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Crop Protection
Butterworth Scientific Limited
Crop Protection

Butterworth Scientific Limited

0261-2194

Crop Protection/Journal Crop ProtectionSCIISTPBSCI
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    Effect of working pressure and spacing of nozzles on the quality of spraying distribution

    Griesang, FabianoDilena Spadoni, Ana BeatrizUrah Ferreira, Pedro HenriqueFerreira, Marcelo da Costa...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The correct placement of the crop protection product on the target depends on the adequate distribution provided by the spray nozzles. In this research, the objective was to verify the influence of the working pressure and spacing between nozzles on the quality of the spray distribution. It was analyzed the nozzles jets concerning symmetry, opening angle and flow rate. Two methodologies for determining the volumetric distribution were used, considering (1) the simultaneous collection of a set of nozzles arranged in a spray boom and (2) the volumetric distribution of each discrete sample of nozzle. Overlapping between spray jets was used to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) due the nozzles spacing. Nine models of flat fan nozzles were used, at two nominal flow rates and four working pressures. The working pressure achieved a big effect on the quality of volumetric distribution. The pressure of 100 kPa produced the worse results of volumetric distribution, with CVs higher than 10% along the boom for all nozzle models, in both flow rates. Continuous improvements in the quality of distribution were observed with the increase in pressure until reaching 300 kPa, followed by a slight decrease in quality when reaching 400 kPa pressure. The spray nozzle model has also a big effect on the quality of distribution and there are no implied design characteristics that can turn easier a better choice of nozzles. Both methodologies for the determination of spray distribution achieved similar results and can be used for the nozzles spray distribution quality determination.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Occurrence of Alternaria arborescens causing leaf spot on Pereskia aculeata in Brazil

    Hahn, M. H.Claus, A.Koch, G.Gelain, J....
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：Pereskia aculeata, commonly known as ora-pro-nobis, is a is a highly nutritive species used for human consumption with potential of expansion. However, leaf lesions that did not match the symptoms and signs of previously described pathogenic species to this culture were observed in an ora-pro-nobis cultivation in Curitiba, Paran ' a state, southern Brazil. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to isolate, test the pathogenicity and characterize morphologically and molecularly the causal agent of the symptoms of this species. For this purpose, isolation from leaf fragments was performed. Pathogenicity was tested in potted cuttings which were wounded to simulate the thorns natural injuries and inoculated with a conidia suspension. The colony characteristics and morphological features of conidia were determined on V8 medium, and the molecular characterization was performed with Bayesian phylogenetic inference of the partial concatenated alignment of the ITS, gapdh and tef1 genes of the isolate. Morphological characterization matched the described for Alternaria spp. The symptoms on inoculated cuttings appeared within 4 days in all inoculated leaves, while the control plants remained asymptomatic, and 10 days after inoculation all symptomatic leaves fell from the plant. The characteristics of the re isolated fungus from the pathogenicity test lesions were morphologically similar to the isolate from naturally infected leaves. The sequences of the pathogen grouped in a reliable clade called Alternaria arborescens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. arborescens causing lesions on P. aculeata worldwide. Implications of these finding should be further studied.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Rate errors in sprayer turning and circular movements: PWM valve as compensation system and why spray boom size matters

    Carreira, Vinicius dos Santosda Silva, Rouverson Pereira
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Variations in pesticide application can comprise the efficacy. Among them, turning and circular movements (TCM) generate rate errors, harming the crop and environment. Nozzle speeds are different across the spray boom when the sprayer travels through these trajectories, and this affects the treated area by each one. The solution available is the pulse-width modulation valve (PWM), which controls rate by duty cycle. However, there are no comprehensive recommendations and evaluations on the use of this component related to the spray boom size. Therefore, we created a broad simulation of TCM and spray boom size-PWM relationship to evaluate the rate errors. We used simplified equations based on uniform circular motion and previous studies to calculate nozzle speed and target rate. Four circumference radii (25 m, 65 m, 105 m and 150 m) and spray boom width (18 m, 36 m, 42 m, and 50 m) were evaluated to spray 100 L ha(-1). In addition, we inserted PWM valves as a rate compensation mechanism and adapted the duty cycle for each situation. As a result, larger spray booms generated higher rate errors and variation, principally in small radii TCM. Thus, in better scenario (Bw 18 m x Rc 150 m) the higher rate error and coefficient of variation were 6.01 L ha(-1) and 3.37%, respectively. Conversely, in worst scenario (Bw 50 m x Rc 25 m) the higher error rate and coefficient of variation were 4900 L ha(-1) and 225.94%, respectively. There is a downward trend when the circumference radii increases, decreasing the error, as it smoothes the trajectory. Furthermore, PWM valves, individually, are not able to compensate all errors during spraying. There is underdosing and overdosing across the spray boom, which requires not recommended or possible working ranges (<40% or >100%). Thus, it is needed use this technology with other techniques to avoid rate errors during TCM, such as pressure control, simultaneous PWM valves or sensitivity analysis.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of plastic low tunnels on natural enemies and pollinators in New York strawberry

    Willden, Samantha A.Pritts, Marvin P.Loeb, Gregory M.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although growing strawberries under low tunnels is increasing in popularity across the northeastern United States, little is known of how they impact the presence of natural enemies and pollinators that provide key ecosystem services on strawberry. We employed passive (fruit collections, sticky cards and pitfall traps) and direct (direct observations, leaf brushing and fruit bagging) monitoring over 2-3 growing seasons to compare the abundance and impact of beneficial insects and mites on strawberry grown under low tunnels versus the open field. Three different low tunnel plastics ranging in UV-selectivity were included to determine any effect of UV exclusion on natural enemy and pollinator presence. Plant yield and fruit marketability was higher under low tunnels compared to the open field for two of three years observed. The abundance of predators, and to a lesser extent parasitoids, was similar or higher under low tunnels compared to the open field. However, catch on sticky cards revealed lower densities of parasitoids under tunnels. There was some evidence that UV-selecting plastics resulted in poorly pollinated fruit compared to UV-transmitting and open-field treatments. However, there was no difference in pollinator presence among treatments, so the mechanisms causing the plastic effect are unclear. Overall, we conclude that growing strawberries under low tunnels, regardless of UV selectively, can support higher and more marketable yield in some years while likely having neutral to positive impacts on beneficial predators, parasitoids and pollinators.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Oviposition preference and two-sex life table of Plutella xylostella and its association with defensive enzymes in three Brassicaceae crops

    Ahmed, Muhammad AfaqCao, He-HeJaleel, WaqarAmir, Muhammad Bilal...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is a worldwide devastating pest specialized on Brassicaceae plants, including three main vegetables of China i.e., cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and radish. To develop a cost-effective control program, we compared the adult oviposition preference and life table parameters of P. xylostella on these three crops. In the no-choice and choice oviposition tests, P. xylostella females laid more eggs on Chinese cabbage than radish and cabbage. In addition, P. xylostella larvae consumed more leaves when feeding on Chinese cabbage compared with other plants. The age-stage two-sex life table indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of P. xylostella was higher on Chinese cabbage (0.233 d(-1)) than radish (0.203 d(-1)), and cabbage (0.135 d(-1)). The fecundity was the highest on Chinese cabbage, while developmental duration from egg to adult on Chinese cabbage was significantly shorter. Chinese cabbage leaves exhibited lower activities of defensive enzymes and significantly higher total protein content, which may account for the higher preference and performance of P. xylostella on Chinese cabbage. These results suggest that Chinese cabbage is highly susceptible to P. xylostella and needs more frequent monitoring and control strategies against this pest, although field trials are needed to confirm these findings.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Citrus industry: Phytoplasma-associated diseases and related challenges for Asia, America and Africa

    Noorizadeh, SinaGolmohammadi, MortezaBagheri, AbdoolnabiBertaccini, Assunta...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABS T R A C T Citrus production has been widely affected by pathogens which causes economic losses to the growers resulting in severe social effects in many of the areas where the economy is based on agriculture. In the past decade citrus-associated phytoplasmas have originated widespread epidemics in some citrus-growing regions of the world. They are associated to either specific symptoms such as witches' broom or non-specific symptoms like leaf yellowing, leaf mottling and lopsided fruit. So far about 21 citrus cultivars have been reported to be infected by phytoplasmas enclosed in 11 ribosomal groups; among these 16SrI (aster yellows) and 16SrII (peanut witches' broom) are the most widespread. Here symptomatology, economic importance, transmission and strategies used for disease management are reported together with the molecular classification of the detected phytoplasma strains in Asian, American and African continents.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of summer cover crops for host suitability of Meloidogyne enterolobii

    Khanal, ChuramaniHarshman, David
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：The guava root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii) has become one of the greatest enemies of agricultural production as current nematode management methods are not effective against this nematode. Summer cover crops can be an alternative solution for sustainable nematode management as they have a great potential to suppress nematode reproduction in addition to providing other usual benefits. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate ten commercially available summer cover crops against M. enterolobii. Sunflower and cowpea supported a high reproduction of M. enterolobii and had significantly greater biomass relative to the susceptible control (tomato cv. Rutgers). Buckwheat and sunn hemp had lower nematode reproduction but produced greater biomass compared to the susceptible control. Sesame supported significantly lower nematode reproduction and produced the lowest biomass among all cover crops employed in this study. Three millets (pearl millet, brown top millet and Japanese millet), grain sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass did not support any nematode reproduction and produced significantly higher plant biomass when compared with the control. Results from this study suggest that the three millets, grain sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass are promising summer cover crops for managing M. enterolobii.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): opportunities for its use in integrated management of aphids infesting rapeseed-mustard in north-western Indian Himalayas

    Soni, SaurbhKumar, SurjeetSingh, RanbirBadiyala, Aditi...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The aphid endoparasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), parasitizing green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Hamirpur, Sirmaur, Una and Bilaspur districts of north Indian Himalayan state, Himachal Pradesh was studied. At different locations, parasitism by D. rapae in December, January, February and March ranged from 0.00 to 5.30, 0.00 to 16.40, 19.30 to 31.20 and 0.00 to 49.80%. Under field conditions, experiments were conducted to evaluate the side effect of some commonly used chemical insecticides and biopesticides on D. rapae. Percent parasitism by D. rapae in dimethoate treated plots was negatively affected, and it reduced from 11.85 to 0.01%, whereas biopesticides didn't affect the parasitism. Further laboratory investigations assessed the suitability of aphids viz. M. persicae, B. brassicae and L. erysimi as hosts for mass rearing of D. rapae. Among the aphid hosts, second nymphal instar of M. persicae was found to be the larger in size, followed by B. brassicae and L. erysimi. D. rapae reared on M. persicae were larger in size compared to those reared on B. brassicae and L. erysimi. Further, M. persicae reared on Capsicum annuum proved to be the best aphid host for D. rapae based on high percent parasitism (58.60%) and high fertility (76 eggs/female). The current research advises that D. rapae can be mass reared on aphid hosts in a laboratory that would supplement augmentative biological control in rapeseed-mustard. Our results also demonstrate that biopesticides can be used against aphids infesting rapeseedmustard, with limited risk to the parasitoid, D. rapae and can be a fruitful option to chemical-based insecticides.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Is tank mixing site-specific premixes and multi-site fungicides effective and economic for managing soybean rust? a meta-analysis

    Machado, Franklin J.Barro, Jhonatan P.Godoy, Claudia, VDias, Alfredo R....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is controlled with sequential applications of commercial premixes containing two and, more recently, three site-specific fungicides. However, their efficacy has been reduced due to the development of fungicide resistance in the fungal population; hence the use of multi-site fungicides in tank mixing has been encouraged. In this work we used data from 45 uniform fungicide trials conducted across eight Brazilian states during three crop seasons (2014/15, 2015/16, and 2017/18) to identify scenarios when the practice of adding multi-site fungicides in commercial premixes was both technical- and cost-effective. Premixes of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) + demethylation inhibitors (DMI) or succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) were applied alone, or tank mixed with multi-site fungicides. Three premixes (PICOxystrobin + CYPRoconazole, PYRAclostrobin + FLUXapyroxad and AZOXystrobin + BENZovindiflupyr) were tank mixed with one of three multi-site fungicides (+MANCozeb, +COPpeR oxychloride, and +ChLORothalonil). The benefits from tank mixing a multi-site tended to be highest for the least effective premix. Improvements in control efficacy ((C) over bar, percent point; p.p.) and yield response ((D) over bar, kg/ha) ranged from 3 to 15 p.p. and 58-240 kg/ha, respectively. The improvements in (C) over bar and (D) over bar were affected by severity in the non-treated check; significantly higher improvements in (D) over bar were determined in trials experiencing high SBR severity levels (>80%). The economic analysis for scenarios of soybean price and multi-site costs showed that the addition of +MANC, given its lower price, was more likely to be profitable compared with +CLOR and +COPR, particularly when tank mixed with the least effective commercial premix.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Developing an effective strategy for indexing roof rat abundance in citrus orchards

    Baldwin, Roger A.Meinerz, Ryan
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Effective rodent monitoring tools are needed to allow agricultural producers and pest control specialists to determine when rodent control strategies are needed, as well as to allow researchers to assess the efficacy of various management options. General indexing tools that utilize continuous response metrics, as well as traditional presence-absence indexing strategies, are commonly used for such monitoring programs, but their ability to track rodent abundance should be verified in different ecological systems. Therefore, we tested the ability of tracking tunnels (binary response only) and remote-triggered cameras (both binary and continuous response) to effectively track roof rat (Rattus rattus) abundance in three lemon (Citrus limon) and two orange (Citrus sinensis) orchards in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. We placed remote-triggered cameras and tracking tunnels both on the ground and within trees to assess activity, and subsequently live-trapped roof rats in these same plots to determine an estimate of population size and minimum number known values. We used multiple linear regression to compare these values to allow us to determine the effectiveness of these monitoring tools at tracking roof rat abundance depending on the monitoring tool used, the vertical zone where traps were placed (i. e., within trees or on the ground), and the crop that was monitored. We determined that both tracking tunnels and remote-triggered cameras (both binary and continuous response metrics) were correlated to roof rat abundance irrespective of their location on the ground or in the trees. We also noted a difference in the relationship between index values and roof rat abundance for lemon and orange orchards, indicating the importance of considering orchard type when interpreting models. Regardless, tracking tunnels and remote-triggered cameras both effectively reflected roof rat abundance irrespective of orchard type, and as such, they both should prove useful for future monitoring projects in citrus orchards.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier