查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsInvasive non-native plants (INNP) cause severe impacts on nature and human well-being, and these are predicted to increase. While management tools have been developed to control early-stage invasions or to clean particular sites from INNP, they are only rarely available to halt and reduce large-scale invasions. Importation biological weed control (IBWC; also termed classical biological weed control) offers a potentially effective tool, especially when combined with other land management interventions. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between IBWC advocates and critics by providing a state of the art of IBWC and exploring untapped opportunities and new ideas to further increase efficacy and safety of this tool. We first present a decision tree to identify the circumstances under which IBWC should be considered, either alone or as part of an integrated weed management approach. We then address concerns raised against IBWC by contrasting historical approaches with recently suggested improvements and outline a path forward. With two case studies, we emphasize that successful reduction of weed densities using IBWC will specifically also contribute to environmental health and human well-being by restoring ecosystem services without pesticide input and reaching areas with otherwise no INNP management options. We hope that our compilation helps to reconcile advocates and critics of IBWC and lead to a more constructive discourse and hopefully closer collaboration between the two groups. A joint effort is needed to further improve IBWC and to consider it more often, as the increasing threats imposed by INNP are urgently awaiting sustainable and affordable solutions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdPast human persecution of wildlife has acted as a major selection agent shaping many animal features including behaviour. A major component of behaviour with diverse consequences for conservation is the shyness/boldness continuum. Shyer individuals are often geographically restricted, less prone to wander out of their ecological refuges but, on the contrary, less likely to experience human-induced mortality and lead to human-wildlife conflict. In this essay we discuss how the success of translocations may interact both positively and negatively with animal personalities, based on several case studies of re-introductions and reinforcements involving remnant mammal and bird populations. Although shyness may be inconvenient to conservationists when dealing with raptor translocations in which eventual dispersal may be a desired trait in the long run, a trade-off may emerge between boldness and prevention of human-wildlife conflict when dealing with large carnivores. Some other trade-offs may also occur, such as that between boldness and desired philopatry at the initial stage of re-introductions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdHistoric over-exploitation and the more recent threats caused by fisheries by-catch, disease and climate change have left sea turtle populations in the Wider Caribbean at risk of extinction. In 1995, following regional declines in nesting and foraging populations, the island of Anguilla implemented a moratorium on the hunting of turtles. At the request of the Government of Anguilla for scientific data to either support or remove the moratorium, comprehensive population estimates were obtained, and foraging, nesting and migratory movements were examined. In addition, community perspectives on turtles and their protection were assessed. Between 2015 and 18 surveys of 30 nesting beaches estimated low nesting activity with a maximum of 41 hawksbill, 15 green, and 1–2 leatherback turtles nesting in Anguilla annually. The inter-nesting range of hawksbills exhibited high levels of geographic overlap and occurred within 1.5 km of nesting beaches. Migratory tracks of hawksbill turtles traversed through seven exclusive economic zones, two of which allow a legal turtle fishery. Site fidelity was observed in foraging areas of green turtles and genetic analysis revealed population differentiation between green turtle foraging sites in Anguilla and between hawksbill rookeries in Anguilla compared to other Leeward Islands, indicating the individual importance of each foraging and nesting site. The Anguillan public (n = 302) overwhelmingly agreed with the current ban on harvesting sea turtles and considered turtles important for ecotourism. Our work provides a case-study, that can be applied globally, of how scientific research combined with community perspectives can effectively inform policy and ultimately protect endangered species, and highlights that local Governments provided with high quality data in a timely fashion for their policy making timetable are more likely to integrate findings into their decision-making process.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Nature provides a myriad of intangible and non-material services to people. However, urbanites are increasingly disconnected from the natural world. The consequences of this progressive disconnection from nature remain difficult to measure as this process is slow and long-term monitoring or large-scale manipulation on nature experiences are scarce. Measures to contain the spread of the recent COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., lockdowns) have potentially reduced or even suppressed nature experiences in cities. This situation provided an opportunity for conducting a longitudinal study that can serve as a sort of natural experiment to quantify the effects of nature deprivation on individuals' health, well-being and relationship to nature. We collected data on these variables from the same individuals inhabiting a large metropolis (Tel Aviv, Israel) twice, in 2018 (before) and during the lockdown in 2020. Our results confirmed that frequency, duration and quality of nature interactions dropped during the lockdown, while environmental attitudes and affinity towards nature remained similar. This was particularly true for people living in the least green neighborhoods, where a significant decrease in personal and social well-being was also found. Finally, affinity towards nature influenced well-being through nature experiences in 2018. The mediation effect was not significant in 2020, probably due to the decrease in nature experiences during the lockdown, but the direct relationship between affinity towards nature and well-being remained strong. These results provide insights into the means required to align the public health and conservation agendas to safeguard urbanites' health and well-being during a pandemic and mitigate the biodiversity crisis.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdForestry in Europe changed the tree species composition and reduced dead-wood amount and heterogeneity, and therefore negatively affected saproxylic diversity. Efficient conservation requires knowledge about the importance of the relevant diversity drivers across taxa. We examined the relative importance of space vs. host for saproxylic diversity at a spatial extend of 600 km in Germany. Further, we disentangled effects of among regions, forest stands, host clades, and tree species on saproxylic diversity. This allows inferences for spatial- and host tree-related conservation strategies. Beetle, fungal sporocarp, molecular-derived fungal, and bacterial communities were studied in a large nested dead-wood experiment comprising 11 tree species. We used multiplicative diversity partitioning to assess the diversity of rare, typical, and dominant species. The beta-diversity of beetles and fungal sporocarps was equally explained by space and host, but that of molecular fungi and bacteria mainly by the host. Across taxa, beta-diversity was higher among forest stands than among regions. However, for beetles and fungal sporocarps, differences among regions were also important. Host tree clade and host tree species were important for beetle and host clade for fungal sporocarp beta-diversity. Host tree species was more important than host clade for the beta-diversity of molecular fungi and bacteria. The divergent response of different taxa to space and host calls into question the use of a simple spatially-centered or host-centered strategy. Instead, a high dead-wood tree species diversity on a broad spatial coverage at the national scale in temperate European forests is necessary to maintain rare and abundant species.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsSince soil biodiversity sustains above-ground life, the European Union (EU) has recently announced its new Soil Strategy to better protect soil ecosystems as part of the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Also, the EU's Farm to Fork Strategy and the Zero Pollution Action Plan aim for soil protection. However, the status of soil biodiversity protection has not been comprehensively assessed. Therefore, we explored regulatory, incentive-based and knowledge-based instruments and strategic policy documents at the EU and national levels to determine whether they adequately protect soil biodiversity. Our review of 507 literature references concluded that only eight EU member states explicitly address threats to soil biodiversity in 14 regulatory instruments while 13 countries mainly focus on implicit threats to soil biodiversity, whereas six countries do not consider soil biodiversity. At the EU level, current directives and regulations only tackle individual threats to soil biodiversity. An EU-wide, legally binding protection could ensure a standardised minimum level of soil biodiversity protection while preventing surging costs of not acting. The EU Soil Health Law foreseen for 2023 could couple land management practices beneficial for soil biodiversity with incentive-based instruments. Simultaneously, models should be designed to predict soil biodiversity, considering soil biodiversity's spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdCarnivore populations globally have largely declined, and coexistence, where humans and carnivores share landscapes, plays a crucial role in carnivore conservation. However, the term “coexistence” is often used in scientific and popular literature without being clearly defined. Herein, we provide a global perspective on what coexistence is and how it is studied. We conducted a systematic map of 366 articles published between 1987 and 2020 to characterize human-carnivore coexistence literature according to coexistence definitions, temporal trends, geographic and taxonomic focus, and four thematic aspects of coexistence: carnivore ecology, human endeavors, social conflict and human-carnivore conflict. We used chi-squared tests and generalized linear models to describe the thematic, taxonomic and geographic focus of the literature. The human-carnivore coexistence literature increased exponentially in the past 30 years, but few articles defined the term “coexistence” and those that did used inconsistent definitions. Thematically, coexistence research showed less emphasis on social conflict, even though it is a major driver of conflict regarding carnivores. The literature also focused primarily on larger carnivores, rather than endangered carnivores, and was primarily led by European and North American authors. We offer a simplified, formal definition of “coexistence” that incorporates the four thematic aspects of coexistence encountered in the literature: Co-occurrence of sustainable carnivore populations and human endeavors with minimal human-carnivore and human-human conflict. We encourage researchers to focus on the social dimensions of coexistence, such as human attitudes towards carnivores or the underlying causes of social conflict, and to broaden the taxonomic and cultural breadth of their projects.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdOver the past three decades, climate change adaptation has become a central focus in conservation. To inform these efforts, the scientific community has provided a growing body of recommendations on biodiversity management with climate change. A previously published study reviewed the first wave of such recommendations in the peer-reviewed literature as they occurred between 1985 and 2007. Here we build on that work, reviewing the literature from the subsequent time period, 2007–2017. We report on the development of the field between the two time periods, and review in depth three highly ranked, climate change-specific conservation strategies from the more recent time period. Overall, recommended strategies for ecological management have remained remarkably consistent over the last three decades, and the field continues to draw mainly on conventional, long-standing conservation approaches. However, the actionability and specificity of recommendations have increased, and certain novel, climate change-specific strategies have become more prominent, pointing the way toward increasing options for practitioner response.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn migratory tropical ecosystems governed by water availability, artificially altering water availability can affect herbivore distribution and movement. The Makgadikgadi Pans, Botswana, sustains approximately 10,000 blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and 24,000 plains zebra (Equus quagga) migrating between a dry season range with permanent water and a rainy season range with productive grasses. Artificial water points (AWPs) have been created by pumping some natural waterholes in the rainy season range. We combined data from aerial surveys and from GPS collars on 20 and 12 zebra pre- and post-AWP installation, respectively, and on 17 wildebeest post-AWP, to test hypotheses relating to large- and small-scale movement patterns. Post-AWP, a higher proportion of wildebeest, but not zebra, were in the rainy season range during the dry season. Post-AWP zebra migration to their rainy season range occurred longer after rainfall cessation than pre-AWP, though this period was still shorter than that of wildebeest (one month compared to three). The effect of proximity to waterholes on probability of space use varied seasonally for both species and followed opposing trends, suggesting resource partitioning or competition effects. Both species visited AWPs more than natural waterholes, particularly wildebeest in the dry season. Wildebeest movement patterns were more likely to be disturbed by AWPs, which could cause the development of residency and reduce population resilience. Management interventions, such as AWPs, can affect species to different extents, so the responses of several species should be assessed to determine the level of disturbance to migratory ecosystem resilience and functioning.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsHow to manage forest for biodiversity conservation is an ongoing debate. We argue that maximizing biodiversity in managed forest landscapes requires a diversity of forest management regimes in space and time. This will generate high levels of habitat heterogeneity at a landscape scale, which in turn will support various groups of forest species. Based on concepts from landscape ecology, we formulate five hypotheses on how management diversity, i.e. combining various management approaches can benefit overall biodiversity across a production forest landscape. First, management diversity will increase habitat diversity and, therefore, beta diversity (the habitat diversity hypothesis). Second, asynchrony in management timing will enhance long-term availability of different habitat types (the spatio-temporal heterogeneity hypothesis). Third, management to create spatial adjacency or proximity of stands with different management or successional stages will increase biodiversity by providing simultaneous access to multiple resources (the interspersion hypothesis). Fourth, heterogeneous unmanaged set-aside forests, interspersed with managed forests, are needed for complete biodiversity conservation (the natural forest hypothesis). Fifth, management diversity will create functional landscape connectivity between protected forests for multiple species through time (the temporary corridor hypothesis). Although strongly grounded in landscape and forest ecology, these five hypotheses remain largely under-investigated, and we suggest methods for how they can be tested. In the meantime, we suggest that increasing forest management diversity represents a risk-spreading approach for adaptation to global change, and therefore is likely a reasonable objective for sustainable forestry moving forward.
NSTL
Elsevier