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Freshwater Biology
Wiley-Blackwell
Freshwater Biology

Wiley-Blackwell

0046-5070

Freshwater Biology/Journal Freshwater BiologySCIISTP
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    Non‐native freshwater snails: a global synthesis of invasion status, mechanisms of introduction, and interactions with natural enemies

    Daniel L. PrestonErin R. CroneAna Miller‐ter KuileCatherine D. Lewis...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Non‐native freshwater snails can play important roles as consumers, hosts, and prey. Despite their potential ecological importance, global patterns in non‐native snail taxonomy, geography, and ecology have not been documented. Our objectives were to use a semi‐quantitative systematic review to describe non‐native freshwater snail global diversity, distribution, mechanisms of introduction, and interactions with natural enemies, including parasites and predators. Based on 506 relevant publications, we recorded 95 non‐native freshwater snail species from 16 families. Six taxonomic families, and pulmonate snails as a group, were over‐represented relative to the number of species expected by chance. Eight snail species represented 63% of the research records. A few snail taxa (15%) were widespread global invaders, reported from four or more continents, while most invasions were limited to a single continent. Australia and the Pacific Islands were the largest ‘sink’ for non‐native snails, with the greatest difference in the number of non‐native taxa relative to native taxa that had spread to other continents. Aquarium hobby sales were implicated as the most common mechanism of introduction (41% of species), followed by “hitchhiking” on aquatic vegetation, human consumption, use for biocontrol, transportation in canals, commercial shipping, and outdoor recreation. A search of internet sales posts indicated that four of the six over‐represented snail families were readily available for purchase online. Non‐native snails hosted parasites of wildlife, livestock, and human health importance, yet on average had 80% lower parasite richness in their non‐native compared to native range. At least 65 taxa were documented as consumers of non‐native snails, including native predators of conservation concern. These findings suggest that non‐native snails often are released from parasitism, but may commonly experience biotic resistance from predators. Our synthesis emphasizes the relatively high diversity of non‐native snails, but the disproportionate role of a few taxonomic groups in driving ecological, economic, and public health challenges. Moving forward, it will be important to limit new snail introductions through policy, education, and monitoring, particularly as the effective control of established snail invasions remains challenging in most ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Intrinsic postzygotic barriers constrain cross‐fertilisation between two hybridising sibling rotifer species of the Brachionus?calyciflorus species complex

    Wei ZhangSteven A. J. Declerck
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Brachionus calyciflorus is a recently described monogonont rotifer species complex that comprises four species. The observation of hybridisation between two of these species challenges this species delimitation. The mechanisms of reproductive isolation essential to the maintenance of species integrity remain unclear. Here, we conducted upscaled hybridisation experiments to obtain large numbers of hybrid and non‐hybrid dormant propagules. Through hatching assays, we compared the zygote viability of hybrid with non‐hybrid dormant propagules. Furthermore, we investigated populations of F1 hybrid clones and assessed their clonal growth rate and the ability to reproduce sexually. Our results demonstrated higher rates of morphological abnormality and associated mortality in dormant propagules of hybrids compared to non‐hybrids yet hatching rates of healthy‐looking propagules proved similar. F1 hybrids exhibited high clonal population growth rates, nevertheless, we also observed strong differences between clones and a strong influence of parental genotype identity. Two‐thirds of the F1 hybrid clones showed a low incidence of sexual reproduction and almost never produced dormant propagules. Clones with high population growth rates seemed to invest less in sexual reproduction. Our results clearly demonstrate the existence of intrinsic postzygotic barriers caused by relatively high mortality of dormant propagules. Furthermore, the low ability of most hybrid clones to engage in sexual reproduction may reduce the long‐term fitness of hybrid clones. These postzygotic barriers probably impede genetic exchange between parental species and contribute to the maintenance of their integrity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Properties of ammonia‐oxidising bacteria and archaea in a hypereutrophic urban river network

    Xianlei CaiSiyu WangYuanyuan HuRandy A. Dahlgren...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Ammonia oxidation by ammonia‐oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) is the first and rate‐limiting step of nitrification. By providing substrate to the nitrogen–removing denitrification processes, nitrification is an important process for attenuation of allochthonous nitrogen loads in urban rivers, thereby mitigating eutrophication of downstream ecosystems. However, the relative importance of AOA and AOB communities in ammonia oxidation, the distribution and varied patterns of these groups and the underlying mechanisms have received limited study in hypereutrophic urban river networks. To investigate spatial and temporal patterns of particle‐attached and free‐living ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities, we conducted a 2‐year study of four different water quality/habitat conditions within a hypereutrophic urban river network of eastern China. The structure and dynamics of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities were determined by high‐throughput sequencing based on the AOA and AOB amoA gene. We found significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities, but no significant differences between particle‐attached and free‐living fractions. Analysis revealed that changes in the diversity and composition of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities were mainly related to substrate availability (e.g., ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen). AOB communities were more complex and had a higher species richness and diversity compared with AOA communities. Our findings indicate that high anthropogenic nitrogen loadings appear to promote higher ammonia‐oxidising microbial richness and diversity, and AOB are more adaptable to the hypereutrophic conditions, thereby playing a more important role than AOA in nitrogen transformations in hypereutrophic urban river networks. This study highlights the importance of ammonia‐oxidising microorganisms in nutrient‐rich river systems and provides valuable insights into ammonia transport and transformations in urban river networks.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Extinction of rare fish predicts an abrupt loss of ecological function in the future of Amazonian streams

    Lucas Ferreira ColaresCleonice Maria Cardoso LobatoLuciano Foga?a de Assis MontagBárbara Dunck...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Species are going extinct 1,000 times faster than expected due to human impacts. When the extinction of species culminates in functional loss, ecosystem functioning is altered. Functional extinction risk depends on taxonomic and functional rarity, with the non‐redundant traits found in rare species being the most vulnerable. To investigate the relationship between taxonomic rarity and functional extinction, we ran extinction simulations driven by taxonomic rarity. Firstly, we sampled the fish fauna of 40 pristine Amazonian streams and compiled functional traits related to the body size, defence, diet, stratification, and activity of species. Then, we removed species, beginning with the rarest and ending with the commonest (and vice‐versa) and compared the observed patterns with random extinction at local and regional scales. Following the removal of rare species, the functional rarity and body size of the community both decreased, and functional extinctions occurred after less than 10% of extinction at both spatial scales. Otherwise, the removal of common species resulted in an increase in functional rarity at the local scale, although widespread species ensured the persistence of a set of unique functional traits at a regional scale. Additionally, more than 60% of the common species had to go extinct before any functional extinction occurred at either scale. If the ongoing mass extinction targets rare species, Amazonian stream ecosystems will be impacted by the loss of fish species associated with vulnerable functions. We propose an extinction risk assessment based on the ecosystem and recommend that future studies apply our approach to other taxa and ecosystems, to better understand the effects of human impacts on ecosystem functioning.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Tackling inconsistencies among freshwater invertebrate trait databases: harmonising across continents and aggregating taxonomic resolution

    Stefan KunzBen J. KeffordAstrid Schmidt‐KloiberChristoph D. Matthaei...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Use of invertebrate traits rather than species composition may facilitate large‐scale comparisons of community structure and responses to disturbance in freshwater ecology because the same traits potentially occur everywhere. In recent years, comprehensive invertebrate trait databases have been established at different scales (e.g., regions, continents). The wide availability of invertebrate trait data supports large‐scale studies. However, a number of data‐related issues complicate the use of invertebrate traits for ecological studies. It is uncertain how harmonising varying trait definitions among databases might influence subsequent identification of trait–environment relationships. Furthermore, there have been few comparisons of trait aggregation approaches with expert‐assigned trait affinities. We describe inconsistencies in the definitions of traits used to create freshwater invertebrate trait databases in Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia. Based on our comparisons of these databases, we established four novel trait datasets by harmonising definitions of commonly used traits. Next, we used two of these datasets to compare aggregated traits obtained by different aggregation methods with traits assigned by experts, both at the family level. The trait aggregation methods that we compared used either the mean or the median and different weightings. We further explored the effects of harmonisation and trait aggregation by re‐analysing data from a case study. We found that among databases, trait definitions often differed because varying numbers of traits were used to describe particular functions (e.g., respiration traits) and the way those functions were described also varied (e.g., for feeding mode some databases focused on the food source, whereas others focused on mouthpart morphology). The coding to describe traits (binary, fuzzy) also varied among databases. Our comparison of different aggregation methods showed that family‐level aggregated and expert‐assigned traits were similar, especially when traits were aggregated based on the median of trait values of taxa within a family. The case study showed that harmonised and aggregated data identified similar trait–environment relationships to non‐aggregated data. However, harmonised and aggregated data yielded only partially similar values for functional diversity metrics when compared to the case study results. By identifying inconsistencies in trait definitions we hope to motivate the development of standardised definitions for invertebrate traits. Our results also illustrate the usefulness of harmonised datasets for ecological study and provide guidance for the circumstances under which the choice of trait aggregation method is important.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Increasing inputs of invasive N‐fixing Acacia litter decrease litter decomposition and associated microbial activity in streams

    Ana PereiraVerónica Ferreira
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Nitrogen (N)‐fixing Acacia species are often aggressive invaders outside their native range. When invading native riparian temperate forests, they can decrease tree species diversity, alter the quality of litter inputs to streams and increase water N concentration. Although the effects of riparian tree species diversity and nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition and associated microbial decomposers have been widely studied, their individual and combined effects remain poorly understood, especially in streams flowing through forests invaded by Acacia species. Here, we assessed the effects of litter diversity (species evenness) and water N concentration on the decomposition of native and Acacia litter, and the activity and community structure of associated microbial decomposers. Litter of Castanea sativa (C) and Acacia melanoxylon (A) was enclosed in fine‐mesh bags in a total of five litter evenness treatments (100%C, 75%C?+?25%A, 50%C?+?50%A, 25%C?+?75%A and 100%A), and immersed in a stream flowing through a native forest (native stream) and a stream flowing through a forest invaded by Acacia species (invaded stream). Litter decomposition rates and microbial decomposer activity differed among litter evenness treatments, generally decreasing as the proportion of A.?melanoxylon increased. When considered individually, C.?sativa litter decomposition and associated microbial activity did not differ among treatments. For A.?melanoxylon, decomposition rates did not differ among treatments, whereas microbial activity was generally lower in treatments with higher or even proportions of C.?sativa. Litter diversity had (small) antagonistic effects on litter decomposition in streams. However, litter treatments affected by diversity (species evenness) effects differed between streams, suggesting that effects can be modulated by water N concentration. Litter decomposition rates and microbial decomposer activity were higher in the invaded than in the native stream, probably as a consequence of the higher water N concentration in the former stream. However, the magnitude of the effects was small owing to the fact that water N concentration was still in the oligothrophic range in the invaded stream. Overall, our results suggest that the increasing proportion of N‐fixing Acacia species in invaded deciduous riparian forests will affect litter decomposition rates and microbial decomposer activity, and alter aquatic hyphomycete community structure, most probably as a result of decreases in the diversity and quality of litter inputs to streams, and increases in water N concentration. However, the magnitude of the effects resulting from decreases in litter input diversity and quality (due to increases in Acacia contribution) into invaded streams will probably be larger than those resulting from increases in water N concentration, thus overall litter decomposition will decrease. These impacts will possibly alter nutrient cycles in aquatic food webs that depend on riparian detritus, with implications for stream functioning.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Changes in wetland habitat use by waterbirds wintering in Czechia are related to diet and distribution changes

    Zuzana MusilováPetr MusilJan ZouharAdéla ?enky?ová...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Understanding species habitat use and factors affecting changes in their distributions are necessary to promote the conservation of any biological community. We evaluated the changes in wetland use of the non‐breeding waterbird community. Based on long‐term citizen‐science data (1988–2020), we tested the hypotheses that wetland use is associated with species diet and potential range‐shift drivers (the tendency to occupy the same sites in consecutive years—site affinity—and the species' average temperature across its wintering range—species temperature index). We analysed species‐specific wetland use of 25 species of waterbirds wintering in Czechia over a period of 33?years. The analyses explained variability in trends in numbers of the studied waterbird species across four inland wetland types: reservoirs; fishponds; industrial waters created by flooding of former mining sites; and running waters. Trends in waterbird abundance positively correlated with species’ diet on fishponds, industrial and running waters. Among the diet groups, invertivores showed the largest increase in abundances on industrial waters, closely followed by herbivores. Herbivores showed the largest increase in abundances in fishponds, and piscivores did so in running waters. Regarding range‐shift drivers, species with higher site affinity showed higher abundances on running waters, while species with low species temperature index (i.e. wintering on average in sites with lower temperature) were more abundant on reservoirs. The abundance of both warm‐dwelling and species with low site affinity increased on fishponds and industrial waters. Our findings suggest that the increased importance of the wetland types considered here for wintering waterbirds is likely to be linked to diet related changes in habitat use and changes in species distributions; and highlight that wintering waterbirds are expected to select sites with higher availability of food, higher energy content, and lower foraging cost. Recent and rapid changes in species distributions may lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of national and international conservation efforts. When planning conservation measures, it should be kept in mind that climate change does not only imply large‐scale north/north‐eastwards shifts of entire waterbird distributions, but can also modify the use of the habitats by waterbird species inside their traditional wintering range.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    What factors influence fin‐nipping damage by the invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae) on native fishes in riverine systems?

    Stephen J. BeattyMark G. AllenAlan J. LymberyJames R. Tweedley...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Gambusia holbrooki is arguably the most widely introduced and ecologically damaging freshwater fish in the world. Although aspects of its aggressive behaviour have been studied in lentic environments and ex situ experiments, the physical damage to native freshwater fishes in riverine systems caused by this behaviour remains relatively unknown. This study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of G.?holbrooki and the prevalence of fin‐nipping damage on freshwater fishes in river systems of south‐western Australia, a globally endemic hotspot with a high proportion of threatened species. It then determined the environmental factors influencing the abundance of G.?holbrooki and the prevalence of fin‐nipping damage on native fishes. Caudal fin damage differed significantly among four endemic native fishes, with damage being most prevalent in the percichthyid Nannoperca vittata, which has a similar size and ecological niche to G.?holbrooki. Fin‐nipping damage of native species also showed significant seasonal variation; occurring most commonly during summer and autumn when many rivers in this region cease to flow and contract to refuge pools, probably increasing interactions between G.?holbrooki and the native fishes. Moreover, the environmental variables that best explained both the density of G.?holbrooki and the prevalence of fin‐nipping were broadly similar and were characteristic of more degraded habitats. We anticipate that habitat degradation, river regulation and severe declines in surface flows resulting from climate change will benefit G.?holbrooki to the detriment of native fishes. Restoration of riverine environments along with public education campaigns to prevent the further spread of G.?holbrooki or the introduction of additional species is crucial to mitigate their effects on aquatic ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Landscape context and dispersal ability as determinants of population genetic structure in freshwater fishes

    James J. ShelleyOwen J. HollandStephen E. SwearerTimothy Dempster...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Dispersal is a critically important process that dictates population persistence, gene flow, and evolutionary potential, and is an essential element for identifying species conservation risks. This study aims to investigate the contributions of dispersal syndromes and hydrographic barriers on patterns of population connectivity and genetic structure in fishes occupying the particularly rugged and fragmented landscape of the Kimberley Plateau, Western Australia. We assessed population genetic structure between three neighbouring catchments (the Mitchell, King Edward, and Drysdale rivers) in three congeneric groups of freshwater fishes that exhibit varied dispersal syndromes within and among groups: (1) Melanotaenia australis and M.?gracilis; (2) Syncomistes trigonicus and S.?rastellus; and (3) Hephaestus jenkinsi and H.?epirrhinos. Within each species we sampled the upper, middle, and lower reaches of each catchment and assessed patterns of gene flow between and within catchments using microsatellite markers. Our results suggest that contemporary connectivity between catchments is greatly limited or absent in all study species, regardless of their dispersal syndromes. However, gene flow within catchments varied in line with predicted dispersal potential, with poor dispersers exhibiting limited gene flow and significant genetic structuring. We conclude that the rugged landscape and historical habitat isolation has contributed to patterns of population fragmentation among fish populations from different river catchments. However, it appears dispersal syndromes influence connectivity and gene flow within catchments, where landscape constraints are not as pervasive. This study presents a comparative population genetic analysis of freshwater fishes with differing dispersal syndromes and colonisation ability. Our findings provide new insights into factors shaping patterns of biodiversity on the Kimberley Plateau, and the evolutionary uniqueness of fish communities from different river catchments draining the plateau. More broadly, they highlight the importance of accounting for dispersal‐related traits when planning management and conservation strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Eutrophication‐driven eco‐evolutionary dynamics indicated by differences in stoichiometric traits among populations of Daphnia pulicaria

    Eric K. MoodyTyler J. ButtsRachel FleckPunidan D. Jeyasingh...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Microevolution can have consequences at higher levels of ecological organization. Although divergence among populations can be rapid and driven by anthropogenic changes to the environment, the ecological relevance of evolution induced by human activities remains poorly understood. A frequent way in which human activities drive microevolution is the increase in supply of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are required for fitness‐relevant traits such as growth and reproduction. Because higher P concentrations decrease P‐use efficiency and feeding rate in heterotrophic consumers such as Daphnia, we hypothesized that such adjustments should alter consumer–resource dynamics. We examined how cultural eutrophication in temperate lakes causes trait variation in the grazer Daphnia pulicaria. We tested for variation in Daphnia traits and genetic variation in the metabolic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) which are each known to respond to eutrophication. We then examined the impact of this variation on consumer–resource dynamics using a combination of experiments and a multi‐lake survey. We found that Daphnia from hypereutrophic lakes responded to experimental hypereutrophic conditions with increased growth rates and fecundity when raised on P‐fertilized seston, but had reduced performance on P‐poor seston relative to eutrophic source Daphnia. These results suggest that Daphnia may face a trade‐off in performance at low versus excess P that may be mediated in part by genetic variation at the Pgi locus. The variation observed in laboratory growth experiments scaled up to Daphnia populations in both mesocosm experiments and among lakes. In both the mesocosm experiment and in the lake survey, Daphnia from hypereutrophic source lakes reached high biomass while phytoplankton biomass also remained high. Given the prevalence and rapid eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems worldwide, these results indicate that considering the potential effects of evolutionary change in ecosystem models could be useful in forecasting the effects of anthropogenic environmental change on pivotal ecosystem services.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley