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    Spatial variability of the physicochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the “Three Rivers and One Dune” Region in the Kuye River Basin, Mu Us Sandy Land, China

    Li X.Liu X.Yan P.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Eolian-fluvial interactions are a common geomorphic phenomenon and Earth surface process in arid regions. We selected the “Three Rivers and One Dune” region, in the Kuye River Basin, in the northeastern Mu Us Sandy Land in Northern China, for a study of eolian-fluvial interactions, based on a geomorphological survey and analysis of the grain size and chemical element contents of surface sediments. The results showed that the interactions of wind and water flow enhanced have caused the mixing of the surface sediments, which is reflected by the spatial heterogeneity of their physicochemical properties, which are different from those of the local parent rock and local sandy environments. In detail, the variations of the chemical weathering-related indicators, including the CIA, CIW, CPA, Na/K and Rb/Sr, along four transects all indicated that the degree of chemical weathering was generally low in the region (CIA < 50), implying that the materials are unweathered or in an incipient chemical weathering state. Combined with the grain size results, in the upper reaches (transect KYH-1) the mean grain size was coarser, the degree of sorting was lower, and there was a lower degree of chemical weathering. Transect KYH-4, located in the most southeasterly part of the study area, has the lowest mean grain size and is relatively well sorted; hence, it has undergone a greater degree of chemical weathering. Transects KYH-2, KYH-3 and KYH-4 span the “Three Rivers”, and their sediments are relatively well mixed and heavily influenced by locally-derived materials. The differences in physicochemical properties between the transects can be attributed to the diversity of slope directions and of the angles between the wind direction and the river flow. Overall, our results, combined with regional comparisons, indicate that the sand sources of the dunes in the study area are mainly locally derived.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Morphological characteristics and evolution processes of sharp bends in the Lower Yellow River

    Xia J.Jiang Q.Deng S.Zhou M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Sharp bends in the Lower Yellow River (LYR) remain highly active under the intensive river regulation works, threatening the safety of levees and riparian villages. Based on remote sensing images and hydrological data, the evolution processes of sharp bends in the LYR were quantitatively investigated. A total of 16 sharp bends were identified during the period 1972–2019 and some of these bends were located in local highly active reaches. These sharp bends had highly sinuous planform morphology and deformed rapidly, with the curvature coefficients, amplitudes and migration rates ranging between 1.60–4.18, 3.3–6.7 km and 255–2633 m/a, respectively. A high occurrence frequency of bend cutoff was observed in the braided reach of the LYR. Cutoffs caused by ditch erosion and main flow scouring accounted for about 80% of the total cutoff events, implying the import roles played by the high floods in reshaping the channel planform in the study reach. A series of cutoffs occurred in a local reach in just a year, shortening the channel length by 76% and thus transforming the highly curved channel into a straight channel. The incompatibility between the regulation works and the changed flow and sediment conditions, has led to the inefficiency of these works in limiting the sharp bend evolution in local reaches, due to upstream damming and water and soil conservations. Some of these works even acted as stable controlling points and directly contributed to the development of distorted bends.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Traditional irrigation practices sustain groundwater quality in a semiarid piedmont

    Bouimouass H.Sahraoui H.Leblanc M.Fakir Y....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.In semi-arid areas, agricultural practices have been found to significantly alter groundwater quality. Although significant research has been conducted on the impacts of the intensification of irrigated agriculture, many pivotal questions relating to the impact of traditional agricultural practices on groundwater quality remain unanswered. In this study, the results of major ions analysis of 91 water samples collected in the semi-arid piedmont of the High Atlas Mountains, central Morocco, are used to assess the impact of traditional irrigation practices on groundwater quality. Despite the use of organic fertilizer in the irrigated area, the NO3 groundwater concentrations remain low (median = 9 mg/L) and only increase on average by 3.6 mg/L during the irrigation season. All groundwater sampled in the irrigation area has an excellent quality for both drinking and irrigation purposes based on the chemical indices. Overall, groundwater chemistry is controlled by geogenic processes. Relationships between major ion in groundwater reflects the mineral dissolution and ion exchange processes during the trajectory of the streamwaters from the mountain to the alluvial plain via irrigation practices. In comparison, in the non-irrigated area, halite dissolution and/or transpiration processes results in increases in electrical conductivity values that were over twice the values in the irrigated area. The seasonal decrease of electrical conductivity values in groundwater beneath the irrigated area (on average from 841 to 692 μS/cm) is a result of irrigation recharge, which counterbalances effects of salinization mechanisms that can often characterize irrigated arid zones. These results highlight the low impacts of this ancestral hydro-agro system on groundwater quality. Such a traditional irrigation system provides a nexus between food production, low energy costs (streamflow diversions by gravity-fed channels), and low environmental impacts. In the context of accelerations in global change impacts via the rapidly expanding modern irrigation practices, such traditional hydro-agro systems, where possible, should be highlighted and preserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Temporal and spatial variation of rainfall erosivity in the Loess Plateau of China and its impact on sediment load

    Xu G.-C.Zhang J.-Z.Wang A.-N.Ma L....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Rainfall erosivity is one of the key dynamic factors leading to water erosion, which causes widespread soil erosion worldwide. This study calculated the rainfall erosivity from 1965 to 2019, based on daily precipitation data, for 17 watersheds on the Loess Plateau. The data were also used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of rainfall erosivity, and assess the impact of rainfall erosivity changes on sediment load in these typical watersheds. The possible causes of rainfall erosivity and sediment load changes are also discussed. The results of the study revealed that on different time scales, the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity showed a pattern of decreasing from southeast to northwest in the Loess Plateau. Moreover, the rainfall erosivity measured by some weather stations increased significantly in May, June, and September (p < 0.05). Additionally, the changes brought on by ENSO and sunspots had a specific influence on the changes of rainfall erosivity in the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, the sediment load in the typical watersheds of the Loess Plateau showed a significant decreasing trend in yearly and monthly time scales (p < 0.05). Before 1980, the change in rainfall erosivity was an important reason for the change of sediment load and the construction of backbone check dams also intercepted a large amount of sediment. However, from 1980 to 1998, the interception effect of backbone check dams and the increase in vegetation together caused sediment load changes. After 1999, the restoration of vegetation was the main factor instigating a further reduction in sediment load. Studying the changes in the rainfall erosivity will provide a useful reference for future ecological construction and soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Detection of occupational surface remnants at a heavily eroded site; case study of archaeological soils from La Terrasse, Bibracte oppidum

    Lisa L.Rohovec J.Mohammadi S.Golanova P....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The area of La Terrasse is located at one of the higher parts of the Celtic oppidum Bibracte. No traces of building activities, except for the fortification system which surrounds the plateau from three sides, were archaeologically detected and the area can be therefore labeled as “empty space” with an enigmatic history. Multiproxy investigations of sediments in trenches cutting across various parts of the enclosed area and excavated during the 2019 season revealed a complicated history of the formation, being influenced by erosion and by anthropogenic stabilization. Although the recent relief of the La Terrasse area appears quite stable, there is evidence that the site (and Bibracte oppidum in general) were subject to intense erosion in the past and that the former surface with the archaeological soil dated to the Late Iron Age is preserved only as a relict expressed geochemically by the increase of CEC. The reason for the recent surface stability is the presence of the Iron Age ramparts, which enclose the area and protect it against erosion. An OSL sample collected from the surface of the buried archaeological soil dates the overburden not later than to the early Medieval period (AD 561). The archaeological soil represented by the overburden did not reveal any significant geochemical signal indicative of intensive use despite its location in the most suitable and stable area of the site. It is clear that the detection of former surfaces in eroded and exposed archaeological sites and the properties of the archaeological soils is always a complex matter and can only be addressed through a combination of field observations, geochemical and micromorphological proxies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Hydrologic responses of undecomposed litter mulch on compacted soil: Litter water holding capacity, runoff, and sediment

    Jourgholami M.Sohrabi H.Venanzi R.Picchio R....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The surface of the mineral soil is covered by the forest floor forming water absorbent layers. This is how the forest floor plays an important role in soil and water conservation. The aim of this study was to individualize three leaf litters (beech, hornbeam, and maple) applied at three density rates (6, 12, and 18 Mg ha?1) to assess their soil protection capacities. A total of nine treatments were conducted (i.e., beech6, beech12, beech18, hornbeam6, hornbeam12, hornbeam18, maple6, maple12, maple18) on skid-compacted soils in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran to evaluate effects at reducing runoff and sediment yield, and to determine the oven-dry weights and water holding capacity of litters. A total of nine runoff plots with dimensions of 1 × 2 m were established on the skid trails during the study period from September to December 2017 in a field experiment under natural rainfall. At the study period, 29 events with a total of 752.2 mm rainfall were measured in the open space area, that 26% of the rainfall was intercepted by canopy cover. Regardless of leaf litter species, the runoff and sediment yield significantly decreased as the leaf litter rate increased. The average runoff in litter plots of beech, hornbeam, and maple was 102.71, 94.25, and 116.87 mm, whereas the average sediment yield was 27.07, 22.33, and 36.73 g m?2 for the study period, respectively. The mean water holding capacity of beech, hornbeam, and maple litter plots amounted to 84.1, 59.16, and 25.81 mm for the study period, respectively. Our study shows that the different species of leaf litter have a diverse range of hydrological functions and litter water holding capacities, which reduced runoff and sediment yield.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Processes and rates of formation defined by modelling in alkaline to acidic soil systems in Brazilian Pantanal wetland

    Melfi A.J.Merdy P.Gamrani M.Lucas Y....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Within a soil system, it is generally difficult to relate the observed secondary phases and their spatial distribution to past or current processes. Geochemical modelling can help to identify present-days processes and to quantify formation rates if the system is sufficiently constrained. Here we used the PHREEQC model for this purpose, applying it to soil alkaline to acidic soil systems in the Nhecolandia area. A large amount of data was available, but scientific questions remained opened. We carried out a complementary field study to clarify a key point necessary for modelling, confirming the disconnection between two types of groundwater, perched, alkaline and deep, acidic. Our simulations showed that the observed soil system corresponds to the current biogeochemistry and that paleoclimatic genetic hypotheses are unnecessary. We found that the ridge soil formation rate ranges from 396 to 638 kg ha?1 y?1, depending on hypotheses. We showed that the downslope soils act as buffers to store labile species during the dry season, allowing alkalinity to be maintained from one year to the next. At least 125 y were necessary to obtain downslope alkaline lakes, and this alkaline nature can quickly disappear after changing drainage conditions. We explained how hyperacidic horizons (pH < 4) can neighbor alkaline horizons (pH > 10) with a sharp contact. When correctly informed, geochemical modelling appeared as an effective tool to answer questions about soil processes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Vegetation change and human-environment interactions in the Qinghai Lake Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, since the last deglaciation

    Xu Q.Peng W.Zhang N.Huang X....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The nature of the interaction between prehistoric humans and their environment, especially the vegetation, has long been of interest. The Qinghai Lake Basin in North China is well-suited to exploring the interactions between prehistoric humans and vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau, because of the comparatively dense distribution of archaeological sites and the ecologically fragile environment. Previous pollen studies of Qinghai Lake have enabled a detailed reconstruction of the regional vegetation, but they have provided relatively little information on vegetation change within the Qinghai Lake watershed. To address the issue we conducted a pollen-based vegetation reconstruction for an archaeological site (YWY), located on the southern shore of Qinghai Lake. We used high temporal-resolution pollen records from the YWY site and from Qinghai Lake, spanning the interval since the last deglaciation (15.3 kyr BP to the present) to quantitatively reconstruct changes in the local and regional vegetation using Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm models. The results show that, since the lateglacial, spruce forest grew at high altitudes in the surrounding mountains, while the lakeshore environment was occupied mainly by shrub-steppe. From the lateglacial to the middle Holocene, coniferous woodland began to expand downslope and reached the YWY site at ～ 7.1 kyr BP. The living environment of the local small groups of Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic humans (during 15.3–13.1 kyr BP and 9–6.4 kyr BP) changed from shrub-steppe to coniferous forest–steppe. The pollen record shows no evidence of pronounced changes in the vegetation community corresponding to human activity. However, based on a comparison of the local and regional vegetation reconstructions, low values of biodiversity and a significant increase in two indicators of vegetation degradation, Chenopodiaceae and Rosaceae, suggest that prehistoric hunters-gatherers likely disturbed the local vegetation during ～ 9.0–6.4 kyr BP. Our findings are a preliminary attempt to study human-environment interactions at Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic sites in the region, and they contribute to ongoing environmental archaeology research in the Tibetan Plateau.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Magnitude and factors influencing soil loss and sedimentation in the Mun River Basin, Thailand

    Ruamchalerm P.Keereesuwannakul M.Prabamroong T.Liu G....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Previous studies have shown potentially high soil loss in the Mun River Basin, the largest sub-basin of the Lower Mekong Region in Thailand, due to its rapid land cover changes, agricultural practices, and soil erodibility properties. This study aims to estimate the soil loss and sedimentation rates in the Mun River Basin using the analysis of long-term sediment loading data from the Royal Irrigation Department (RID), GIS-based Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) approximation, and sediment core analyses. This study found that a high loss (>12.5 ton ha?1 yr?1) and RID sediment loading rate were predominant in the upper basin. The support practice was most sensitive to the loss, but during extreme rainfall events (El Ni?o Southern Oscillation), the role of rainfall intensity was more pronounced. Therefore, mechanical measures should be adopted in combination with the soil–water conservation practices to mitigate the effects in eroding agricultural areas. Sediment core analyses revealed that the highest sediment deposition rate was up to 5.2 cm yr?1 in the middle part of the Mun River Basin, primarily due to the floodplain lowland characteristics and repeated flooding events. Several factors influenced the sediment deposition rate: installation of dams or check dams, waterway maintenance, upstream land cover, water plant outgrowth, and flooding. The RID sediment loading also suggests that sediment mass transfer to the Mekong River was highly contributed from the lower basin, where the sediment from the upper part was either trapped by the dams or deposited within the channel.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Changes of surface recovery at coseismic landslides and their driving factors in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area

    Chen M.Tang C.Xiong J.Shi Q....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.A major earthquake can trigger numerous landslides, which exert severe impacts on regional vegetation coverage. In some years following an earthquake, rainstorms can easily reactivate coseismic deposits and unstable hillslopes. Vegetation can improve the post-seismic slope instability by the root reinforcement effect, and it is significant to investigate the changes of surface recovery at coseismic landslides for a long-term assessment of post-earthquake geohazards. However, due to limited earth observations, it remains elusive that how long the surface vegetation of coseismic landslides caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake will recover to the pre-earthquake level. We studied the long-term evolution of surface recovery in coseismic landslide-affected areas using multi-temporal Landsat images from 2000 to 2020. We calculated the vegetation recovery rates in different periods, which were used to quantify the rate of vegetation regrowth and landslide activity intensity. We found that 71.34% of the affected areas have been properly revegetated, and the area percentage of landslides in high activity, middle activity, low activity and dormant were 17.6%, 12.4%, 17.7% and 52.3%, respectively in 2020. To examine the factors controlling the surface recovery at coseismic landslides, we further analyzed the relationships between landslide recovery and eighteen influencing factors, and we found that elevation, peak ground acceleration, rainfall, lithology and gully density are the key factors that control landslide surface recovery over all others. Overall the trend of surface recovery at coseismic landslides suggests that the impact of the Wenchuan earthquake on the activities of shallow landslides almost ceases within 17 years in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier