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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Afforestation-induced large macroaggregate formation promotes soil organic carbon accumulation in degraded karst area

    Lan, JiachengLong, QixiaHuang, MingzhiJiang, Yongxiang...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cropland afforestation-induced soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation is one of the major strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO2 and climate change, which plays an important role in the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle and sustainable land use management strategies. However, soil aggregate formation and its interaction with SOC are still unclear, and the changes in new and old organic carbon (OC) within aggregates after afforestation, especially in a fragile karst ecosystem, are rarely studied. Soil samples from cropland (reference) and two afforestation types (natural forest and managed forest) at 0-20 cm depth were collected. We measured aggregate amounts, OC concentrations, and stocks in bulk soil and aggregates and quantified new and old OC according to the natural abundance of delta 13C in bulk soil and aggregates. Afforestation remarkably increased the proportion of large macroaggregate (LMA) and decreased the proportions of small macroaggregate (SMA), microaggregate (MI), and silt + clay (SC) fraction compared with cropland in 0-20 cm depth. Afforestation remarkably increased OC stock in LMA but decreased OC stocks in SMA, MI, and SC. The SOC sequestration in total soil with afforestation depends on the increase in OC in LMA, which was due to the increased LMA amounts rather than the increased OC concentration in LMA. The afforestation-induced aggregation of LMA resulted in an increased physical protection of SOC, which led to substantial SOC accumulation from these aggregates. Moreover, the new and old OC stocks in LMA and SMA dominated in total new and old OC stocks, and the accumulation rates of new OC stocks tended to increase as the aggregate size increased. These results indicated that SOC accumulation was related to the rapid increase in new OC and the slow loss of old OC in bulk soil and aggregates. Natural forest could be a better afforestation strategy, as it facilitates LMA formation better than managed forest and promotes SOC sequestration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Intensive plantations decouple fine root C:N:P in subtropical forests

    Hu, MingyanMa, ZilongChen, Han Y. H.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fine roots play key roles in carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the global conversion of natural forests to tree plantations, a quantitative evaluation of the dynamics of fine root nutrients and C:N:P stoichiometry in plantations and natural forests is lacking. This study examined the fine root elemental concentrations and C:N:P stoichiometry of Chinese fir plantations and natural secondary forests (5-41 years old), employing primary forests as a reference. Live fine root C, N, P and K concentrations did not differ with forest types, but live fine roots had lower Ca and Mg concentrations in plantations than natural secondary and primary forests. Dead roots contained higher N, P, and Mg in plantations than in natural forests. Live and dead fine root elemental concentrations and C:N:P stoichiometry did not change with stand age, except for a decrease in dead root Ca and Mg concentrations in 19-31-year-old stands. Live root C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios did not differ between forest types; however, dead root C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios were higher in natural forests than in plantations. Our findings suggest that intensively managed forest monoculture plantations have a negative impact on the resorption proficiency of fine root nutrients and decouple the C:N:P of fine roots in subtropical forests. We recommend reducing fertilization and increasing plant diversity in plantations to optimize the C:N:P of plants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    What determines the effectiveness of Pinyon-Juniper clearing treatments? Evidence from the remote sensing archive and counter-factual scenarios

    Fick, Stephen E.Nauman, Travis W.Brungard, Colby C.Duniway, Michael C....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the intermountain western US, expansion of Pinyon (Pinus edulis) and Juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands (PJ) into grasslands and shrublands is a pervasive phenomenon, and an example of the global trend towards enhanced woody growth in drylands. Due to the perceived impacts of these expansions on ecosystem services related to biodiversity, hydrology, soil stability, fire prevention, and livestock forage, mechanical and chemical PJ reduction treatments have been a long-standing practice in the region. More recently, PJ reduction practices have come under enhanced public scrutiny, due to potential impacts on PJ-dependent wildlife, risk of erosion due to soil disturbance, and cost effectiveness due to variable rates of long-term success. Moreover, there is growing interest in understanding the biotic, abiotic, and management conditions under which PJ reduction treatments are effective. Here, we evaluated PJ reduction treatment outcomes leveraging large, curated databases of land treatments, new remotely sensed fractional cover time-series products, gridded climate and soils data, and analytical approaches adopted from the econometric literature. From 302 treatment events and 1569 distinct treatment polygons we found evidence that treatments reduced tree cover and largely increased shrub and perennial herbaceous cover for 10 or more years. However, treatments were also associated with increases in annual, likely non-native, herbaceous cover. Importantly, we noted treatment outcomes varied by landscape context, with some soil and geomorphic settings exhibiting consistent returns to pre-treatment conditions within 10-15 years, and others exhibiting more persistent changes in functional type composition. Despite the overall trends we observed, there was considerable unexplained variability in outcomes from treatment to treatment, highlighting the need for caution and attention to local geomorphic and biological context in planning future treatments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of stand age and inter-annual precipitation variability on fine root biomass in poplar plantations in the eastern coastal China

    Geng, QinghongMa, XiaocuiFu, XiaofengYan, Zhengming...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although we know that fine roots play an important role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems, knowledge on how fine root biomass (FRB) and its vertical distribution change with stand age and inter-annual precipitation variability is limited. In this study, we conducted a field experiment to explore the effects of stand age and inter-annual precipitation variability on FRB and its vertical distribution along the soil profile (0-100 cm) in poplar plantations on the eastern coast of China. We found that both poplar and understory vegetation FRB increased with increasing stand age. While the vertical distribution of fine roots in understory vegetation was not significantly affected by stand age, the distribution of FRB of poplar trees in deep soil layers was highest at the intermediate stand age (9-year-old). Poplar and understory vegetation FRB varied among sampling years and importantly, variation differed among stand ages. Compared with normal years, FRB of young poplar trees increased in the drought year (2019), while that in old stands decreased. In the subsequent drought recovery year, poplar FRB decreased in all stand ages; especially old stands. We found that poplar trees also optimize water absorption by changing the vertical distribution pattern of fine roots in the drought year. Moreover, unlike poplar trees, FRB of understory vegetation in all stand ages increased significantly in the drought year, but with little difference between the drought recovery and normal years. Structural equation models showed that variation in FRB of both poplar trees and understory vegetation were predominantly determined by soil total nitrogen while the vertical distribution of fine roots was regulated by soil water content. Our findings not only provide a scientific basis for sustainable management of poplar plantations, but also improve the ability to predict carbon dynamics of plantation ecosystems in confronting global climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Examination of aboveground attributes to predict belowground biomass of young trees

    Mund, MartinaSeidel, DominikAmmer, ChristianAnnighoefer, Peter...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Just as the aboveground tree organs represent the interface between trees and the atmosphere, roots act as the interface between trees and the soil. In this function, roots take-up water and nutrients, facilitate interactions with soil microflora, anchor trees, and also contribute to the gross primary production of forests. However, in comparison to aboveground plant organs, the biomass of roots is much more difficult to study. In this study, we analyzed 19 European datasets on above- and belowground biomass of juvenile trees of 14 species to identify generalizable estimators of root biomass based on tree sapling dimensions (e.g. height, diameter, aboveground biomass). Such estimations are essential growth and sequestration modelling. In addition, the intention was to study the effect of sapling dimension and light availability on biomass allocation to roots. All aboveground variables were significant predictors for root biomass. But, among aboveground predictors of root biomass plant height performed poorest. When comparing conifer and broadleaf species, the latter tended to have a higher root biomass at a given dimension. Also, with increasing size, the share of belowground biomass tended to increase for the sapling dimensions considered. In most species, there was a trend of increasing relative belowground biomass with increasing light availability. Finally, the height to diameter ratio (H/D) was negatively correlated to relative belowground biomass. This indicates that trees with a high H/D are not only more unstable owing to the unfavorable bending stress resistance, but also because they are comparatively less well anchored in the ground. Thus, single tree stability may be improved through increasing light availability to increase the share of belowground biomass.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Local and sub-basin effects of timber harvests on stream macroinvertebrates in Hinkle Creek watershed

    Gerth, WilliamLi, Judith L.Van Driesche, RichardSobota, Janel...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：We studied the impacts of clear cut timber harvest over six-years, focusing on aquatic macroinvertebrate response using a BACI design. Data were collected before and after logging throughout a stream network to examine both local and downstream effects of upstream treatments. Sites were located in fishless headwater tributaries, fish-bearing tributaries and main stems in Hinkle Creek's north fork (reference) and south fork (sequentially harvested) where benthic macroinvertebrates (from 2004 to 2009) and emergent insects (in 2005-2007 and 2009) were sampled. Pre-harvest (2004-2005) benthic macroinvertebrate composition was similar across sub-basins, with distinct longitudinal differences from tributaries to the main stems. At clear cut sites in fishless tributaries, benthic macroinvertebrate densities and percent Chironomidae increased, while taxa richness decreased, and these effects remained consistent for four years after the first harvest; aquatic insect emergence rates were also significantly higher in harvested v. reference fishless tributaries. No downstream macroinvertebrate responses were detected after the first harvest event. Following main stem harvest, confounded by a dam-break flood in December 2008, responses at main stem harvested sites were consistent with the localized responses observed in fishless tributaries, except benthic densities did not increase. While strong differences persisted among macroinvertebrates along the longitudinal gradient in the reference sub-basin, localized decreases in taxa richness and increased proportional contributions of generally disturbance tolerant chironomid midges among harvested sites resulted in altering the structure of invertebrate communities along the stream continuum. We conclude that additive effects of localized changes to instream resources along the stream continuum following successive harvest activities should be considered in plans for basin-wide timber harvests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Relevance of cultural ecosystem services in nurturing ecological identity values that support restoration and conservation efforts

    Heejoo, LeeYeo-Chang, Youn
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The research examines the potential role of restoring cultural ecosystem services in sustainably and equitably managing forested landscapes. It looks at how facilitating enhanced usage of cultural ecosystem services may mobilize ecological identities - or one's identification as a responsible agent to a natural system. The study focuses on the village groves of Korea that were restored during the first phase of the village grove restoration program (2003-2015) led by Korea Forest Service (KFS). Questionnaire survey was used to collect data on village leaders' ecological identity values (EIV) and their perception of how village groves' different ecosystem services are being used by villagers and non-villagers. These data were complemented by KFS-published information regarding the village groves' social-ecological system factors. Government documents and independent evaluation reports were analyzed to understand specifically how the restoration program addressed the task of restoring cultural values. Relationship between EIV and ecosystem service usage levels were examined by linear regression analysis, while difference tests were conducted to infer whether or not select social-ecological factors exhibit distinct difference in EIV or in ecosystem service usage levels. While the analytical results are far from conclusive, they hint at certain directions: first, the restoration program is found to have treated village groves themselves to be embodiments of cultural values. This approach leaves a wide gap to effective revival or reinvention of specific cultural uses or values that users can associate with. Second, the regression analysis shows generally stronger influence on village leaders' EIV by cultural ecosystem service usage than by usage of other service types. Examining by subtypes of cultural ecosystem services, those that are villager-oriented compared to visitor-oriented show higher influence on EIV, as do those individually-used compared to collectively-used. Third, the difference tests show no conclusive results about social-ecological system factors, except to speculate that factors conducive to visitor-oriented uses are found associated with lower EIV in village leaders. Furthermore, tourism attraction presence shows not only association with lower EIV but also with generally lower usage of the village groves' varoius ecosystem services. Such findings that show distinctions between villager-oriented andvisitor-oriented services and uses of village groves call for deliberative balancing of possible trade-offs between benefits to different user groups. This seminal study calls for further research on ecological identities, cultural values and cultural ecosystem services as potentially useful approaches to achieve more sustainable and equitable outcomes in restoration and conservation efforts.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Using permanent forest plots to evaluate the resilience to fire of Tasmania's tall wet eucalypt forests

    Prior, Lynda D.Foyster, Scott M.Furlaud, James M.Williamson, Grant J....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The vulnerability to repeated high severity fires of tall wet eucalypt forests (TWEF) dominated by obligate seeder species is widely understood. However, 80% of Tasmania's TWEF are dominated by resprouter species, and while these forests are more resilient to wildfire than those dominated by obligate seeders, the degree of their resilience is not well documented. Recently, two wildfires affected five 1-ha forest plots that had been previously measured, providing the opportunity to assess fire effects on these forest stands. We characterised these wildfires using remote sensing and field measurements of char height (a proxy for fire intensity) and canopy scorch (fire severity). We assessed the influence of tree diameter, fire intensity and seedling densities on the survival and resprouting responses of eucalypt overstorey trees and mixed species understorey trees. Our results showed that these fires were predominantly of low to moderate intensity and severity. Our results showed that mature TWEF were resilient to these wildfires, with overall eucalypt survival of 75%. The major eucalypt species were either mostly not defoliated (E. regnans), or could recover rapidly by epicormic resprouting (E. delegatensis and E. obliqua). Results from this and other studies show recovery from topkill caused by high severity fires occurs but is slower, by basal resprouting (E. obliqua) or from seed (all species). By contrast, understorey species suffered high mortality (85% overall), with few species showing substantial resprouting. Fire resistance in both groups increased markedly with tree diameter. Our results have implications for forest management. The high survival of overstorey eucalypts leads to a multi-aged stand structure in most unlogged old growth TWEF in Tasmania. On the other hand, clearfell logging, originally designed to mimic stand replacing wildfire in obligate seeder systems, creates a vulnerable, even aged stand of young regrowth, and at a landscape scale, it also reduces average tree size, reducing overall resistance to fire. Adopting alternatives to clearfelling, such as partial logging systems, will increase landscape resilience to fire, as well as providing other previously shown benefits.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Occurrence of declining bird species on privately owned longleaf pine restoration sites

    Harris, Natalie R.Gulsby, William D.Gitzen, Robert A.Lepczyk, Christopher A....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests have become a major focus of large-scale restoration efforts across the southeastern United States over the past two decades, but the success of these efforts are not often measured. One example is Partners for Fish and Wildlife (PFW), which is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and designed to assist private landowners with longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) planting. An objective of this program is to provide habitat for species like the Bachman's Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), which is reliant on fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas. To assess this program's success, we conducted avian point counts and vegetation surveys in longleaf pine stands enrolled in the Mississippi PFW program during 2018-2019. We surveyed 51 stands (>= 16 ha; <= 16 years old) and conducted 194 point count surveys. Across all stands, coverage of woody vegetation averaged 38% (SD = 20%), herbaceous cover 39% (23%), and canopy closure 68% (25%). We detected 6 Bachman's Sparrows in 3 stands at 4 points (5.8% of stands, 2.1% of points), indicating the stands are providing inappropriate conditions for this species due to inadequate prescribed burning. We detected Prairie Warblers (Setophaga discolor) in 37 stands (72%) and at 94 points (48%), and Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in 43 stands (83%) and at 101 points (52%), indicating PFW stands are providing habitat for declining shrubland species. If providing habitat for grassland birds like Bachman's Sparrow continues to be an objective for PFW stands in the Southeast, we recommend stricter requirements for landowner enrollment in the program (e.g., agreements to maintain a burn interval of -2 years), and more assistance in meeting those requirements. More broadly, maintenance of appropriate disturbance regimes will be critical to restoration of disturbancedependent forests and may require longer-term investment than is customary.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Applying ensemble learning in ecophysiological models to predict spring phenology

    Dai, WujunJin, HuiyingLiu, TongJin, Guangze...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Accurate and transparent phenological models have become a vital tool for reflecting the feedbacks and interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere and accurately predicting future phenological responses to climate change. With the rapid accumulation of ground-observed phenological data, an increasing number of studies have used process-based ecophysiological (Eco) models to predict future phenological changes. Many algorithms have been used to optimize the parameters of Eco models, but there is a lack of evaluation of different algorithms. Although no single Eco model can show obvious advantages, ensemble learning can improve model performance by combining different trained models. In this study, based on the historical observation data (leaf unfolding date and first flowering date) of more than 100 woody plants from 1962 to 2018 in Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden, we evaluated the performance of five Eco model parameter optimization algorithms, and compared the performance of 20 Eco models in phenological observation data prediction. Most importantly, based on the idea of ensemble learning in machine learning, we proposed improving the prediction accuracy of Eco models by applying ensemble learning methods in the trained Eco models. Our research results show that among the five optimization algorithms involved in this study, the generalized simulated annealing algorithm is more recommended for Eco model parameter optimization. Compared with the more complex three-phase and four-phase models, the simpler the model structure, the better the generalization performance of one-phase and two-phase models. The RMSEs of Eco models of many species on the test set were greater than 4 days, which indicates that the ability of Eco models to predict phenological data based on ground observations of some specific species is relatively limited. Our results highlight that the prediction accuracy of Eco models can be significantly improved by the Voting ensemble learning method. In the future, we can improve the accuracy of phenological predictions by using ensemble learning methods, so as to more accurately detect future phenological changes and their responses to climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier