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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Will silver fir be under higher risk due to drought? A comment on Walder et al. (2021)

    Camarero, J. JulioGazol, Antonio
    3页
    查看更多>>摘要：There is large uncertainty on the future of European silver fir (Abies alba) forests and how they will respond to climate warming. Many studies, such as Walder et al. (2021), suggest they will show positive growth trends and a larger distribution area in response to warmer conditions whenever summer drought is not severe and long. This contradicts localized dieback events in continental, drought-prone Mediterranean sites mainly located in the southwestern margin of the current species distribution range. We discuss these disagreements and propose compound climate extremes and elevated atmospheric drought as drivers of dieback in similar marginal silver fir populations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Seed fate, seedling establishment and the role of propagule size in forest regeneration under climate change conditions

    Badano, Ernesto, ISanchez-Montes De Oca, Erik J.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Climate change can affect tree recruitment altering post-dispersal seed fates and impairing seedling development, and these effects will be stronger at man-disturbed areas than beneath forest canopies. Seed biomass, however, positively influences tree recruitment processes and its relevance increases with environmental harshness. Therefore, this seed trait may become critical for forest regeneration under climate change scenarios. We experimentally tested these hypotheses with two Mexican oaks that dominate forests at sites where temperature will increase and rainfall will decrease in the next 20 years. At both experimental sites, we sowed acorns of varying biomass at forest understories and deforested areas under the current climate and simulated climate change conditions. We measured microclimate, incidence of seed parasitism by insects and fungi, germination, shoot emergence, and seedling survival and growth over a year. Temperature in climate change simulations was increased 2 degrees C and rainfall was reduced 17-18%, and this concurred with the near-term changes expected for both variables at the experimental sites. Climate change conditions intensified insect parasitism and decreased fungal infestation on seeds, but these effects were only found within forests and they did not relate with propagule size. Increased warming and drought reduced germination, shoot emergence, and seedling survival and growth at forests and deforested areas, but all these processes were positively related with seed biomass. Indeed, in an oak species, these relationships displaced towards bigger-sized seeds under climate change conditions. Our findings suggest that climate change can alter the intensity of seed-parasite interactions and impair tree establishment processes, also suggesting that this phenomenon will favor large-sized over small-sized seeds during recruitment of some tree species.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Now or later? Optimal timing of mangrove rehabilitation under climate change uncertainty

    Agaton, Casper BoongalingCollera, Angelie Azcuna
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Climate change poses a variety of threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human lives. Mangrove forest is one of the key nature-based solutions that address climate change and its impacts while providing socio-economic and ecological services. With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, various national and local governments are considering mangrove rehabilitation as a natural defense to these threats. This study aims to assess the value of mangrove rehabilitation by focusing on the ecological goods and services it provides as well as the cost of the project at different implementation periods. We apply a real options-based trinomial tree model to evaluate the optimal timing of making an investment decision for the rehabilitation project under uncertainty in climate change damage cost. Validating the model using the Philippines as a case, the results found that the economic benefits from the mangrove forest, including the market value of forestry and fishery products, protection from climate-related damages, carbon sequestration, and ecotourism, exceeded the investment cost for the rehabilitation project. Considering the uncertainty in damage costs from natural disasters, the real option valuation gave a higher total investment value which described a more optimal decision to postpone the implementation of the mangrove rehabilitation. However, the results found conditions in the model to invest immediately when the frequency of natural disasters and their associated damage costs significantly increased. The implications of the results recommend government policies to enable the realization of mangrove rehabilitation as a nature-based solution addressing the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals, and the Disaster Risk Reduction global agendas of transition to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of previous land use on genotype-by-environment interactions in two loblolly pine progeny tests

    Souza, Bruno Marchettide Aguiar, Ananda VirginiaDambrat, Heloise MilenaGalucha, Simone Cristina...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is widely used for forestry in southern Brazil, with most seeds coming from clonal seed orchards. This study investigated the effects of previous land use on the adaptability, stability, and productivity of loblolly pine progenies in southern Brazil, aiming to produce a second-generation clonal seed orchard (CSO). Two progeny tests were installed in southern Brazil. In FARA, 52 open-pollinated loblolly pine progenies were tested, and in TUNAS, 65 open-pollinated loblolly pine progenies were tested, 35 of which were common to both tests. FARA is a rotation area previously used for annual agronomic crops (oats, corn, soy, beans), whereas, TUNAS is a recycled loblolly pine plantation forest. The diameter at breast height (dbh) and stem height were measured at six years of age, and the wood volume was calculated. Genetic parameters were estimated using REML/BLUP method in SELEGEN software. The adaptability, stability, and productivity of the progenies were estimated by the relative performance harmonic mean of the breeding values method (MHPRVG). The breeding values for volume were used to estimate genetic gains through selection. The heritability values were slightly higher in FARA compared to those in TUNAS. Most of the individual narrow-sense heritability values were between 0.10 and 0.20 for growth traits. And most of the family-mean heritability values were above 0.50. In FARA, the selection strategy resulted in up to 26.37% genetic gain, while for TUNAS, it reached about 20%. GE effects are significant for volume. Because of the significant GE effects it is necessary to consider previous land use in the selection of genotypes for the formation of loblolly pine CSOs in the tested region. Considering the MHPRVG ranking, the maximum genetic gain estimated is 13.20%. The choice of more stable genotypes can circumvent the challenges imposed by crop rotation in the tested areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Restoration success in afforestation sites established at different times in arid lands of Central Anatolia

    Yildiz, OktayEsen, DeryaSarginci, Muratcetin, Bilal...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Restoration of degraded lands is among the major challenges in Arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Therefore, in many regions where arid and semi-arid climates prevail, afforestation studies are carried out for restoration purposes. This study evaluated long-term afforestation practices in terms of ecosystem restoration in the arid lands of Central Anatolia, Turkey. For the study, sample afforestation sites of different ages were chosen in the Tuz Go center dot lu-Konya basin. Species in the sites included black pine (Pinus nigra), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), sweet almond (Prunus dulcis), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahalep). For each sampling area, the survival rates, height, and diameter values of species were recorded. Litter on the forest floor was sampled and then representative soil pits were dug at each site to sample soil from different layers (30, 60, 90, and 120-cm deep) of the profile. Bulk density, texture, lime content, pH, salinity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration were determined for each soil sample. Approximately 2/3 of the black pine seedlings had died in the first 8-10 years of afforestation. The mortality rate in almond and mahaleb seedlings was approximately 20%. After 25-27 years of afforestation, 1/3 and 2/3 of the initial almond and Russian olive seedlings were lost, respectively. The mortality rate for other species was about 80% for the same period. Black pine had reached over 6.5 m, increasing its height by about 11-fold over the last 10-25 years. In the same period, the increase in the height of black locust was 2.8-fold, almond 2.6-fold, and ash 2.5-fold. The least height growth (1.7-fold) for this period was recorded for mahaleb. The amount of litter had increased 3-and 5-fold, at 15-17 years and 25-27 years of plantation age, respectively, compared to its increase in the open control site. After 15 years from planting, soil nitrogen (N) concentration at the first 30-cm depth had increased by about 1/3 compared to the open area. At the same depth, the soil pH value had decreased by 0.15 units after 25-27 years compared to the rest of the profile. These data implied that soil restoration had been initiated at all sites.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The spatio-temporal pattern of release signals and tree growth in Fagus-Abies-Picea old-growth forests reveals unsteady gap-phase dynamics

    Jastrzebski, RafalPaluch, Jaroslaw
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Disturbances have been recognized as a key factor shaping the species composition, structure and dynamics of natural forest ecosystems. In Europe, where forests driven by spontaneous processes have survived in relic form, knowledge about natural disturbance regimes is still fragmentary. To expand this knowledge, we reconstructed stand-level growth and analyzed the spatio-temporal pattern of release signals in the increment chronologies of individual trees as indicators of disturbance events in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe). The study was carried out in five old-growth forests formed by Fagus sylvatica L., Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. Depending on the stand, the analyses included tree-ring series of 84-193 trees sampled over areas of 5.9-13.6 ha and aimed at determining (1) the spatio-temporal pattern of disturbance severity over the last two centuries, (2) whether disturbances have been synchronized in time across the study sites and (3) whether disturbances have induced pulsed dynamics of stand development manifested as fluctuations in radial tree increment at the level of entire stands. In the period 1850-2010, the percentage of decades with the proportion of released trees < 10, 10-20, 20-30 or more than 30% was 38, 41, 14 and 7%, respectively, and no instances of severe disturbances simultaneously impacting an extensive area and releasing the vast majority of trees were found. The release events were only weakly synchronized at the between-stand level. The spatial distribution of released trees varied over the decades, with a shift toward spatial independence for the most severe disturbances. At the stand level, the interchanging periods of increasing/decreasing tree growth lasted between 24 and 36 years, with the exception of one stand in which this period lasted 54 years. The revealed fluctuations in tree growth attributable to changes in stand density were relatively small and accounted on average for 7% of the total variation in annual tree increments. This suggests that local level disturbances introduce structural heterogeneity and strongly modify tree growth, but at the stand level, their effect is dispersed and causes only minor fluctuations. An over dispersion of decadal release frequencies compared to the random model and spatial correlation of disturbing events on the one hand, and the lack of extensive disturbances, frequent occurrence of multiple releases in tree life histories, and small fluctuations in the reconstructed growth at the stand level on the other hand, suggest a disturbance regime which goes beyond random processes in a strict sense and is thus not entirely compatible with the classical model of gap-phase stand dynamics.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Perceptions of ecosystem services: A comparison between sacred and non-sacred forests in central Benin (West Africa)

    Djagoun, Chabi A. M. S.Zanvo, S.Padonou, Elie A.Sogbohossou, E....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Identification and assessment of the influence of socio-cultural beliefs in the perception of ecosystem services values are increasingly important for the management of forest resources. In this paper, we present a comparative study of local perceptions of the diversity of ecosystem services, values and priorities between communities living near sacred and non-sacred forests. This study revealed 21 ecosystem services related to sacred and nonsacred forests, grouped under four categories: provisioning (n = 6), regulating (n = 7), supporting (n = 2) and cultural (n = 6) services. Local populations living near the sacred forest (Kiice ' le ' Sacred Forest) identified the nonmaterial benefits of ecosystem services such as spiritual inspiration and religious values as more important compared to populations living around the non-sacred forest (Pe ' nessoulou Forest Reserve). In communities near the sacred forest, similar perceptions of spiritual values of the forest were observed among young and old, and between those with and without formal education, suggesting a strong transmission between socio-demographic strata of cultural values related to the forest. However, a greater importance was given by young and formally educated community members in the provisioning services of non-sacred forests. Forest management under traditional rules and harboring voodoo, a traditional religion in Benin, could explain forest ecosystem perceptions, with higher valuation of non-material ecosystem services in comparison to those of people living in the vicinity of forests without voodoo. Our study highlights the challenges of ecosystem service valuation at the sacred and non-sacred forest interface and shows the importance of integrating traditional beliefs in forest ecosystem management strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Reestablishing natural fire regimes to restore forest structure in California's red fir forests: The importance of regional context

    Merriam, Kyle E.Meyer, Marc D.Coppoletta, MichelleButz, Ramona J....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The reestablishment of natural fire regimes can have numerous benefits for forest ecosystems, including the restoration of stand structure through a reduction in tree densities and increased representation of large diameter trees. However, fire effects may depend on how departed the ecosystem is from its historical fire frequency. Red fir (Abies magnifica) forests occupy a broad geographic area across which historical fire return intervals and stand structures vary. Using historical stand inventory data from the Vegetation Type Mapping (VTM) project, we evaluated red fir forests in the Sierra Nevada in California and the Cascade-Klamath region of northwestern California and southern Oregon to determine how reintroduced fire effects vary regionally and if these differences are related to historical fire return intervals or structural conditions. We sampled a total of 29 overlapping fires and found that reestablishing fire in red fir forests consistently restored historical forest structure across a wide geographic range by reducing the density of small trees and maintaining large trees. However, the effect of fire was most evident in the Sierra Nevada where the percent difference in total tree density between unburned and burned plots was significantly greater (77% difference) than in the Cascade-Klamath (53% difference), and burned plots in the Sierra Nevada had significantly lower densities of both small (<30 cm dbh) and medium sized trees (30-60 cm dbh). These stronger fire effects may be related to greater departure from reference fire return intervals in the Sierra Nevada, as well as the region's warmer and drier conditions increasing the availability of fuel to burn and susceptibility of trees to fire-related mortality. We found that departure from reference fire return intervals followed a similar pattern to departure from historical tree density in both study regions. Unburned plots were 61% departed from reference fire return intervals in the Cascade-Klamath and 69% departed in the Sierra Nevada. In these same plots, departure from VTM total tree density estimates were 37% in the Cascade-Klamath and 44% in the Sierra Nevada. We suggest that incorporating historical references for structural conditions together with regional or local estimates of historical fire return intervals contributes to an improved understanding of how reference conditions varied at local and regional scales, and their importance in the restoration of fire-dependent forests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of biotic and abiotic drivers on the growth rates of individual trees in temperate natural forests

    Wu, ZhaofeiFan, ChunyuZhang, ChunyuZhao, Xiuhai...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Understanding the driving factors for individual tree growth is of great significance to devise effective forest management strategies. Such information can be used to select appropriate tree harvesting times, and to provide valuable guidance for creating suitable local environmental conditions during the period of tree growth. However, currently it remains unclear how biotic and abiotic factors affect individual tree growth on large geographical scales. In the present study, based on a dataset from 457 field plots and the growth records of 7,560 individual trees in natural forests in northeastern China, the effects of tree size, local environmental conditions, and regional climate characteristics on the 5-year basal area increment (BAI) of the three dominant species (Quercus mongolica, Betula platyphylla, and Larix gmelinii) were investigated using nonlinear mixed-effects models. Although the magnitude and direction of the drivers' effects on the BAI differed among the three species, the following variables explained major proportions of the variation (conditional R-2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.66) in the BAI: 1) Diameter at breast height; 2) Mean temperature and precipitation during the growing seasons; and 3) Species mingling and the basal areas of larger trees. In addition, an interactive effect between temperature and precipitation was significant for Q. mongolica. On the basis of our results, we identified the most important variables among multiple drivers affecting the growth of individual trees, and developed individual tree growth models for the three species. Our results provide an initial basis for the future scientific management of some of the most important natural forest regions in the world.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Historical mixed-severity disturbances shape current diameter distributions of primary temperate Norway spruce mountain forests in Europe

    Nagel, Thomas A.Schurman, JonathanTrotsiuk, VolodymyrVostarek, Ondrej...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Natural disturbances strongly influence forest structural dynamics, and subsequently stand structural heterogeneity, biomass, and forest functioning. The impact of disturbance legacies on current forest structure can greatly influence how we interpret drivers of forest dynamics. However, without clear insight into forest history, many studies default to coarse assumptions about forest structure, for example, whether forests are even or unevenly aged. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of past disturbances on the current diameter distributions of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)-dominated landscapes throughout the Carpathian Mountains. Our dendroecological dataset comprises tree cores from 339 plots (7,845 total tree cores), nested within 28 primary forest stands, known to vary greatly in the severity of historical disturbances. Our analyses revealed that historical disturbances had a strong and significant effect on the current diameter distribution shapes at the plot level. We demonstrated that mixed-severity disturbance regimes were more frequent and create a complex pattern of diameter distributions at the plot and stand scale. Here, we show that high severity disturbance was associated with unimodal diameter distributions, while low and moderate severity was associated with the reverse J-shaped distribution. This is a result of complex disturbance patterns, with structural biological legacies. Our results will have important management implication in the context of tree size heterogeneity, biomass storage, and productivity as influenced by natural disturbances. Lastly, these results demonstrate that structural changes may arise as consequences of changing disturbance regime associated with global change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier