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Butterworth Scientific Limited
Crop Protection

Butterworth Scientific Limited

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    Field effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae and pheromone traps against Phthorimaea absoluta on tomato in Tanzania

    Zekeya N.Dubois T.Smith J.Ramasamy S....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdPhthorimaea absoluta is an invasive pest and a major threat to tomato production in sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania. Although chemical pesticides are commercially available and used locally, mis- and overuse can cause detrimental effects on human and environmental health, and can lead to emergence of resistance among populations of P. absoluta within a short period, increasing production costs among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. The effectiveness of alternative options, such as the use of biological control agents and pheromone traps, has not yet been studied in the field in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercially available biopesticide based on Metarhizium anisopliae and pheromone traps for managing P. absoluta in field conditions in Tanzania during the dry and wet season, and compared effectiveness with chemical pesticides (a combination of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinetram and flubendiamide) and untreated plants as a positive and negative control, respectively. The two field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications per treatment. Two weeks after transplanting, 20 plants were randomly selected from each plot, with the number of fully expanded leaves per plant and mines per plant counted at 7-day intervals until harvest. At harvest, the number and weight of damaged and marketable fruits were recorded, and yield and marketable yield per plot calculated. The number of leaves per plant (an indicator of P. absoluta infestation) was higher in the wet season than in the dry season. In the wet season, M. anisopliae-treated plants contained more leaves than plants in control or pheromone-treated plots. The number of P. absoluta mines per plant was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. In the dry season, the number of mines per plant was higher in control plots than in plots of other treatments. However, total yield and marketable yield were higher during the dry season than during the wet season. During both seasons, damage was highest and yield lowest in control plots. During the dry season, total yield and marketable yield did not differ significantly between pesticide-treated and M. anisopliae-treated plots. Biological control using M. anisopliae could be integrated in field management of P. absoluta in tomato in the highlands of Tanzania as well as in other regions of this country and throughout Africa.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Erratum: Impact of biosolarization with almond hull and shell amendments for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in a lettuce/tomato cropping system (Crop Protection (2022) 152, (S0261219421003264), (10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105856))

    Pastrana A.M.Watson D.C.Gordon T.R.Shea E.A....
    1页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Biosolarization is an alternative to chemical fumigation that couples solarization and organic amendments to control diseases by increasing temperature and microbial activity. A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biosolarization, using almond processing residues from two varieties, to control propagules of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of lettuce. Peak soil temperatures of solarized and biosolarized soils were 6–15 °C higher than control soils, and biosolarized soils experienced 1 to 3 °C higher temperatures on average and 10 to 27°C-day higher cumulative temperatures than soil solarized without amendment. Residues were high in endogenous organic acids, between 144 and 298 mM combined acetic, lactic, succinic, and butyric acids. After eight days of treatment, solarized soils only reduced the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae by 9% compared to the average non-treated non-amended control plots; whereas soils solarized and amended with residues from pollinator varieties of almonds showed a greater pathogen reduction of 63%. In this instance, Fusarium wilt had no effect on plant health due to low pressure and moderate innate plant resistance. Soils amended with nonpareil residues had similar lettuce biomass and health scores to untreated plots, but lower health scores than the solarized treatments. This may be due to residual organic acids detected in biosolarized plots 3–4 weeks after treatments (1–57 mM), which significantly correlated to poor lettuce health score. Roughly, one year after soil treatment, solarized plots continued to out-perform pollinator-residue amended plots. Germination assays indicate biosolarization outcomes may be improved with increased aerobic remediation time.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Baseline sensitivity and resistance risk assessment of Stemphylium solani to fluxapyroxad

    Zhou M.Duan Y.Wang J.Xu J....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdFluxapyroxad, a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, can control plant pathogens on many crops. However, no data about the fungicidal activity of fluxapyroxad against Stemphylium solani and its resistance risk are available. In this study, the mycelial growth inhibition method was used to determine the sensitivity of 99 S. solani strains to fluxapyroxad. The EC50 values ranged from 0.0183 to 0.3017 μg/mL, with an average EC50 value of 0.0839 ± 0.0051 μg/mL. The results indicated that fluxapyroxad exhibited an excellent inhibitory efficacy against S. solani. Six resistant mutants were obtained by laboratory fungicide taming. The resistance ratio of each mutant was greater than 50 and the resistance of the mutants to fluxapyroxad was steadily inheritable through 10 successive culture transfers to fungicide-free PSA plates. We found that fluxapyroxad resistance not only affected mycelial growth in S. solani, but was also temperature dependent. Moreover, fluxapyroxad resistance caused markedly decreased virulence of S. solani on detached tomato leaves, indicating that the resistant mutants suffered a fitness penalty. Cross-resistance analysis showed that no cross-resistance was observed between fluxapyroxad and fludioxonil, iprodione, azoxystrobin or fluazinam, while a positive cross-resistance was observed between fluxapyroxad and pydiflumetofen. We concluded that the resistance of S. solani to fluxapyroxad was moderate risk. Therefore, fluxapyroxad is recommended as a potential candidate for controlling tomato gray leaf spot caused by S. solani.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Potential of the mirid bug, Engytatus nicotianae, for the biological control of the tomato-potato psyllid in greenhouses

    Veronesi E.R.Saville D.J.Wratten S.D.Goldson S.L....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe tomato-potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli, is a serious pest of solanaceous crops. As an alternative to the use of insecticides, we tested the potential of the mirid bug Engytatus nicotianae (adults) as a biocontrol agent of TPP on greenhouse tomato plants. The experiment comprised: a) a laboratory choice feeding assay to investigate the preferences of E. nicotianae when offered TPP eggs and nymphs and b) a greenhouse experiment to assess the potential of E. nicotianae as a biocontrol agent under close to commercial conditions. The laboratory choice experiment highlighted a preference by E. nicotianae for the first two TPP instars, followed by the third instar and then the eggs. Consumption of fourth instars occurred only when all other life-stages had been consumed. In the cage experiment, the E. nicotianae-only treatment produced the same numbers of fruits and flowers as the control (no insects), even though TPP feeds on tomato leaves and stems. In contrast, the TPP-only treatment resulted in fewer fruits and flowers. The simultaneous introduction of E. nicotianae and TPP markedly reduced TPP build up compared to the TPP-only treatment and prevented the pest from establishing at all in four of the seven replicates of the experiment. These findings suggest that E. nicotianae should be considered as a potential biocontrol tool against TPP and further research is needed to determine an optimum release configuration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Perennial flower strips in apple orchards promote natural enemies in their proximity

    Sorensen H.Jacobsen S.K.Sigsgaard L.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsApple production across Europe is experiencing major yield losses due to pest damage, and the need for alternative production methods are growing. Ecological infrastructures are important to create resilient production systems and increase functional biodiversity. This study investigated perennial flower strips as a means of promoting natural enemies, thereby reducing infestation by the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, and fruit damage caused by it. In 2016 and 2017, effects of perennial flower strips were assessed in eight organic apple orchards with and without flower strips. In orchards with flower strips, assessments were done in tree rows at two distances: 1st and 3rd row from the flower strip. Assessments included field samples of arthropods, visual observations of D. plantaginea symptoms and observations of predators, observations of predators directly associated with aphid colonies, and fruit damage. In 2016, significantly more symptoms of D. plantaginea were observed in the 3rd row from the flower strip compared to the 1st row from the flower strip. Both years, more predators were observed in the 1st row from the flower strip than in the 3rd row from the flower strip. In 2017, more predators were observed in orchards with a flower strip than in orchards with no flower strip, and more predators were observed inside the aphid colonies in trees in the 1st row from the flower strip than in the 3rd row from the flower strip. Predator diversity in apple trees was also positively affected by proximity to a flower strip. In conclusion, perennial flower strips consistently promote the occurrence of natural enemies in their proximity, while the effect decreases with distance. The correlation between aphid abundance and predators was not always consistent, likely because the majority of the observed predators were generalists and therefore contributing to the natural regulation of the entire herbivore complex in the apple orchards.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole on the biology and metabolic enzyme activities of Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)

    Wang X.Liu X.Liu C.Wen S....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdCyantraniliprole has been widely used in China for controlling many pests, including the small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), which is a major pest of rice. Sublethal effects of cyantraniliprole on SBPH have not yet been examined. In this study, 3rd instar nymphs of SBPH were exposed to the LC10, LC20, and LC30 (3.17, 6.07, and 9.70 mg/L) of cyantraniliprole, which led to reductions in survival rate and hatchability of the F0 generation. Compared with the control, sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole significantly prolonged the development time of the 4th and 5th instar nymphs of the F1 generation. In the LC10, LC20, and LC30 treatment groups, the nymphal duration was prolonged by 1.98, 0.99, and 2.54 d, respectively. In addition, the sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole shortened the adult preoviposition period. The activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and carboxylesterase in SBPH were promoted after treatment with sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole. The increase in insecticide resistance may be due to the increase in the activity of detoxification enzymes. Therefore, this research can provide a theoretical reference for the treatment of resistant SBPH.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Differential response of maize hybrids to field infection with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin accumulation in the Chaco Semi-arid region of Argentina

    Torrico A.K.Alaniz Zanon M.S.Monge M.D.P.Chulze S.N....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdMaize is affected by Aspergillus flavus and by the contamination of its kernels with aflatoxins, of which AFB1 is the most important. The Chaco Semi-arid is a region of Argentina in which the climate conditions increase this problem and due to the use of resistant cultivars is the best available tactic to reduce aflatoxin accumulation, we analyzed six hybrids against artificial inoculation with native aflatoxin-producing isolates of A. flavus. A multifactorial experiment was conducted in three complete randomized blocks, under Inoculated and Non-Inoculated treatment, in two locations and during two growing seasons, in which yield, kernel infection, and AFB1 accumulation (using HPLC) were evaluated. P2089VYHR was outstanding during 2018/19 with 11,089 kg ha?1, coinciding with the growing season with the highest rainfall and 4% decrease in yield (395 kg ha?1) was observed between treatments. No yield differences were observed in the hybrids between localities, or in the hybrid × treatment interaction. The level of infection by A. flavus showed differences between localities and growing seasons but not between hybrids. The Inoculated treatment registered kernel infections above 50%, while natural infection was 35% during 2019/20, associated with rainfall below crop requirements during the flowering period. The AFB1 accumulation analysis identified P2089VYHR and P1366VYHR without AFB1 accumulation. Yield correlated negatively with the percentage of kernel infection, but not with AFB1 accumulation, while a positive correlation was observed between these last two parameters. The pathogen causes a decrease in yield in the region and there are hybrids that are resistant to AFB1.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Multi-resistance of Botrytis cinerea isolates from ginseng growing regions in China to carbendazim, iprodione and pyrimethanil

    Li Y.Chen B.Yue M.Ding W....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Botrytis cinerea, the fungal pathogen that causes grey mold in many crops, including the herbal medicinal plant ginseng (Panax ginseng), frequently exhibits multi-resistance. In this study, the sensitivity of 102 ginseng B. cinerea isolates collected from 11 ginseng growing regions in Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang Provinces of China in 2018 and 2019 was examined. A total of 100%, 72.55% and 76.47% of the isolates were resistant to carbendazim (C), pyrimethanil (P) and iprodione (I), respectively. Four fungicide resistance patterns, including CRPRIR, CRPSIR, CRPRIS and CRPSIS, were identified, comprising 58.82%, 17.65%, 13.73% and 9.80%, respectively. The frequency and level of resistance of the isolates resistant to pyrimethanil and iprodione clearly varied among ginseng growing regions and lack significant cross-resistance. The geographic origins lacked any apparent correlation to pathogenicity, while the pathogenicity of isolates with the SC and M phenotypes was clearly higher than those with the SP phenotype. All the isolates resistant to carbendazim harbored a point mutation of E198A (Glu→Ala), E198V (Glu→Val), or E198K (Glu→Lys) at codon 198 in the β-tubulin gene, while isolates resistant to iprodione harbored a point mutation of I365S (Ile→Ser) or I365N (Ile→Asn) at codon 365, or point mutations of Q369P (Gln→Pro) + N373S (Asn→Ser) at codons 369 and 373 in the BcOS-1 gene. The patterns of point mutations in these genes closely correlated with the geographic origins, and the resistance of isolates that had the Q369P + N373S mutations was higher than those that had the I365S and I365N mutations. All these results provide a relatively clear understanding of the multi-resistance and molecular mechanism of B. cinerea isolates from ginseng growing regions in China. The variation in pathogenicity and the fungicide resistance of these isolates was revealed, which will help to establish a more effective strategy to control ginseng grey mold.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Non-target effects of agrichemicals applied in the fall or during the dormant season on subsequent development of Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot of blueberry

    Scherm H.Holland R.M.Oliver J.E.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe basidiomycete Exobasidium maculosum causes Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot, an early-season disease of blueberry in the southern United States. Previous research suggested that the pathogen oversummers and overwinters epiphytically on the surface of blueberry bark and buds, most likely in its yeast stage. This is supported by the finding that a single dormant application of lime sulfur provides substantial control of the disease the following spring. As a surface resident for much of the year, E. maculosum is thus exposed to various horticultural and pest management practices which may affect its epiphytic population dynamics and impact subsequent disease development. The magnitude and consistency of such non-target effects was evaluated in multi-year field trials on susceptible ‘Premier’ and ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry in southern Georgia. One fall application of stylet oil (timed to mimic sprays for blueberry bud mite control) or two fall applications of captan (timed to coincide with the management window for fungal foliar diseases) did not suppress Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot the following spring, whereas two fall applications of lime sulfur reduced the disease significantly (by 74.3% on average), albeit not to the same level as the late dormant lime sulfur standard (close to 90% average reduction across leaf and fruit spot intensity). A single late dormant spray of the growth regulator hydrogen cyanamide (a caustic compound with antimicrobial activity) suppressed disease intensity in most trials, but disease reduction was only partial (averaging 56.2% for leaf lesion density and 39.3% for fruit spot incidence). In contrast, a late dormant application of dormant oil consistently increased both leaf lesion density (by 80.7% on average) and fruit disease incidence (by 78.6%). The pronounced non-target effects associated with these off-season applications could explain variations in Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot risk among blueberry sites and years.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of foliar-applied silicon sources on brown rot (Monilinia fructicola)

    Toselli M.Paula B.V.D.Brunetto G.Pavanello E.P....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe prevention of brown rot symptoms caused by Monilinia fructicola fungus in stone fruits is usually achieved by the repetitive use of chemical fungicides. However, foliar-applied silicon (Si) sources either alone or combined with fungicides, can be an effective alternative to reduce disease incidence, with beneficial cost and environmental impact. We carried out a set of experiments in field conditions with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of foliar-applied Si sources, either in combination or not with fungicides, and applied at different phenological stages in preventing the brown rot occurrence in peach fruits. Three experiments were carried out in an 11-year-old Eldorado peach orchard, located in southern Brazil. Experiment 1 compared eight strategies in order to optimize the application timing. Experiment 2 was carried out to define the Si effect alone or combined with fungicides. Experiment 3 consisted of five treatments to verify the effect of different Si sources. The effects of the strategies in the pre and post-harvest brown rot incidence in fruits, fruit quality parameters and Si concentration in leaves and fruits were evaluated. Fruit anatomical investigation analysis was also performed. Si was effective in controlling brown rot in fruits. Six treatments with Si showed a similar effect compared to six fungicide applications. Si allowed a reduction of three fungicide applications, regardless of application period. Si foliar-treated trees revealed an increased leaf and fruit Si concentration. Si sources showed similar effectiveness in preventing the occurrence of brown rot incidence in fruits. Si represents a potential alternative in preventing brown rot incidence.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier