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Butterworth Scientific Limited
Crop Protection

Butterworth Scientific Limited

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    Designing a robust strategy to scout a key pest in cashew orchards

    Mota M.D.S.C.D.S.Mesquita A.L.M.Pereira R.D.C.A.Lopes M.C....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a fruit tree grown in tropical regions producing the nut most consumed worldwide. The brown moth Anacampsis phytomiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the primary pest that attacks cashew nuts in the Neotropical region. Sampling plans are essential components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. These sampling plans determine the procedure to scout pest populations and the number of samples to be evaluated per plot. Besides estimating pest densities accurately, sampling plans must be feasible (simple methodology), fast, and cost-effective to the farmers. However, sampling plans for A. phytomiella have not been determined so far. Hence, this study aimed to determine a robust conventional sampling plan to scout the brown moth in cashew orchards. For this purpose, the best methodology for assessing pest attack intensity, number of samples, scouting time, and sampling plan costs in cashew orchards were selected during two years. The sampling plan evaluates the percentage of green cashew nuts attacked by the pest in four branches per 22 plants orchard, yielding 88 samples per plot. This sampling procedure lasted 28, 38, and 45 min and cost US $1.06, US $1.42, and US $1.69 for orchards of 1, 5, and 10 ha, respectively. Therefore, this study designed an accurate and practicable strategy to scout A. phytomiella in cashew orchards.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Canker and leaf scorch on olive (Olea europaea L.) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey

    Guney I.G.Dervis S.Ozer G.Turkolmez...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn a recent survey of olive groves in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, a new and serious decline of olive trees, beginning with foliar scorching and then dieback of twigs, branches, and even whole trees, was observed for the first time. In more advanced stages of the disease, necrosis and cankers were observed on the bark of the trunk, branches, and twigs. Isolations from symptomatic tissues from multiple cultivars in diverse locations yielded Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, which were identified using ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci of genomic DNA, in combination with morphological data. In vitro studies showed that conidial germination, hyphal growth, and pycnidia formation of the pathogen were positively correlated with elevated temperatures. Wild type olive “Delice”, “Edincik Su”, and “Memecik” seemed like the most resistant cultivars on which disease severity values were the lowest among 14 screened olive cultivars in two experimental orchards under natural conditions. Pathogenicity tests showed that “Gemlik” was the most susceptible cultivar showing the largest cankers and extensive scorch lesions. Isolates caused canker but not leaf scorch on O. europaea cultivars “Arbequina” “Halhal?”, “Manzanilla”, “Nizip Ya?l?k”, and “Saurani”. Neoscytalidium isolates are likely to have a negative impact on the health of diverse olive groves, which are primarily confined to Mediterranean-type climatic regions. These findings suggest an increased risk of infection in environments with increasing temperatures, as is common in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. The information gathered in this study will be used to examine the disease's epidemiology and establish disease control initiatives. This is also the first report of N. dimidiatum infecting O. europaea in the world.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Oomycetes associated with strawberry diseases in Corrientes, Argentina

    Ibanez J.M.Obregon V.G.Lattar T.E.Favaro M.A....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdOomycetes species are widely distributed and represent a significant threat to horticulture, forestry and agriculture. Several factors, such as initial health condition of the plants, date of transplant, environmental conditions and crop management practices contribute to the incidence of these pathogens, leading to important economic losses. Despite the importance of the diseases caused by Oomycetes in vegetable crops in Corrientes (Argentina), there is a serious lack of information about host-pathogen interaction, which makes it difficult to establish efficient control strategies. The objective of this work was to characterize and identify pathogenic oomycetes of strawberry crown and roots in Corrientes. A total of 7 isolates were obtained after field sampling. Morphological and molecular characterization was carried out as well as pathogenicity tests. Five different species of oomycetes were identified: Pythium irregulare, Pythium spinosum, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium mercuriale. To our knowledge, this is the first record of Pythium irregulare, Phytopythium mercuriale and P. vexans in strawberry in Argentina.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Economic returns on seed treatment combinations in Louisiana rice

    Wilson B.E.Villegas J.M.Stout M.J.
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe use of multiple insecticidal seed treatments in combination to control a greater spectrum of pests has been increasing in rice production in the U.S. Mid-South. The economic benefits of individual seed treatments in rice are well documented, but returns on investment (ROI) on combinations are unknown. Efficacy and economic returns of insecticidal seed treatments alone and in combination were evaluated through a series of five field trials conducted in Louisiana from 2018 to 2020. In all trials, treatments containing chlorantraniliprole or cyantraniliprole provided the best control of rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and control was not significantly improved by the addition of a second insecticide. Insecticidal control of L. oryzophilus by all seed treatments was reduced in late-planted rice fields relative to rice planted within the recommended planting window. Control of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), did not improve rice yields. Fungicidal seed treatments generally protected rice yields over treatments without fungicides despite having no effect on early-season plant populations. All seed treatments provided returns on investment which ranged from $94.30 (fungicide only 2018) to $519.75/ha (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam + fungicides in 2019–2020). Increased yields resulting from the use of multiple insecticides in combination appears to justify the added expense. Collectively, results demonstrate the immense value of insecticidal seed treatments to rice production in Louisiana and throughout the U.S. Mid-South. Future research efforts should aim to assess returns on seed treatments across a range of rice production conditions and to quantify the impacts of sporadic pests on rice yields.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Use of botanicals to protect early stage growth of hop plants against Pseudoperonospora humuli

    Prochazka P.Rehor J.Vostrel J.Frankova A....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdConstantly increasing pressure to implement the principles of integrated production of hops results in the need for new plant protection products. Various plant extracts, also called botanicals, have potential to be used as alternatives to conventional pesticides. In three-year field trials on virus-free seedlings of Saaz hops, the efficacy of thyme essential oil, hops extract and algae extract against hops downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora humuli) was investigated. Different concentrations (0.5–1%) of plant extracts were applied to the hop plants six times during vegetative growth, and the degree of damage caused by P. humuli, the health condition and the chlorophyll content in the hops were evaluated after selected applications. All botanicals demonstrated very good antifungal properties comparable to treatment with commercial fungicides. Even one dose of plant extract was able to significantly suppress disease development for two months compared to untreated control. Thyme oil (0.5%) was considered to be the most effective botanical. Not only did it have good antifungal properties, but it also had positive influence on the chlorophyll content (up to 30% increase). These trials have shown that all botanicals tested have the potential to be used in an integrated, ecological hop production system.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plan for Diraceus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in maize at the vegetative stage

    Fernandes M.G.Costa E.N.Mota T.A.Alegre E.A....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdDiraceus melacanthus has become a key pest of maize in Brazil, primarily during the early vegetative growth stages. This study examined the spatial distribution of D. melacanthus in maize and developed a sequential sampling plan for monitoring the pest in maize at the vegetative stage. The samples were collected from six fields of 1250 m2 each in the second crop seasons of 2012 and 2013. The sampling unit consisted of five randomly chosen plants per plot, which were visually examined for D. melacanthus on a weekly basis, totaling 250 plants evaluated per field on each sampling date. To construct the sampling plan, an economic threshold of 0.8 stink bugs per sample unit (five plants) was adopted. According to the indices of dispersion and by fitting the frequency data to mathematical distributions, the spatial distribution of D. melacanthus in maize is aggregated. From the obtained data, two decision lines were generated, one of which, S1 = 3.5683 + 0.5702 N, recommends taking control action, whereas the other, S0 = ?3.5683 + 0.5702 N, suggests that no control action is needed. The sequential sampling plan indicated an expected maximum number of 26 sampling units (～130 plants) to determine whether to control the pest with prefixed precision level of 95%. This sampling plan may help the decision-making for the control of D. melacanthus in maize, contributing for a sustainable management of this herbivore to increase farmers’ profit.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of the susceptibility to emamectin benzoate and lambda cyhalothrin in European populations of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

    Masetti A.Jan E.Slater R.Daum E....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the key pests of pome fruit and walnut in almost all growing regions of the world and has developed resistance to several insecticides. In this study, the susceptibilities of 15 codling moth populations to emamectin benzoate and 9 populations to lambda cyhalothrin collected in five European countries were measured by standard diet incorporation bioassays. Variation in susceptibility was observed among populations, with LC50 values ranging from 0.0017 to 0.0119 mg a.i./kg diet for emamectin benzoate and from 0.033 to 0.292 mg a.i./kg diet for lambda cyhalothrin. Our results revealed only small variations in emamectin benzoate susceptibility between populations, indicating no selection of resistance to this active ingredient. Even though a wider range of responses was detected for lambda cyhalothrin, our results also suggest that populations remain susceptible to this insecticide. Based on pooled LC95 evaluations, we propose the use of concentrations 0.02 mg a.i./kg of diet for emamectin benzoate and 0.60 mg a.i./kg of diet for lambda cyhalothrin in order to discriminate between resistant and susceptible individuals.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimizing the timing of management interventions against fall armyworm in African smallholder maize: Modelling the pattern of larval population emergence and development

    Lowry A.Wood S.Finch E.A.Murphy S.T....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsSince its invasion in late 2016, the fall armyworm has a widespread year-round distribution within Africa where it continues to threaten cereal production, particularly maize. Most recommended control advice emphasises the need for interventions against larvae early after colonization of a new maize crop by adults followed by a later intervention if an infestation persists. The current times for action are approximate action thresholds based on scouting which are difficult to implement as early development stages are cryptic and farmers, especially smallholders, have limited time for crop assessments. To improve the impact of controls, the modelling of early and late instar larval population emergence and development in relation to physiological time from planting was developed to enable times to action to be predicted and conveyed to farmers. The two larval population emergence models were built from field fall armyworm data from maize in Zambia and validated from similar data from multiple maize sites in Kenya. A component was included in the models to allow synchronization of maize emergence with larval development. Physiological time, in degree-days, was estimated using Earth Observation land surface temperature data sets. As precise information on action thresholds is lacking for Africa, recent published data on thresholds based on economic injury levels from Colombia were used as a guide but the models can be updated when new information becomes available for Africa. The practical implementation of the models in Africa is discussed including the outcome of some recent preliminary trials with maize farmers in Kenya.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Occurrence of Nigrospora sphaerica causing leaf blight on Chrysanthemum morifolium in China

    Luo X.Xi Y.Shen C.Wang M....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdChrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular cut flowers as well as an important medicinal plant in China. In the summer of 2020, leaves of C. morifolium showing leaf blight widely occurred. As a result, C. morifolium's quality and economic worth were both severely impacted by this disease. A fungal species was isolated from necrotic leaves. Its colony was whitish to gray and produces elliptical, dark conidia. To identify the pathogen, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) gene were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that this pathogen is Nigrospora sphaerica. Virulence arrays were undertaken by inoculating healthy leaves with a mycelial plug of N. sphaerica. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected leaves, which is identical to the N. sphaerica that had been recovered from C. morifolium leaves previously. Taken together, N. sphaerica is the causal agent of leaf blight on C. morifolium.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Crop yield losses due to kochia (Bassia scoparia) interference

    Geddes C.M.Sharpe S.M.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a problematic summer-annual tumbleweed that infests cropped and noncropped areas in the Great Plains of North America. Efficient seed dispersal, prolific seed production, and abiotic stress tolerance facilitate invasiveness of kochia, while both resource-limiting and non-resource-limiting interference aid in rapid colonization of disturbed areas. Resistance to up to four herbicide sites-of-action allow kochia to escape herbicidal control in several field crops and contribute to crop yield losses. Near-complete crop failure (>90% yield loss) has been reported due to kochia interference in corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor], sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Mean reported yield losses due to kochia interference were greatest in grain corn (68%), followed by sorghum (62%), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (52%), sugar beet (46%), silage corn (40%), sunflower (23%), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (20%), spring canola (Brassica napus L.) (13%), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (13%), and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) (7%). However, crop yield losses due to kochia interference depend on several factors, including kochia density, relative emergence timing, duration of interference, the environment, and potentially also fitness penalties caused by pleiotropic effects of herbicide resistance traits. This review provides a synthesis of the impact of kochia on farm operations, crop yield losses due to kochia interference, factors affecting kochia interference, and interference mechanisms. Together, this synthesis highlights the critical need for research identifying integrated strategies for kochia management, and their subsequent adoption by the farming community.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier