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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Accommodating heteroscedasticity in allometric biomass models

    Dutca, IoanMcRoberts, Ronald E.Naesset, ErikBlujdea, Viorel N. B....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Allometric models are commonly used to predict forest biomass. These models typically take nonlinear powerlaw forms that predict individual tree aboveground biomass (AGB) as functions of diameter at breast height (D) and/or tree height (H). Because the residual variance is in most cases heteroscedastic, accommodating the heteroscedasticity (i.e., heterogeneity of variance) becomes necessary when estimating model parameters. We tested several weighting procedures and a logarithmic transformation for nonlinear allometric biomass models. We further evaluated the effectiveness of these procedures with emphasis on how they affected estimates of mean AGB per hectare and their standard errors for large forest areas. Our results revealed that some weighting procedures were more effective for accommodating heteroscedasticity than others and that effectiveness was greater for single predictor models but less for models based on both D and H. Failing to effectively accommodate heteroscedasticity produced small to moderate differences in the estimates of mean AGB per hectare and their standard errors. However, these differences were greater between model forms (models based on D and H versus models based on D only), regardless of the weighting approach. Similar consequences were observed with respect to whether model prediction uncertainty was or was not included when estimating mean AGB per hectare and standard errors. When including model prediction uncertainty, the standard errors of the estimated means increased substantially, by 44-59%. Therefore, to avoid possible negative consequences on large-area biomass estimation, we recommend: (i) testing the effectiveness of a weighting procedure when accommodating heteroscedasticity in allometric biomass models, (ii) incorporating model prediction uncertainty in the total uncertainty estimate and (iii) including H as an additional predictor variable in allometric biomass models.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nationwide climate-sensitive models for stand dynamics and forest scenario simulation

    Trasobares, AntoniMola-Yudego, BlasAquilue, NuriaRamon Gonzalez-Olabarria, Jose...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Projecting forest dynamics as a function of alternative management strategies and climatic conditions is key to develop sound forest policy and management planning. In Spain there is a need for a full set of climate-sensitive individual-tree growth and yield models suitable for country-level simulations. In this paper we present environmentally driven models for forest stand dynamics based on distance-independent individual-tree growth and yield. The data for model calibration are based on the second, third and fourth surveys of the Spanish National Forest Inventory, including 50,359 plots and 838,620 trees, representing a broad gradient in forest types and environmental conditions. The results develop a total of 182 models for diameter increment, height increment, total height, survival and ingrowth for 27 species and species groups. The models are integrated into a full forest projection system to perform simulations of forest dynamics and resulting changes in the provision of ecosystem services, including the effects of climate, and forest management. Its potential is illustrated through an array of simulations of forest dynamics in the region of Catalonia under alternative climatic and management scenarios. The resulting models and projections provide a solid basis for the simulation of national or regional climatesensitive forest scenarios, with the possibility of being applied to other regions, and may be used for future management and planning efforts.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term occupancy dynamics of the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander and its competitors in relation to linear habitat fragmentation

    Rucker, Lacy E.Brown, Donald J.Watson, Mark B.Pauley, Thomas K....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Amphibians are declining globally and while many factors are contributing to this decline, habitat loss and degradation caused by climate and land use changes are among the most critical. Habitat degradation and increased interspecific competition are both concerns for long-term viability of the federally-threatened Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi) which is endemic to high elevations in West Virginia. In this study, we quantified the impacts of linear habitat fragmentation (i.e., a linear forest clearing for creation of a ski slope) on local colonization and extinction probabilities in adjacent forested habitat for the Cheat Mountain salamander and two co-occurring competitor species, eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei). We also quantified long-term changes in total occupancy of the species within the high elevation study area. We surveyed the salamander community annually from 1988 to 2021 using diurnal natural cover object searches at 43 plots, with 1988 representing three years following linear habitat fragmentation. For each species, we used dynamic occupancy models to identify and model influential covariates for initial occupancy, colonization, extinction, and detection probability. We found that distance to fragmentation was positively correlated with colonization probability for Cheat Mountain salamanders, indicating negative edge effects of the linear forest clearing. Distance to fragmentation was negatively correlated with colonization probability for eastern red-backed salamanders, potentially indicating this species benefited from increased solar radiation or reduced competition from Cheat Mountain salamanders. Predicted occupancy of eastern red-backed salamanders and Wehrle's salamanders increased over the 34 year monitoring period, indicating potential for increased competitive interactions. Our study suggests that extensive linear habitat fragmentation could result in degraded habitat for Cheat Mountain salamanders in the adjacent forest, and that potential for interactions with competitor species is increasing in high elevation forest stands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Moth biomass and diversity in coniferous plantation woodlands

    Shewring, Mike P.Vaughan, Ian P.Thomas, Robert J.
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要：Moths are a vital ecosystem component and key food source for many species, but have shown widespread and often severe declines. Multiple factors have been implicated in these declines, although the most important largescale factors in the temperate zone are considered to be land use change and climate change. The majority of forest cover in the U.K. and elsewhere in Europe is dominated by intensively managed plantation woodlands, and studies have shown reduced broadleaved woodland cover can negatively affect moth diversity and biomass. However, few studies have examined how open habitats within the plantation forest matrix, which often represent a large proportion of the total forest area, are utilised by moth species. Here, we aimed to determine: (1) how moth biomass in open habitats within plantation forests varies seasonally and in response to management; and (2) how species diversity and Welsh conservation priority ("Section 7") species respond to management at multiple spatial scales. We sampled moth communities in open habitats within five coniferous plantation forests across Wales, using light traps deployed in areas that ranged from 1 to 20 years post-felling. We found a significant non-linear relationship between space, time and moth biomass, with a significant peak in biomass in the summer months (~29th June) suggesting important phenological effects with associated implications for dependent species. Biomass was also strongly affected by time since felling, with older habitats in general supporting a higher moth biomass, although this was dependent on the seasonal variation in habitat 'greenness' and productivity, as measured by NDVI. We also found that the abundances of Welsh priority species responded positively to increased extents of open habitats of ages 1-10 years post felling, but the amount of recent clear felling (0 years post felling) in the surrounding landscape had a negative correlation with both abundance and diversity. We conclude that habitat, seasonality/ productivity and short-term weather variations play a key role in determining moth biomass, species diversity and the presence of Welsh priority moth species within managed coniferous plantation woodland. This means there is an opportunity for forest management practices to adopt measures that can not only enhance moth biomass productivity, in turn supporting insectivorous species such as European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus, but also deliver wider ecosystem services through the provision of habitat matrices that support invertebrate species of conservation concern.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Northernmost European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus outbreak: Modelling tree mortality using remote sensing and climate data

    Zabihi, KhodabakhshSurovy, PeterJakus, RastislavTrubin, Aleksei...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Acute or chronic drought stress caused by climate change can contribute to the weakening of forest ecosystems and lead to extensive bark beetle infestations. Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) forests of the DvinskoPinegskiy, a natural reserve in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia, have been subject to unprecedented tree cover loss caused by the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) in the last two decades. This is the first recorded case of such an extensive outbreak of Ips typographus occurring at higher latitudes. We used remote sensing and climate data to model and compute annual tree-loss change due to natural factors, with a focus on bark beetle outbreaks, over a 14-year period (2001-2014). Using linear regression models, we found a combination of average annual temperature and precipitation, temperature and precipitation in June, to be the most important drivers of annual tree-loss.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Five decades of ground flora changes in a temperate forest: The good, the bad and the ambiguous in biodiversity terms

    Hall, J. E.Isted, R.Perry, S. C.Thomas, R. C....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：We explore how the ground flora of a temperate woodland (Wytham Woods, southern England) changed in terms of species-richness, cover and biomass over five decades; what the drivers of change were; and possible future change as a consequence of the decline in Fraxinus excelsior as a canopy dominant. Vascular plants were recorded from 164 permanent, 10x10 m plots, distributed as a 141 m grid, in 1974, 1991, 1999, 2012, and 2018. Species presence and frequency/abundance in each plot were estimated and used to model biomass changes. Changes in species-richness, vegetation composition and structure were analysed. Stands opened out by thinning or which became denser through tree growth gained or lost species respectively, particularly non-woodland species. Deer pressure favoured the spread of Brachypodium sylvaticum and reduced Rubus fruticosus. No obvious impacts of climate change, eutrophication or of invasive species were detected in the plot records although other signs suggest these are starting to affect the flora. Just 12 out of 235 species contributed 47% of all species occurrences, 82% of the vegetation cover and 87% of the modelled biomass. We conclude that the ground flora is highly variable over decadal timescales, but the patterns of change observed differ according to the measures used (species richness, cover, biomass, etc). Site level drivers in the short-term swamped effects of slower acting regional/global drivers. Legacy effects were seen in the greater richness of specialists in the older woodland. While some impacts can be mitigated by management, others are largely beyond control at the site level.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Forest floor manipulation effects on the relationship between aggregate stability and ectomycorrhizal fungi

    Dick, David L.Gardner, Terrence G.Frene, Juan P.Heitman, Joshua L....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forest floor and mineral soil manipulations influence the soil biogeochemical properties important for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) tree growth. The impacts of forest floor manipulations on soil aggregate stability and the presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), was assessed to elucidate the relationship between EMF abundance and aggregate stability. The study site consists of a 14-year-old loblolly pine plantation managed by Weyerhaeuser Company in the Lower Coastal Plain, approximately 8 miles east of New Bern, North Carolina, USA. The soil samples were collected from the top 7.62 cm of each soil treatment which includes three levels of forest floor retention: removed, control, and doubled and two levels of forest floor mixing with the mineral soil: mixed and unmixed. Ectomycorrhizal fungi abundance was evaluated by ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester analysis and microbial community functionality was assessed by acid-phosphatase activity measurement. Aggregate stability was assessed using the aggregate mean weight diameter approach. Results indicate that the forest floor manipulations had no significant impact on aggregate stability and EMF abundance. However, a positive relationship between EMF abundance and aggregate stability was identified. Removing the forest floor resulted in a soil bulk density increase of 0.18 g cm-3 compared to doubling the forest floor. Our results demonstrate that some mineral soil properties recover relatively quickly from forest floor manipulations. The study informs forest managers interested in how soil responds to forest floor manipulation and the interaction between EMF and aggregate stability.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Growing stock monitoring by European National Forest Inventories: Historical origins, current methods and harmonisation

    Borota, DraganBosela, MichalBouriaud, OlivierBreidenbach, Johannes...
    22页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wood resources have been essential for human welfare throughout history. Also nowadays, the volume of growing stock (GS) is considered one of the most important forest attributes monitored by National Forest Inventories (NFIs) to inform policy decisions and forest management planning. The origins of forest inventories closely relate to times of early wood shortage in Europe causing the need to explore and plan the utilisation of GS in the catchment areas of mines, saltworks and settlements. Over time, forest surveys became more detailed and their scope turned to larger areas, although they were still conceived as stand-wise inventories. In the 1920s, the first sample-based NFIs were introduced in the northern European countries. Since the earliest beginnings, GS monitoring approaches have considerably evolved. Current NFI methods differ due to country-specific conditions, inventory traditions, and information needs. Consequently, GS estimates were lacking international comparability and were therefore subject to recent harmonisation efforts to meet the increasing demand for consistent forest resource information at European level. As primary large-area monitoring programmes in most European countries, NFIs assess a multitude of variables, describing various aspects of sustainable forest management, including for example wood supply, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. Many of these contemporary subject matters involve considerations about GS and its changes, at different geographic levels and time frames from past to future developments according to scenario simulations. Due to its historical, continued and currently increasing importance, we provide an up-to-date review focussing on large-area GS monitoring where we i) describe the origins and historical development of European NFIs, ii) address the terminology and present GS definitions of NFIs, iii) summarise the current methods of 23 European NFIs including sampling methods, tree measurements, volume models, estimators, uncertainty components, and the use of air-and space-borne data sources, iv) present the recent progress in NFI harmonisation in Europe, and v) provide an outlook under changing climate and forest-based bioeconomy objectives.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Tree mortality caused by Diplodia shoot blight on Pinus sylvestris and other mediterranean pines

    Caballol, MariaRidley, MaiaColangelo, MicheleValeriano, Cristina...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Diplodia shoot blight is an emergent forest disease in Europe caused by Diplodia sapinea. The short-term impacts of the pathogen on tree physiology are well known, but its capacity to cause mortality has been poorly documented. We compared the survival of four pine species affected by Diplodia shoot blight following a hailstorm: Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea and P. halepensis. In the case of P. sylvestris, survival in the hail-affected sites was compared with survival in other sites affected by Diplodia shoot blight with no hailstorm records. Mortality and crown condition were recorded over two years. Dendrochronological analyses were conducted to assess growth responses to drought and to test the influence of radial growth before the outbreak of Diplodia shoot blight on survival. The endophytic community, as well as the abundance of D. sapinea, was quantified by metabarcoding and qPCR respectively, and were correlated with crown damage. Crown damage was the best predictor of mortality across species. Pinus sylvestris experienced a much higher rate of mortality than P. nigra, P. pinea and P. halepensis. Two years after the outbreak, P. halepensis was the only species that could recover crown condition. Mortality was found to be unrelated to radial growth prior the outbreak. Drought responses did not correlate with mortality differences across pine species or sites. In the case of P. sylvestris, mortality was initially higher amongst diseased trees in areas affected by hailstorms than in sites not affected by hailstorms, however it tended to equalise after two years. Amongst P. sylvestris trees, crown damage correlated with a higher abundance of the pathogen. Signs of competition amongst endophytes were observed between non-defoliated and defoliated Scots pine trees following hailstorms. Our study shows that D. sapinea can cause a significant mortality to P. sylvestris. The legacy effects of crown damage can last for at least two years after an outbreak. During this time, crown damage is a good predictor of survival, and can help managers decide which trees remove after an outbreak.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Tree species delimitation in tropical forest inventories: Perspectives from a taxonomically challenging case study

    Gaem, Paulo HenriqueAndrade, AnaMazine, Fiorella FernandaVicentini, Alberto...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forest conservation and management programs rely on precise knowledge of local tree diversity. Distinguishing tree species is a major concern in tropical forest inventories as morphology alone may not be sufficient for species identifications in those highly diverse environments. Therefore, a multi-evidence approach is desirable to avoid subjective interpretations. We tested the contribution of a low-cost integrative protocol for delimiting sympatric species of the taxonomically challenging genus Myrcia (Myrtaceae) in the central Amazon region. We classified specimens into local species by morphotyping them and then validated our hypotheses using two additional sources of evidence: i) near-infrared spectroscopic data, consisting of 1557 absorbance values obtained from dried leaves; and, ii) morphometric data of leaf blade contours, translated into Fourier descriptors and summarized by principal component analysis (PCA), together with four additional leaf characters. The morphotypes were validated using linear discriminant analyses (LDAs) of the raw NIR spectra, stepwise-selected spectral regions, PCA-reduced spectra, as well as the morphometric data. A taxonomic name was assigned to each validated species based on comparisons with herbarium specimens and/or the technical literature. We delimited 38 species of Myrcia, and our hypotheses were well-supported by the LDAs (81-99% accuracy), evidencing that inexpensive tools can be effectively used to discriminate species in large-scale projects, and that integrative approaches are fundamental in that regard. Although vegetative traits were sufficient for species discrimination, fertile samples were crucial for obtaining taxonomic names for them. Thirteen species delimited by us belong to four species complexes, each treated under single species names in the current systematics of the genus. We therefore argue that species delimitations prior to individual identifications are essential for robust species definition in forest plot research because local species do not necessarily match global circumscriptions. This type of approach may greatly alter how local community structures are viewed and consequently modify the results of downstream analyses of ecological studies. We also emphasize that local species delimitations may contribute to the field of taxonomy by identifying potential inconsistencies in global species definitions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier