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Crop Protection
Butterworth Scientific Limited
Crop Protection

Butterworth Scientific Limited

0261-2194

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    How different hermetic bag brands and maize varieties affect grain damage and loss smallholder farmer

    Ngwenyama, PatrickMvumi, Brighton M.Stathers, Tanya E.Nyanga, Loveness K....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa store harvested maize to provide food stocks between harvest seasons, which may be up to 12 months apart. Stored maize is highly susceptible to insect pest damage, hence the need for stored grain protection technologies such as hermetic bags. The current study evaluated the efficacy of five brands of hermetic bags in storing three maize varieties under two contrasting agro-ecologies in Guruve and Mbire districts of Zimbabwe, for two storage seasons. The hermetic bag treatments evaluated included: GrainPro Super Grain bag (SGB) IVRTM, PICS bag, AgroZ (R) Ordinary bag, AgroZ (R) Plus bag and ZeroFly (R) hermetic bag, which were compared to grain stored in a polypropylene bag either untreated (negative control) or following admixture with a synthetic pesticide treatment, Actellic Gold Dust (R) (positive control). The maize varieties included a white hybrid, a pro-vitamin A biofortified orange and a local variety. All the hermetic bag treatments out-performed the synthetic pesticide in limiting grain damage and weight loss during storage. No significant difference in grain damage or weight loss was observed among the hermetic bags. However, rodents punctured some hermetic bags; therefore rodent control is recommended. A positive correlation with grain damage and weight loss for all three maize varieties was found for Sitophilus zeamais, Sitotroga cerealella, Tribolium castaneum and Cryptolestes spp adult numbers. Significantly higher insect damage and weight loss (P < 0.001) occurred in the white hybrid maize than in the other two varieties. The results confirmed that regardless of brand, all the hermetic bags tested can be recommended for smallholder farmer use to limit postharvest storage losses, avoid pesticide use, and support food and nutrition security.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impact of crop rotation with chemical and organic fertilization on weed seed density, species diversity, and community structure after 13 years

    Nath, C. P.Hazra, K. K.Kumar, NarendraSingh, S. S....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：We presumed that ecological engineering approaches such as pulse crop inclusion in crop rotation and integrated nutrient management (INM) would have higher weed seed density and diversity compared with continuous cereal-cereal rotation and chemical fertilization in long-run. Hence, we investigated the viable weed seed density and diversity in soil using the seedling emergence method in 0-7.5, 7.5-15, and 0-15 cm depth. Soil sampling was performed in 2016 after 13 years of field experimentation with same treatment combinations and layout on a sandy loam soil of Kanpur, India. The field experiment consisted of four crop rotations (since 2003): rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (R-W), rice-wheat-mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (R-W-Mb), rice-wheat-rice-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (two years rotation: R-W-R-C), rice-chickpea (R-C) and three nutrient management: control (without fertilization: CT), integrated nutrient management (INM), and recom-mended inorganic fertilization (RDF). Of the total 30 emerged weed species, 21 species were broad-leaved (70%), 8 grasses (26.7%), and 1 sedge (3.3%). Seed density of Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees was significantly higher in R-C(RDF) than R-W-Mb(RDF) and R-W(RDF). While, Lepidium didymum L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. and Anagallis arvensis L. were higher in R-W-Mb rotation over the R-W (P < 0.05). Pulse based cropping resulted in 6.1-13.2% higher (P 0.05) seed density over R-W rotation at 0-7.5 cm depth, while, R-W rotation attributed 2.5-4.9% higher (P < 0.05) seed density than those of remaining rotations at 7.5-15 cm depth. In total depth (0-15 cm), total viable seed density followed the order of R-C = R-W-Mb (P < 0.05) seed density than those of remaining rotations at 7.5-15 cm depth. In total depth (0-15 cm), total viable seed density followed the order of R-C = R-W-Mb (P 0.05) and INM RDF > CT (P < 0.05). Importance value index (IVI) of Cyperus rotundus L. and Medicago polymorpha L. was higher for R-W rotation than R-W-Mb, R-W-R-C and R-C (P < 0.05). Notably, pulse based cropping (R-W-Mb and R-C) had the lower ecological dominance and higher Shannon, Simpson, and richness indices than the R-W rotation at 0-7.5 cm and 0-15 cm layer, because of higher species diversity. RDF contained 31% higher ecological dominance than in the INM practice (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that crop rotations and nutrient management mainly influenced the M. polymorpha, D. aegyptium, L. chinensis and L. didymum after 13 years. Medicago polymorpha came out as strongly associated with R-W(INM), while, Spergula arvensis L. and Ammannia baccifera L. emerged as characteristic species in R-C rotation. Thus, it is implied that pulse based cropping and INM could enhance weed seed density with higher species diversity compared with the R-W rotation and RDF in long-run.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of starvation and feeding on desiccated cover crops (Urochloa spp.) in different time periods, on the survival and biomass of Spodoptera frugiperda

    Leite, Natalia AlvesTeatini, Bruna CarruscaMendes, Simone Martinsda Silva, Alexandre Ferreira...
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：In tropical agroecosystems, cover crops are an alternative toward a more diverse and sustainable production. Urochloa spp. (syn. Brachiaria spp.) are perennial grasses that are commonly used as cover crops in the no-tillage crop systems. Their residues after desiccation protect the soil and provide nutrient to the next crop cycle. However, these plants can act as a green bridge to fall armyworm (FAW) during the winter season. When summer crops are sown, late instar larvae destroy the seedlings. Therefore, one of the main issues in the management of cover crops is when to perform desiccation before the main crop sowing to avoid FAW larvae survival on the straw. In this context, we investigated the survival of S. frugiperda larvae under different starvation time periods, and assessed their survival and biomass on U. ruziziensis (Ur) and U. brizantha (Ub) desiccated over different time periods. Our results showed that FAW larvae developed into pupae only when corn was offered for twelve days and during the total larval phase. However, larvae fed for eight days survived approximately 13 days. Larval survival decreased on Ub and Ur with increasing infestation time after desiccation. However, survival was higher on Ur. Also, larval biomass was lower on Ub at 7, 14 and 21 days after desiccation. The results obtained may have direct implications for FAW management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Efficacy of encapsulated and non-encapsulated thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris L.) in the control of Sitophilus zeamais and its effects on the quality of corn grains throughout storage

    Radunz, MarjanaScariot, Mauricio A.Camargo, Taiane M.Nunes, Camila F. P....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Maize is a cereal widely cultivated and consumed on the planet and, as an agricultural commodity, research strategies addressing productive bottlenecks are then highly appreciated. Among these, pest insects stand out for causing losses both in the field and in warehouses. Thus, thinking about the sustainability of the productive system, there is a need to develop more natural techniques for the management of insects, especially the application of essential oils. Among essential oils, thyme has proven bioactive potentials, however, its application is restricted due to its instability, and thus encapsulation may be a promising alternative for its preservation. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of encapsulated and nonencapsulated thyme essential oil on the mortality and persistence of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1885) and on the quality parameters of corn grains throughout storage. Thyme essential oil was encapsulated by spray drying and evaluated for chemical composition and encapsulation efficiency. The effects of thyme essential oil application on the mortality and persistence of Sitophilus zeamais were evaluated for 150 days and on the quality of corn grains for 200 days. Insect mortality was dependent on concentration and exposure time, presenting the greatest effect for encapsulated thyme essential oil. Both oils, in all concentrations, showed repellent effect against S. zeamais, except for 1 h of exposure. The application of essential oils did not impact the water content, pH, leached solids, conductivity and staining of corn grains, however, treatments with application of encapsulated essential oil increased acidity and soluble solids content. The application of both thyme essential oils, encapsulated and non-encapsulated, were effective for the control of S. zeamais, without altering the quality characteristics of corn grains.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Fungicide resistance in Pyricularia oryzae populations from southern and northern Brazil and evidence of fitness costs for QoI-resistant isolates

    D'Avila, Leilane SilveiraDe Filippi, Marta Cristina CorsiCafe-Filho, Adalberto C.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rice blast management is heavily reliant on chemical control, and the rise of fungicide resistance is contingent on fitness costs. This study contrasts the responses of 322 blast isolates from southern (n = 224) and northern Brazil (n = 98) to fungicides in the Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), Sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI), and Melanin biosynthesis inhibitor (MBI) groups, and associated epidemiological traits. Resistance was more prevalent in northern Brazil, where conditions are most conducive to blast. Northern populations displayed higher EC50 for spore germination, faster mycelial growth rates, and higher rates of appressorium formation for fungicides in all chemical groups. Results were most striking for the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin. We examined possible fitness penalties and related in planta competitive abilities associated with the gain of azoxystrobin resistance. QoIresistant (QoI-R) genotypes, carrying the G143A cytochrome b gene mutation, were found in 90% of the northern isolates. The EC50 values of these QoI-R isolates exceeded 10 mu g L-1. However, QoI-R isolates had a reduced number of conidia, longer latent period, reduced infection efficiency and aggressiveness, compared to the sensitive isolates. These impairments were reflected in a decrease of competitive ability in planta in the absence of azoxystrobin. Nevertheless, under continuous fungicide applications, the proportion of resistant and sensitive isolates in mixed cultures in planta remained constant after four generations. The results are valuable for managing strategies as the increase of resistance may hamper the competitive abilities of QoI-R mutants in the absence of the respective active ingredient.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Synergism between essential oils: A promising alternative to control Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

    Santana, Alisson da SilvaLopes Baldin, Edson LuizBraga dos Santos, Thais LohaineBaptista, Yago Alves...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Combinations of essential oils (EOs) are promising alternatives for pest management in storage grains. A high diversity of compounds in EOs and EO mixtures can increase their toxicity. Additionally, EOs can be useful in insecticide resistance programs. For this reason, we evaluated the fumigant toxicity and repellent effects of six essential oils (Dysphania ambrosioides, DA; Pelargonium graveolens, PE; Piper arboreum, PA; Piper diospyrifolium, PD; Piper gaudichaudianum, PG; and Piper tuberculatum, PT) separately and in binary combinations against adults of Sitophilus zeamais (the maize weevil). First, the insecticidal activity of all possible combinations of the six EOs were assessed. Next, the concentrations needed to cause 50% and 90% mortality (LC50 and LC90, respectively) in the S. zeamais population were determined for the most toxic EOs and mixtures. After that, the synergistic effect of the mixtures was also verified. Finally, the most toxic treatments were assessed to determine the time required to cause mortality of 50% of the population and check the repellent effects on S. zeamais. The binary mixtures of DA and PE, PT, PG, PD, and PA were the most toxic against S. zeamais. The LC50 and LC90 values for these treatments ranged between 1.77 and 2.25 mu L L-1 and from 2.42 to 7.64 mu L L-1, respectively. The mixtures were more toxic than the EOs tested separately, which indicates the occurrence of synergistic effects. All treatments caused mortality of 50% of the population of S. zeamais in less than 42 h of exposure. In addition, the combinations DA + PE, DA + PT, DA + PG, and DA + PA were repellent to S. zeamais. Based on these results, we conclude that the mixtures of EOs evaluated in this study are highly promising for the control of S. zeamais populations and can also be used for resistance management of this species.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) resistant cultivar rotation system impacts nematode population density, virulence, and yield

    Thapa, SitaCole, EmilieHowland, Amanda D.Levene, Brian...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most economically important pathogen of soybeans in the United States. The most effective SCN management practice is the use of resistant cultivars; however, continuous use of cultivars derived from a single line of resistance results in selection for SCN virulent populations. A four-year field study (2017-2020) was conducted in Michigan to evaluate the impact of six soybean rotation systems with cultivars derived from PI548402 (5DV) and PI88788 (8DV) on SCN population development, virulence, and soybean yield. The rotation systems were: 1) 8DV/5DV/8DV/5DV, 2) 5DV/5DV/5DV/5DV, 3) 8DV/Susceptible (SDV)/5DV/ 8DV, 4) 5DV/SDV/8DV/5DV, 5) 8DV/8DV/8DV/8DV, and 6) 5DV/SDV/SDV/SDV. SCN population levels were significantly lower in the 5DV/8DV rotation in 2018 compared to the 5DV/SDV rotation. In 2020, SCN population levels were the lowest in the rotation system 8DV/5DV/8DV/5DV and the highest in the continuous 5DV soybeans. In 2017, there were no substantial soybean yield differences among the differing systems, but for the remainder of the trial, the 5DV/8DV rotations had the highest yields. HG type tests showed that rotation of resistance sources can alter the virulence of the SCN population. The initial 2017 SCN population was HG type 1.2. The final populations in 2020 for the rotation systems 8DV/5DV/8DV/5DV, 5DV/5DV/5DV/5DV, and 8DV/ SDV/5DV/8DV was HG type 1.2.5.7, and HG type 1.2.3.5.6.7 for the other rotation systems 5DV/SDV/8DV/5DV, 8DV/8DV/8DV/8DV, and 5DV/SDV/SDV/SDV. Based on the results of the field trial, a greenhouse trial was conducted where we found that a Michigan SCN population from continuous PI88788 sources of resistance can also reproduce on Peking. These findings indicate rotating PI548402- and PI88788-derived cultivars can reduce SCN density and maintain high soybean yields; thus rotating these two sources of resistance with non-host rotations might delay the aggressiveness of SCN populations further, reducing soybean yield loss.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Susceptibility of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) populations to reduced risk insecticides

    Silva, P. A. F.Siqueira, H. A. A.Silva, W. M.Araujo, E. L....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Liriomyza sativae Blanchard is a major pest of melon and other crops in the Northeast of Brazil, where it has caused great losses despite the use of insecticides to reduce infestations. Previous studies showed that Liriomyza flies can develop resistance to several groups of insecticides, making difficult its control in the field. Bioassays to estimate the concentration-mortality curves were performed to investigate the response of L. sativae populations to abamectin, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole, as well as to establish a baseline for cyantraniliprole and spinetoram. The LC50 values for abamectin varied from 2.8 (PB1 population) to 4.8 (MSR2 population) mg/L, for chlorantraniliprole from 0.5 (MSR2 population) to 15.8 (PB1 population) mg/L, for cyantraniliprole from 0.7 (MSR1 population) to 5.2 (CMSF population) mg/L, for spinosad from 1.0 (PB3 population) to 13.5 (MSR2 population) mg/L, and for spinetoram from 0.2 (PB3 population) to 0.6 (MSR2 population) mg/L. Resistance ratios higher than 10-fold were observed for the populations PB3 (12.5-fold), CMSF (12.8-fold), PB1 (34.53-fold) for chlorantraniliprole, and MSR2 population (13.1-fold) for spinosad. The highest resistance ratio for abamectin, cyantraniliprole and spinetoram was respectively 1.8-fold (MSR2 population), 7.2-fold (CMSF population) and 3.1-fold (MSR2 population). Recommended doses of abamectin and spinosad caused 100% mortality of assessed populations. Overall, enzyme activities showed no association between susceptibility and insecticides among populations but were variable among populations. Monitoring and product rotation for managing the evolution of L. sativae to resistance is recommended.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Termite species and functional groups in maize intercrop systems in Machakos County, Kenya

    Kanyi, Nahashon ChegeKaruri, HannahNyasani, Johnson O.Mwangi, Benson...
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Termites are important ecosystem engineers in the tropics but certain termite species cause damage to economically important crops. In Africa, termites cause >50% damage in maize. This study evaluated the effect of intercropping maize with soybean, common beans and sorghum on the level of termite damage, abundance of termite species and functional groups in Machakos County, Kenya during two cropping seasons. In both seasons, Macrotermes herus, M. subhyalinus, Coptotermes formosanus, Odontotermes badius, O. longignathus and Cubitermes ugandesis were recorded. There was a low percentage of lodged plants in maize-sorghum intercrop which also had low population densities of M. herus and O. badius in both seasons. There was no difference in the number of C. formosanus in both seasons. The lowest number of fungus-cultivators was in the maize-sorghum intercrop while soil feeders occurred in low populations. Intercropping maize and sorghum can be further explored alongside other integrated termite management techniques. The observed low populations of soil feeders necessitate adoption of farming practices that conserve them in order to improve crop productivity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Efficacy of spot form of net blotch suppression in barley from seed, fertiliser and foliar applied fungicides

    Poole, NickMunoz Santa, IsabelHollaway, Grant J.McLean, Mark S....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Spot form of net blotch (SFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata is a prevalent and damaging foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Fungicides are commonly used to manage SFNB infection and reduce production loss in susceptible varieties. This study determined the efficacy of suppression of SFNB and associated grain yield and quality improvements from application of fungicides to seed, fertiliser and/or foliar treatments. Eight field experiments were conducted in south-eastern Australia during 2016-2018. Two experiments compared single applications of different commercially available seed, fertiliser and foliar fungicides. Six experiments evaluated different growth stage application timings of either a single application or combinations of seed applied fluxapyroxad and foliar applied prothioconazole + tebuconazole. Spot form of net blotch caused grain yield loss of up to 1.2 t/ha (20%), reduced grain retention (percentage seed width greater than 2.5 mm) and weight by up to 15% and 13%, respectively, and increased screenings (percentage seed width less than 2.2 mm) by up to 18%. Seed applied fluxapyroxad was the most effective fungicide treatment providing the greatest SFNB suppression, grain yield and quality increase of the single fungicide applications. The combination of seed applied fluxapyroxad with a foliar application of prothioconazole + tebuconazole at flag leaf emergence significantly increased grain yield and quality further in one experiment. The dual foliar fungicide application of prothioconazole + tebuconazole at stem elongation (Z31) and flag leaf emergence (Z39) was not as effective in providing SFNB suppression according to AUDPC but provided comparable grain yield and quality to the seed and foliar treatment. Of the foliar fungicides, prothioconazole + tebuconazole and bixafen + prothioconazole provided the best SFNB suppression, grain yield and quality. These fungicide applications strategies provide improved SFNB management options for barley growers, particularly in high yielding crops where grain yield exceeds 5 t/ha.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier