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    Prediction of soil organic carbon in mining areas

    Zhang, JunhuaZheng, YapingShi, JiaqiQin, Jingting...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Coal mining activities have destroyed natural landscapes and surface vegetation, resulting in a large loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in farmlands. Therefore, farmland SOC mapping in mining areas is of great significance to low-carbon reclamation and ecological compensation. Natural factors such as topography, climate, vegetation, and soil properties are key variables for SOC mapping. Human activities, including crop rotation and farmland damage caused by coal mining, also severely interfere with farmland SOC in mining areas. Here, we use take mining areas of the Changhe watershed as a case study to explore the effects of these activities on farmland SOC storage. Farmland damage was quantified using mining area geological hazard data, and four random forest (RF) models were constructed to predict SOC content based on natural variables alone (RF-N), natural variables + crop rotation (RF-C), natural variables + farmland damage (RF-F), and natural variables + crop rotation + farmland damage (RF-A). We found that: (1) the RF-A model most accurately captured SOC spatial differentiation information (followed by RF-C, RF-F, and RF-N). (2) There were significant differences in the SOC of different crop rotation areas and between low and high damage farmlands; specifically, the SOC content of wheat-corn rotations (one-year two cropping system) was higher than wheat-soybean-corn rotations (two-year three cropping system) and wheat (one-year one cropping system), and the SOC of high damage farmlands was lower than that of low damage farmlands. (3) Variable importance analysis showed that crop rotation and farmland damage were the two most important variables for predicting SOC in mining areas-demonstrating the effectiveness of common farming practices in predicting SOC in mining areas. Our results provide a scientific basis for land reclamation, soil carbon input, and land remediation planning in mining areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Quality evaluation of the soil-root composites layer of Leymus chinensis grassland based on different degradation degrees

    Zhang, XueningYou, YongWang, DechengZhu, Lu...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil quality index (SQI) is widely used to assess the status and use potential of soils, and it is also an important prerequisite for taking effective remedial measures for degraded land. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to construct a soil-root composites quality index (SRCQI) by selecting the minimum data set (MDS) and membership function that are most suitable for evaluating degraded Leymus chinensis grassland, and to analyze the relationship between the SRCQI and degraded environment; and (2) to determine the main obstacle factors of degraded Leymus chinensis grassland and propose corresponding control measures. In this study, 15 evaluation indicators representing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil-root composites layer (SRCL) of Leymus chinensis grassland were measured. The MDS was determined by principal component analysis (PCA), and the accuracy of MDS was verified by Pearson correlation analysis. The suitability of three membership functions (linear membership function, nonlinear membership function, and three-effect membership function) was compared by the coefficient of variation (CV) and ANOVA. The SRCQI was constructed to evaluate the quality of Leymus chinensis grassland SRCL with different degradation degrees. An obstacle factor model was introduced to determine the dominant obstacle factors affecting degraded Leymus chinensis grassland. The results showed the following: (1) for the SRCL of Leymus chinensis grassland, the MDS could be constructed by forage biomass, bulk density, and pH; (2) based on the highest F value (102.800) and CV value (23.35%), the non-linear membership function was determined to be the optimal membership function for the quality evaluation of SRCL of Leymus chinensis grassland; (3) the average SRCQI of Leymus chinensis grassland with coverages of 70-80%, 60-70%, 50-60%, and 40-50% were 0.617, 0.532, 0.406, and 0.398, respectively, where the SRCQI gradually decreased with the aggravation of grassland degradation (coverage reduction); and (4) the main obstacle factors of degraded Leymus chinensis grassland were determined as follows: the available potassium, forage biomass, moisture content, and organic matter content were relatively low, and the obstacle degrees were 9.66%, 9.06%, 8.22%, and 8.15%, respectively. This study provides a sensitive and effective approach for the quantitative evaluation of the SRCL of Leymus chinensis grassland susceptible to compaction degradation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Flooding influences on the C, N and P stoichiometry in terrestrial ecosystems: A meta-analysis

    Cao, YiniTong, RanTan, QianMo, Siqi...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Extreme climate events such as flooding have profound impacts on the nutrient stoichiometry and function of terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the influencing mechanisms of flooding on C:N:P stoichiometry in different terrestrial ecosystems, which mainly focused on abiotic factors and their linkages with biotic factors. A global meta-analysis of 69 published studies (885 paired observations) was conducted to examine the effects of flooding on the C:N:P stoichiometry of plants, soil and microorganisms in different terrestrial ecosystems. The collected data included broad variations in climate parameters and flooding durations. Flooding was found to significantly elevat the C and N contents of the whole ecosystem. The responses of overall (across plant-soil-microorganism) C, N and P contents to flooding were pronounced among different ecosystem types or components. Flooding markedly increased the ratios of overall C:N, C:P and N:P ratios by 9.7%, 20.1% and 7.4%, respectively. Flooding with a short duration elevated the overall C:P ratio more than C:N and N:P ratios. Flooding regulated the ecosystem components of C and N, with both elements were also being affected by duration times and climate parameters to some extent. These results provide new insights into understanding the impacts of extreme climate events on ecosystem nutrient turnover under the circumstance of global climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing patterns of spatial distribution of large wood in semi-natural, single-thread channels of Central Europe

    Wyzga, BartlomiejMikus, PawelZawiejska, JoannaGalia, Tomas...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Spatial distribution of large wood (LW) is frequently assessed in a simplified form as a degree to which wood is clustered into jams usually as the consequence of previous wood mobility in the stream. In this study, longitu-dinal patterns of LW distribution in ten semi-natural, single-thread reaches (catchment area 0.10-1479 km(2), channel width 2.5-34 m, bed slope 0.0009-0.23 m m(-1)) of watercourses of the temperate climatic zone in Central Europe were quantitatively evaluated using a one-dimensional Ripley's K statistic and the parameter of concavity. Although these metrics could not indicate clear differences in distribution patterns between the mountain confined and the lowland unconfined reaches, they helped reveal some specific features of LW spatial organisation. Ripley's K statistic indicated a higher degree of LW aggregation in the reach recently disturbed by a high-magnitude debris flow/debris flood event and the reaches with suggested intensive LW transport. A regular pattern of LW distribution with respect to the recurrent LW retention features was suggested by a reversal of the trend in calculated concavity values, as channel bins with the lowest values of the parameter roughly equalled the spacing of meanders. Moreover, the used metrics indicated somewhat contradictory distribution patterns in some of the study reaches, with Ripley's K demonstrating the occurrence of LW aggregation along the whole longitudinal profile and concavity values indicating downstream variation in LW counts and volumes between short subsequent channel sections. Both quantitative metrics can provide valuable information about longitudinal patterns of LW storage and they have a potential to be used in geomorphic research focused on any features distributed along line structures.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Holocene variation in the Indian Summer Monsoon modulated by the tropical Indian Ocean sea-surface temperature mode

    Cui, KaiWang, YongboLiu, XingqiShen, Ji...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：The evolution of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) has been widely investigated owing to its significant climatic and socioeconomic influences. However, debates remain concerning the temporal variation during the Holocene and its driving mechanisms, particularly the potential contribution of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Here, we present a continuous sediment record covering the past 11.1 kyrs from the Beihai Wetland, southwestern China. The grain size, geochemical element composition and total organic carbon content (TOC) were analyzed and interpreted in terms of the sedimentary conditions, catchment erosion and regional climate variations. Higher detrital inputs and possibly high water levels were determined during the early to mid-Holocene period, suggesting strong catchment erosion under an intensified ISM. The maximum monsoon intensity appeared between 7.5 and 5.2 cal. kyr BP, which is broadly consistent with various ISM records. We propose that such mid-Holocene monsoon strengthening was primarily triggered by the TIO SST anomaly modes, i.e., the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) mode and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. Based on Holocene SST records from the TIO, a positive SST anomaly (positive IOB mode) and positive zonal SST anomaly gradient (positive IOD mode) may have occurred during the mid-Holocene, which jointly triggered intensifi-cation of the ISM. Our findings emphasize the significant contribution of the TIO in modulating the summer monsoon system. The abrupt increases in TOC content and median grain size indicate the formation of the current wetland system at approximately 5.2 cal. kyr BP following the decline in regional moisture as well as the retreat of the ISM. In addition, notable human impacts were determined during the last 800 years, as indicated by intensified catchment erosion in response to human-induced deforestation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing the influencing factors of soil susceptibility to wind erosion: A wind tunnel experiment with a machine learning and model-agnostic interpretation approach

    Ding, GuodongWang, LongChen, YuxuanZhao, Yuanyuan...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil wind erosion is a worldwide environmental concern. This study explored the feasibility of using a machine learning (ML) algorithm with a model-agnostic interpretation approach to infer the mechanism by which multiple features influence the soil susceptibility to wind erosion. Arenosols were collected from the Ulanbuhe Desert, China, and soil samples with different treatments, including wet-dry and freeze-thaw processes, were used in a wind tunnel experiment and provided a basic dataset for modelling. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to provide global and local interpretations for the ML model. The results showed the following. (1) The mean particle size tended to decrease and the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contents tended to increase in the transition from mobile to fixed sand dunes. (2) The ML models presented a better performance than the interpretable models, and the random forest model (R-2 value of 0.898 on the test dataset) was adopted. (3) All the features except the SOC content showed monotonic or nearly monotonic relationships with the wind erosion rate. Relatively low SOC contents and high particle sizes tended to show positive interaction effects with wet-dry and freeze-thaw processes. An SOC content of 2.46 g kg(-1) was deemed a threshold, above which SOC worked to resist wind erosion. ML algorithms and model-agnostic interpretation methods have the potential to improve the reliability and flexibility of inferring the mechanism by which soil is susceptible to wind erosion and thus deserve popularization in future studies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Heterotrophic respiration and its proportion to total soil respiration decrease with warming but increase with clipping

    Yan, YingjieWang, JinsongTian, DashuanZhang, Ruiyang...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Revealing how heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and its contribution to soil respiration (R-s, R-h/R-s ratio) respond to climate warming and land-use change is crucial for advancing our understanding of the feedback between the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle and future climate changes. Here we conducted a 7-year manipulation experiment by warming and clipping to explore their impacts on R-h and R-h/R(s & nbsp;)ratio in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Infrared heaters were used to simulate climate warming and clipping was applied to mimic yearly hay or biofuel harvest. We found that, on average, warming significantly decreased R-h/R-s ratio by 5.5%, which was attributed to the little change in Rh and increased autotrophic respiration (Ra, 18.3%) under warming. In contrast, clipping significantly increased R-h/R-s ratio by 8.1%, which was mainly due to the clipping-induced increase in Rh (22.6%) and decrease in Ra (3.9%). Warming or clipping-induced changes in Rh and the R-h/R-s ratio were mainly controlled by the microbial metabolic quotient, microbial biomass C and nitrogen, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Moreover, warming and clipping both increased R-s by 13.2% and 15.5%, respectively, over the study period. Our study highlights the differential responses of the two soil respiration components to warming and clipping, and suggests that climate warming does not necessarily increase Rh but clipping largely stimulates Rh, which may accelerate the turnover and losses of soil C in this alpine meadow. Hence, quantifying how R-h and the R-h/R-s ratio respond to global changes has large implications for better predicting the future ecosystem C cycle and its feedback to climate system in ecosystem models.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    An update of the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall erosivity (R-factor) for the main agricultural production zones of Austria

    Johannsen, Lisbeth L.Schmaltz, Elmar M.Mitrovits, OliviaKlik, Andreas...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rainfall erosivity is one of the key parameters influencing the degree of soil erosion. Due to the high spatiotemporal variability of rainfall erosivity and the influence of a changing climate it is crucial to use spatially welldistributed and temporally current rainfall data. Rainfall erosivity in Austria has been estimated by previous studies with varying rainfall data amounts. This study aimed to create an updated R-factor map for Austria and its main agricultural production zones based on a larger number of rainfall stations and a recent time series. As well as, compare R-factors from previous studies to identify differences in erosivity estimation. Rainfall data from 171 stations throughout Austria were gap-filled and corrected to improve data quality. Rainfall erosivity was calculated for 1995-2015 for the vegetation period and annually and used to establish two linear regressions describing rainfall erosivity as a function of mean rainfall amount. The regressions were applied to the 1 km2 daily rainfall grids from the SPARTACUS dataset to create the spatially distributed rainfall erosivity maps. Differences in the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity, erosion index and erosivity density between the main agricultural production zones showed areas at risk of soil erosion and timing of vulnerability. The highest rainfall erosivities were found in the agriculturally important eastern regions of Austria during the summer months. Compared to previous studies, considerable differences in local R-factor estimation were found. The significantly larger number of rainfall stations and an updated time series increased the representativeness of rainfall erosivity estimation in Austria, which can contribute to a more precise soil erosion risk assessment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Temporal variation in soil detachment processes under litter incorporation effects in typical grassland on the Loess Plateau of China

    Wang, BingDuan, Xing-wuLiu, Jia-xin
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Plant litter incorporation into soil is a widespread phenomenon in the natural environment. Accurate estimation of the soil detachment capacity (Dc) driven by overland flow under litter incorporation effects is crucial for improving soil erosion prediction. However, the effects of litter incorporation on soil detachment processes are often ignored, and the temporal variation of Dc under litter incorporation effects remains unclear for grassland in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, two litter incorporation soil treatments (Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. litter, and Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. litter) and one bare soil treatment (control) were set. Flume tests with flow shear stress ranging from 5.66 to 22.11 Pa were conducted to simulate overland flow scouring and determine the temporal variation of Dc between May 2017 and October 2018 (nine times, a 524-day period). Furthermore, the key factors affecting Dc were identified. Our results showed that the temporal variation in Dc was consistent across the different soil treatments (two litter incorporation treatments and one bare soil control), showing a rapid decline and then fluctuating at a low level, with Dc ranging from 0.115 to 6.876 kg m(-2) s(-1). Incorporation of litter effectively reduced Dc, with the Dc of soil treatments incorporating litter being 15% to 29% lower than that of bare soil (2.110 kg m(-2) s(-1)). Further analysis showed that the temporal variation in Dc was mainly affected by the development of a physical soil crust. Dc can be successfully estimated using a nonlinear equation incorporating flow shear stress and soil cohesion (R-2 = 0.77, NSE = 0.65), which represent the erosive force and soil erosion resistance, respectively. Our study reveals the important role of plant litter in the soil detachment process and aids the understanding of soil erosion pathways. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of a physical soil crust on the soil detachment process driven by overland flow.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Leguminous Caragana korshinskii evidently enhances microbial necromass carbon accumulation in dryland soils

    Jia, LiZhang, YanmingMou, Xiao MingJia, Bin...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The planting of nitrogen (N)-fixing leguminous plants is a common measure to restore degraded vegetation and sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) in globally vast arid areas where N deficiency is a limiting factor for plants. However, the effect of leguminous plants on microbial synthesized SOC accumulation remains a knowledge gap. We investigated the effects of planting shrubs (leguminous Caragana korshinskii and non leguminous Salix psammophila) in abandoned croplands on microbial substance accumulation in soil compared with natural succession (dominated by non leguminous semi-shrub Artemisia desertorum) in an arid area. Seventeen years after plantation, C. korshinskii increased SOC stock in the top 20 cm across canopy and gap areas by 34-80%, but S. psammophila did not affect SOC compared with abandonment (A. desertorum). This variation in the SOC stock across three vegetation types was not consistent with change patterns of aboveground litter accumulation and root biomass, but was consistent with higher living microbial biomass and non living microbial necromass contents in the soil and their proportions in the SOC under leguminous C. korshinskii than non leguminous A. desertorum and S. psammophila. These results indicated that the increased SOC under the leguminous relative to non leguminous species was mainly ascribed to the increased accumulation of microbial synthesized substances under the legume. Microbial necromass N represented 56-59% of total soil N under C. korshinskii, but this proportion was only 25-39% under non leguminous species, responding to much greater plant N input and soil N availability under the legume. Therefore, we suggest that symbiotic N fixation by leguminous species increased the production of microbial biomass and potentially decreased the reuse of N from microbial necromass compared with non leguminous species. As such, legumes can efficiently increase the net accumulation of microbial necromass carbon and thus the SOC content in dryland soils.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier