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Fish & Shellfish Immunology
Academic Press
Fish & Shellfish Immunology

Academic Press

1050-4648

Fish & Shellfish Immunology/Journal Fish & Shellfish ImmunologySCIISTP
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    Characterization and the potential immune role of class A scavenger receptor member 4 (SCARA4) in bacterial infection in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

    Liu, XiaoliWang, BeibeiGao, ChengbinXue, Ting...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The class A scavenger receptors play important roles in innate immunity and are distributed on plasma membrane of macrophages and other cell types. Notably, the class A scavenger receptor 4 (SCARA4) contains a typical C-type (calcium-dependent) lectin domain, which belongs to the collectin family of pattern recognition receptors and is involved in the immune response against infection. Here, one turbot SCARA4 gene was identified with a 2,292 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 763 amino acid residues. Multiple sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that SmSCARA4 gene was more close to that of P. olivaceus. Gene structure and syntenic analysis showed conserved exon/intron organization pattern and syntenic pattern across selected vertebrate species. Tissue distribution analysis showed SmSCARA4 was expressed in all the tested healthy tissues with the relative high expression levels in skin, gill and spleen. Following both E. tarda and V. anguillarum challenge in vivo, SmSCARA4 was significantly repressed in gill and intestine. Remarkably, SmSCARA4 showed the strongest binding ability to LPS and strongest upregulation in turbot head kidney macrophages in response to LPS. Knockdown and overexpression of SmSCARA4 revealed its interactions with the two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Finally, repression of SmSCARA4 via combined treatment of LPS and over expression of SmSCARA4 construct in turbot head kidney macrophages further indicated an inhibitory role of SmSCARA4 in LPS-stimulated inflammation. Taken together, turbot SmSCARA4 plays an important role in turbot immunity, especially in the mucosa-related systems; SmSCARA4 possesses strong binding specificity to LPS, and exerts protective roles in response to LPS infection by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms of inhibitory role of SmSCARA4 in LPS-elicited inflammation await further investigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Immune responses and inorganic ion transport regulations of Epinephelus coioides in response to L321_RS13075 gene of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida

    Gao, QianchengTian, JingWu, BiLin, Miaozhen...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a well-known pathogen of viscera granulomas disease in fish, which has led to severe economic losses. In our previous study, L321_RS13075 was predicted to be a key virulence gene of P. plecoglossicida during the host-pathogen interaction with Epinephelus coioides. To investigate the role of L321_RS13075 in the regulation of virulence in P. plecoglossicida, a L321_RS13075 knock-down strain was con-structed. And a significant reduction in the ability of colonization, intracellular survival, motility, biofilm for-mation, and adhesion was detected in the L321_RS13075 knock-down strain. Compared with the wild-type strain, the silence of L321_RS13075 in P. plecoglossicida resulted in a significant change in the transcriptome of infected Epinephelus coioides (E. coioides). Results of COG and GO analysis on E. coioides showed that genes related to immune responses and inorganic ion transport were significantly affected by L321_RS13075 of P. plecoglossicida. Meanwhile, the interactions of the genes related to immune responses and inorganic ion transport were pre-dicted, and the important hub genes were identified. Taken together, the results indicated that L321_RS13075 was a virulent gene of P. plecoglossicida, which significantly affected the immune responses and inorganic ion transport in E. coioides.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The contribution of exbB gene to pathogenicity of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and its interactions with Epinephelus coioides

    Tang, YiJiao, JipingZhao, LingminZhuang, Zhixia...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：To study the roles of the exbB gene in Pseudomonas plecoglossicida during interactions with Epinephelus coioides, five short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were designed and synthesized to silence the exbB gene in P. plecoglossicida which resulted in significant reductions in exbB mRNA expression. The mutant with the best silencing efficiency (89.3%) was selected for further study. Silencing exbB in the exbB-RNA interference (RNAi) strain resulted in a 70% increase in the survival rate and a 3-day delay in the onset of infection in E. coioides. Silencing of the exbB gene also resulted in a significant decrease in the number of white spots on the spleen surface and in the spleen pathogen load. The results of dual RNA-seq showed that exbB silencing in P. plecoglossicida also resulted in a significant change in both the pathogen and host transcriptomes in the spleens of infected E. coioides. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that silencing exbB caused significant changes in multiple signaling molecules and interaction- and immune system-related genes in E. coioides. Gene silencing also resulted in the differential expression of flagellar assembly and the bacterial secretion system in P. plecoglossicida during the infection period, and most of the DEGs were down-regulation. These host-pathogen interactions may make it easier for E. coioides to eliminate the exbB-RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida, suggesting a significant decrease in the pathogenicity of this strain. These results indicated that exbB was a virulence gene of P. plecoglossicida which contributed a lot in the pathogen-host interactions with E. coioides.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A novel ferritin L (FerL) in hybrid crucian carp could participate in host defense against Aeromonas hydrophila infection and diminish inflammatory signals

    Wen, MingWu, ChangWang, ShiLuo, Kai-Kun...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：FerL, a multifunctional iron-storage polypeptide, not only exhibited a regulatory role in iron metabolism, but also participated in the regulation of fish immunity. In this study, ORF sequence of WR-FerL was 522 bp, encoding 173 amino acid residues. Tissue-specific analysis revealed that the highest expression of WR-FerL was detected in spleen. A. hydrophila challenge and LPS stimulation could sharply enhance WR-FerL mRNA expression in tissues and fish cells, respectively. Purified WR-FerL fusion peptide exhibited in vitro binding activity to A. hydrophila and endotoxin, limited bacterial dissemination to tissues as well as attenuated A. hydroplala-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, WR-FerL overexpression could abrogate NF-kappa B and TNF alpha promoter activity in fish cells. These results indicated that WR-FerL could play an important role in host defense against A. hydrophila infection.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Process optimization for fermented siwu decoction by multi-index-response surface method and exploration of the effects of fermented siwu decoction on the growth, immune response and resistance to Vibrio harveyi of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

    Wang, YuxuanLiu, XintianSu, ChenDing, Yanjun...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal fermentation technology of Chinese herbal medicine formula-Siwu Decoction and the effects of fermented Siwu Decoction (FSW) on the growth performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and anti microbial ability of Litopenaeus vannamei. Response to surface method-ology (RSM) was used to optimize the fermentation process of Siwu Decoction. The optimal fermentation con-ditions were obtained as follows: inoculation amount of mixed strains was 4.5%, fermentation time was 36 h, and the ratio of material to liquid was 20%. A total of 1260 shrimps were selected and divided into seven groups, three in parallel in each group. The dietary level of each group was as follows: Control (No additions), USW1 (0.2% unfermented herbal medicine), USW2 (0.5% unfermented herbal medicine), USW3 (0.8% unfermented herbal medicine), FSW1 (0.2% fermented herbal medicine), FSW2 (0.5% fermented herbal medicine), FSW3 (0.8% fermented herbal medicine). The immune response and antioxidant defense ability of hemocytes and intestine were measured at 21 and 42 days of feeding and the intestinal flora and growth performance were measured at 42 days of feeding, after that, a 7-day challenge test against Vibrio harveyi was conducted. The results showed that fermented Siwu Decoction significantly improved the growth performance and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei; significantly increased the total number of hemocytes, phagocytic activity, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity of Litopenaeus vannamei, and improved the antioxidant activity of Litopenaeus vannamei; the addition of fermented Siwu Decoction significantly increased the gene expression level of hemocytes and intestinal tract of Litopenaeus vannamei, and improved the antioxidant activity of Litopenaeus vannamei. The abundance of Bacillus increased, while the abundance of Vibrio decreased. After Vibrio harveyi challenge, the cumulative mortality of FSW group was significantly lower than that of control group. Fermented Siwu Decoction may be a potential physiological enhancer in aquaculture, and can be widely used in aquaculture.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    PI3K/AKT/p53 pathway inhibits infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus infection by regulating autophagy and immune responses

    Zhang, XiaotingMing, YueFu, XiaozheNiu, Yinjie...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling pathway is activated by various types of cellular stimuli or pathogenic infection, and then regulates fundamental cellular functions to combat these stimulations. Here, we studied the meaningful roles of PI3K/AKT/p53 in regulating cellular machine such as autophagy, immune responses, as well as antiviral activity in Chinese perch brain (CPB) cells infected by infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), which is an agent caused devastating losses in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) industry. We found that ISKNV infection induced up-regulation of host PI3K/AKT/p53 axis, but inhibited autophagy in CPB cells. Interestingly, activation of PI3K/AKT/p53 axis factors trough agonists or overexpression dramatically decreased host autophagy level, inhibited ISKNV replication, and elevated the expression of immune-related genes in CPB cells. In contrast, suppression of PI3K/AKT/p53 pathway by inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silence increased the autophagy and ISKNV replication, but down-regulated immune responses in CPB cells. All these results indicate that PI3K/AKT/p53 pathway plays an important role in anti-ISKNV infection and can be used as a new target for controlling ISKNV disease.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of four different adjuvants separately combined with Aeromonas veronii inactivated vaccine on haematoimmunological state, enzymatic activity, inflammatory response and disease resistance in crucian carp

    Shan, XiaofengSong, HaichaoZhang, SiqiYang, Bintong...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The purpose of the current study was to explore the immunomodulatory effects of different adjuvants combined with inactivated vaccines under Aeromonas veronii TH0426 infection in crucian carp. This study explored the best conditions for A. veronii as an inactivated vaccine, and included an animal safety test. Furthermore, we expressed the flagellin FlaA of the A. veronii TH0426 strain for use as an adjuvant supplemented in the diet. Crucian carp were fed 12 different experimental diets for 35 days, including the administration of 10 different adjuvants and inactivated vaccine combinations (50% aluminum hydroxide gel and inactivated vaccine combination, and inactivated vaccine with 20%, 30%, or 50% glucan, astragalus polysaccharide or flagellin), inactivated vaccine alone, and PBS control without adjuvant and inactivated vaccine. After the 42 day feeding trials, the fish were challenged with A. veronii TH0426, and the survival rate over 14 days was recorded. In addition, flagellin FlaA can be expressed normally in large amounts. All experimental groups produced higher levels of IgM serum titres than the control group in the different feeding cycles. Moreover, the activity of serum ACP, AKP, SOD, and LZM, and the expression of inflammatory factors were significantly increased in the experimental groups compared with the control group. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the transcription levels of the IL-10, IL-1 beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha genes in heart, liver, spleen and kidney tissues were significantly enhanced by adjuvant treatment, indicating that the addition of adjuvants can significantly promote the body's inflammatory response. In addition, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in each adjuvant treated group was significantly enhanced compared to that in the groups without adjuvant. After the A. veronii challenge, the survival rate of all adjuvant treated groups was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the 50% flagellin adjuvant group had the highest rate of 78.37%. Overall, our findings strongly indicate that adjuvants not only significantly improve the body's immunity, but also exhibit a strong anti-infection ability. Importantly, this work provides a new perspective for the prevention and control of aquaculture diseases.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Exposure to imidacloprid induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis and mitophagy via NF-kappaB/JNK pathway in grass carp hepatocytes

    Miao, ZhiruoMiao, ZhiyingWang, ShengchenWu, Hao...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid compound widely used in agriculture production, causing surface water pollution and threatening non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of IMI on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver cell (L8824) injury. The L8824 cells were exposed to different doses of IMI (65 mg/L, 130 mg/L and 260 mg/L) for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that exposure IMI significantly sup-pressed the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and T-AOC) and accumulated oxidase (MDA) levels, and promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in L8824 cells. Additionally, mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi m), mitochondria-derived ROS and ATP content and the MitoTracker Green indicated that IMI aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby inducing inflammation and enhancing pro-inflammatory genes (NF-kappaB, TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6) expressions. However, the addition of 2 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) can reverse these adverse effects of high-dose IMI-induced. Hence, ROS is the main factor of IMI-induced mito-chondrial dysfunction and inflammation. We further found that exposure to IMI induced apoptosis, which is characterized by promoting release of cytochrome c (Cyt-C), and increasing the expression of Bcl-2-Associated X (BAX), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases (Caspase 9 and 3), decreasing Bcl-2 level. Immunofluorescent staining, qRT-PCR and Western Blot results indicated that IMI exposure also activated mitophagy, which was demonstrated by the expression of mitophagy-related genes (BNIP3, LC3B and P62). Conversely, scavenging JNK by SP600125(10 mu M) alleviated the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis and mitophagy-related gene induced by high-dose IMI. Therefore, these results of study demonstrated that IMI-induced oxidative stress to regulate mitochondrial dysfunction, thus causing inflammation, mitochondrial apoptosis and mitophagy in grass carp hepatocytes through NF-kappaB/JNK pathway.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Characterization and function of mandarin fish c-Myc during viral infection process

    Ye, CaimeiLi, NingqiuNiu, YinjieLin, Qiang...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：c-Myc is a transcription factor and master regulator of cellular metabolism, and plays a critical role in virus replication by regulating glutamine metabolism. In this study, the open-reading frame (ORF) of c-Myc, designated as Sc-c-Myc, was cloned and sequenced. Multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence showed that the conserved domain of Sc-c-Myc, including the helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHzip) domain and Myc N-terminal region, shared high identities with other homologues from different species. Sc-c-Myc mRNA was widely expressed in the examined tissues of mandarin fish, and the higher mRNA levels was expressed in hind kidney. Moreover, mRNA and protein level of Sc-c-Myc was significantly increased in the Chinese perch brain (CPB) cells and spleen of mandarin fish post infection with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV). Sc-c-Myc overexpression promoted ISKNV and SCRV replication, on the contrary, knocking down Sc-c-Myc restrained ISKNV and SCRV replication. These results indicated that Sc-c-Myc involved in ISKNV and SCRV replication and proliferation, providing a potential target for the development of new therapic strategy against ISKNV and SCRV.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Brain immunity response of fish Eleginops maclovinus to infection with Francisella noatunensis

    Quilapi, Ana MariaVargas-Lagos, CarolinaMartinez, DanixaMunoz, Jose Luis...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The brain's immune system is selective and hermetic in most species, including fish, favoring immune responses mediated by soluble immunomodulatory factors such as serotonin and the availability of nutrients against infectious processes. Francisella noatunensis coexist with fish such as Eleginops maclovinus, which raises questions about the susceptibility and immune response of the brain of E. maclovinus against Francisella. In this study, we inoculated fish with different doses of Francisella and took samples for 28 days. We detected bacteria in the brain of fish injected with a high concentration of Francisella at all time points. qPCR analysis of immune genes indicated a response mainly in the medium-dose and early expression of genes involved in iron metabolism. Finally, brain serotonin levels were higher than in uninfected fish in all conditions, suggesting possible immunomodulatory participation in an infectious process.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier