis, we found three distinct lineages. The North American clade A1 showed a potential distribution found along the Andes, from southern United States to Argentina. The South American P. argentinensis was predicted to be found from central Mexico to Argentina. The Patagonian P. darwiniana was also predicted to be found in northern North America and in the Lower California Peninsula in Mexico. Within Polygala sect. Clinclinia, we also found three distinct lineages. Clade B1 in addition to its empirical distribution found in Chile and Argentina, also showed a potential distribution found in Colombia. Clade B2 in addition to its empirical distribution found in north and central Argentina, southern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, also showed a potential distribution in southern Chile, southern Argentina, and the South Atlantic Islands. Finally, the Argentinian clade B3 was also predicted to be found in central Chile and southern Bolivia. An updated synonymic list of the Polygala sects. Clinclinia and Monninopsis as treated in this study is also provided.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Origin, early expansion, domestication and anthropogenic diffusion of Cannabis, with emphasis on Europe and the Iberian Peninsula

    Rull, Valenti
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cannabis is among the oldest human domesticates and has been subjected to intensive artificial (human-medi-ated) selection throughout history to create a wide array of varieties and biotypes for diverse uses, including fiber, food, biofuel, medicine and drugs. This paper briefly reviews the available literature on the taxonomy, evolutionary origin and domestication of this plant, as well as its worldwide dispersal, in both its wild and cultivated forms. Emphasis is placed on Europe and especially on the Iberian Peninsula. Today, it is accepted that Cannabis is a monospecific genus with two subspecies, C. sativa subsp. sativa and C. sativa subsp. indica, origi-nating in Europe and Asia, respectively, by allopatric differentiation after geographic isolation fostered by Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Palynological and phylogeographic evidence situates the Cannabis ancestor on the NE Tibetan Plateau during the mid-Oligocene. The timing and place of domestication is still a matter of debate between contrasting views that defend single or multiple Neolithic domestication centers sit-uated in different parts of the Eurasian supercontinent, notably central/southeastern China and the Caucasus region. Recent meta-analyses have suggested that wild Cannabis may have already been spread across Europe in the Pleistocene, and its domestication could have occurred during the European Copper/Bronze ages. According to the available reviews and meta-analyses, pre-anthropic dispersal of Cannabis into the Iberian Peninsula seems to have occurred only in postglacial times, and the earlier signs of cultivation date to the Early Medieval Ages. However, the palynological and archeological evidence used to date is insufficient for a sound assessment, and the development of thorough Iberian databases to address further meta-analysis is essential for more robust conclusions. Some clues are provided for these achievements to be fulfilled.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A first phylogenetic hypothesis for the diverse genus Conophytum (Ruschieae, Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae) suggests convergent evolution of floral syndromes

    Powell, Robyn FayeBoatwright, James StephenKlak, CorneliaMagee, Anthony Richard...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Pollinator specialisation is one of the major drivers of angiosperm diversification in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa. Conophytum (Aizoaceae) is a flagship genus for the underexplored arid regions of the GCFR (ca. 108 spp.) with 83.9% of its species endemic to this region and has a floral structure that is unique within the rapidly diversified Ruschieae (Aizoaceae). Floral traits, together with leaf characters divide the genus into 16 sections. We present here the first phylogenetic hypothesis for Conophytum, based on molecular data. The combined phylogenetic data for six plastid regions (matK, rpl16, rps16, trnL-F, trnQ-rps16 and trnS-trnG) were analysed using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony to test the evolution of this floral diversity and current sectional classification. Conophytum was recovered as monophyletic including the three small genera Berrisfordia L.Bolus, Herreanthus Schwantes and Ophthalmophyllum Dinter & Schwantes. Six strongly supported clades were recovered within Conophytum: while several of the sections were broadly retrieved within these clades, the more morphologically variable sections such as Minuscula and Wettsteinia were not supported by our data. The distributions of the six clades largely overlap and are generally confined to the arid parts of the GCFR within South Africa, with only one clade extending into the southern wetter parts. Ancestral character reconstructions showed that floral traits evolved multiple times with low phylogenetic signal recovered for autumn-and winter-flowering and flower type, while the other traits indicated no phylogenetic signal. This lack of phylogenetic signal suggests that drivers of diversity in Conophytum are possibly linked to adaptation to pollinators, with a high rate of inferred pollination shifts observed, i.e. 1.7 shifts per species, mirroring that of Lapeirousia (Iridacaeae) in the GCFR. The evolution of unique tubular flowers and shift to autumn-flowering were recovered as traits indicating strong phylogenetic signal and may have enabled Conophytum to exploit a range of pollinators through diversification in floral morphologies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier