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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Differential defoliation and mortality of white spruce and balsam fir by eastern spruce budworm

    Corona C.Leeper A.C.LaMontagne J.M.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) is a native defoliating insect in Canada and the United States that has large impacts on forest health. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and white spruce (Picea glauca) are its primary host trees, where budworm larvae consume buds and needles during larval development. While Eastern spruce budworm consumes both species, it is generally reported to defoliate balsam fir at higher levels. Investigating patterns and conditions that differentiate species’ defoliation and mortality is informative for understanding susceptibility. We studied an outbreak of spruce budworm at plantations in northern Wisconsin, USA, with defoliation first detected in 2014 that appeared to have higher impacts on white spruce, which is counter to general expectations. In 2019, we quantified spruce budworm impacts on these two tree species and tested which tree characteristics were most associated with tree defoliation and mortality. We found mortality of 60% and 49% at the sites for white spruce trees, while 0% of the balsam fir trees surveyed were dead. We determined that tree species was the main factor related to spruce budworm defoliation, rather than tree diameter at breast height or canopy class and suggest that different timing of species-specific mast-seeding events were related to defoliation and tree mortality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Deep learning models for improved reliability of tree aboveground biomass prediction in the tropical evergreen broadleaf forests

    Huy B.Khiem N.Q.Truong N.Q.Poudel K.P....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon uptake of a forest are key ecological indicators for various technical and scientific applications and sustainable forest management. Deep Learning (DL) methods have been considered as alternative to regression techniques to increase the reliability of tree AGB prediction. The objectives were to develop DL models to predict AGB in the tropical evergreen broadleaf forests and compare DL models with traditional regression equations for their reliability in AGB prediction. A total of 968 individual trees were destructively sampled from fourteen 1-ha and twenty-six 0.2-ha plots distributed across five ecoregions of Viet Nam to get a dataset of tree predictors of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), wood density (WD) and the response variable of AGB along with forest stand factors of basal area (BA) and density (N); ecological and environmental variables such as ecoregion, slope, altitude, soil type, averaged annual temperature (T), averaged annual rainfall (P) and averaged dry season length. The DL models were developed using different combinations of variables selected by factor analysis for mixed data and compared with traditional regression equations by using cross-validation. Trees AGB in tropical rainforest predicted by DL models had significantly higher reliability than the conventional regression equations when both had the same input variables. Of the 16 developed DL models with 1 to 9 predictors, the model with 9 predictors (DBH, H, Ecoregion, Altitude, P, T, Soil type, N and WD) was the best DL model which reduced root mean square percent error (RMSPE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) by up to 7.7% and 6.1%, respectively, compared to traditional allometric equations. The DL models created in this study should be applied for measured tree data following factors of the forest stand, ecology, and environment in sampled plots to predict the tree AGB and total AGB, carbon on a large scale with variation in the value of these factors. Thus, we recommend that the DL models apply for the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) program at a large regional level, national or territorial level scale.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Windthrown elements: a key point improving microsite amelioration and browsing protection to transplanted seedlings

    Marangon D.Marchi N.Lingua E.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Mountain forest dynamics and ecosystems services are critically influenced by disturbances, in particular storm events. After extensive disturbance, the large amount of deadwood lying on ground and the necessity for restoring the forest cover with natural regeneration are two critical issues to be dealt with. Salvage logging is the most common post-disturbance management strategy, but it does not consider the strategic role of coarse woody debris (CWD) in favoring regeneration establishment and survival. The aim of this study is to analyze how CWD contributes to creating favorable microsites for regeneration, increasing seedling establishment probability, after a large windthrow in the eastern Italian Alps. We focused on two different facilitative mechanisms provided by CWD, microsite amelioration and seedling protection, by planting a set of seedlings in the surroundings of deadwood elements. The former mechanism was analyzed by measuring temperature and SWC (Soil Water Content) locally, while for the latter we recorded evidence of browsing at the end of the season. For each trial, we established control sites in empty areas nearby with no CWD presence in order to infer its contribution. The results show that north-facing microsites on south-exposed slopes offer significantly lower temperature and fewer water stress for saplings, in comparison to south-facing microsites. More in general, saplings on deadwood-mitigated microsites are less exposed to desiccation, which mitigates the transplanting shock and facilitates the establishment. Moreover, the presence of lying deadwood increases roughness and, as a consequence, the cost for browsers to reach the seedlings. Using a coefficient expressing this increment, we underline the significant protective effect of CWD against deer browsing. The results of our study highlight the importance of deadwood in providing favorable regeneration microsites, enhancing the probability of sapling establishment and survival, protecting them from deer browsing.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Contrasting successional responses of soil bacteria and fungi to post-logging burn severity

    Ammitzboll H.Jordan G.J.Baker S.C.Freeman J....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Globally, forest ecosystems are increasingly impacted by natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, timber harvesting and land clearance. Understanding how soil bacteria and fungi are impacted by logging and burning is important for resource management, as these microbiota underpin many essential ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and soil formation. Using amplicon sequencing and qPCR of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS1 region, we quantified the abundance, diversity, and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities in undisturbed forest and adjacent logged and burnt sites, which included a mosaic of burning severities (unburnt, low severity and high severity burns). Our study was conducted over a 12-month time series post-burn, in the temperate wet eucalypt forests of Tasmania, Australia. We found that over this 12-month period i) after high severity burns, total abundance and diversity returned to pre-disturbance levels in bacterial communities but not in fungal communities and ii) for each disturbance severity, the composition of bacterial communities became more similar to the undisturbed reference communities over time, while fungal communities did not. We also characterised the succession of disturbance responsive taxa in logged and burnt communities, with the relative dominance of copiotrophic bacteria and fire-associated Ascomycota fungi shifting towards oligotrophic bacteria and fire-associated Basidiomycota fungi by 12-months. Further, we highlight specific taxa that respond positively or negatively to the impacts of fire disturbance and discuss the ecological implications of our findings for forest management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of different vegetation restoration on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial communities in degraded karst landscapes in southwest China

    Lu Z.-X.Wang P.Wu L.-C.Chen L.-J....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The karst area in southwestern China is one of the largest and continuous karst landforms in the world, and its ecosystem is highly sensitive and fragile. Appropriate vegetation restoration modes are of great significance for sustaining and improving the stability of the karst ecosystem, the dominant landform type in southwest China. Bacteria, linking soil and plants, play an important role in regulating the succession and restoration of karst vegetation. However, it remains unclear how soil bacterial communities and soil biochemical properties respond to vegetation restoration practices in karst areas. In this study, a 13-year long-term trial was performed using three planting restoration modes of deciduous broad-leaved, mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forests, with controls of natural enclosure. We aimed to investigate the impact of different vegetation restoration modes on the structure of soil microbial communities and their driving mechanisms using 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing, combined with the determination of 11 soil indicators and statistical models. The results showed that artificial restoration can improve soil nutrient contents, enzyme activities and microbial biomass more effectively than natural closure, which is beneficial to the rapid restoration of vegetation after abandoning of farmland. Among them, the effect of deciduous broad-leaved treatment on artificial restoration mode was better than that of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest. In sequencing results, artificial restoration increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, but decreased that of Acidobacteria. In addition, pH, soil microbial biomass carbon, and urease activity significantly increased bacterial diversity. Different vegetation restoration measures significantly changed the soil bacterial community structure. The bacterial community of deciduous broad-leaved forest was the most beneficial to the benign development of soil. Mantel test showed that pH and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were the key driving factors of the soil bacterial community. FAPROTAX analysis showed a significant positive correlation between sucrase activity and phototrophy functional bacteria. The results demonstrated that compared with natural enclosure, artificial vegetation restoration promoted rapid community succession, and construction of deciduous broad-leaved forest was the most effective way to manage karst areas, improve soil nutrients, alter its key microbial populations, promote ecosystem services, and eventually benefit the restoration of vegetation in karst areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Exposure to fire affects acorn removal by altering consumer preference

    Strickland B.K.Baruzzi C.Alexander H.D.Lashley M.A....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Prescribed fire has been encouraged as a management tool to increase oak regeneration across the southeastern United States. The least utilized part of the burn window in this region is during fall, but burning in this season with the objective of oak regeneration has been discouraged because of the potential negative consequences on subsequent germination. While exposure to fire decreases acorn viability, acorns cached in recently burned areas increases their survival. By following the fate of unburned acorns added to those areas, previous studies identified post-fire habitat characteristics (e.g., altering vegetation structure, decreased leaf litter, etc.) as a cause of increased acorn establishment success. However, exposing acorns to fire may also contribute to fate of surviving acorns by changing consumer removal rates. We exposed acorns to fire and established cafeteria-style experiments in unburned forests to compare burned and unburned acorn selection and removal rate of eight oak species by caching and non-caching consumers (i.e., predator type). Exposing acorns to fire did not appear to affect selection of oak species but affected overall removal risk for acorns differently by species of consumers. For example, while one important non-caching consumer (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus) and caching consumer (southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys Volans) showed strong selection of burned acorns, other important consumers in each predator type showed little discrimination or strong selection of unburned acorns (e.g., southern fox squirrel Sciurus niger). Exposure to fire reduced the overall rate of removal of acorns and when an acorn was removed, fire significantly reduced the probability that it would be removed by a caching consumer. Overall, our experiment demonstrates that shifts in consumer removal for exposed acorns may play an important role in the net effects of fall burning on oak regeneration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modeling temporal variations of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) storages across biomes

    Cho N.Kang S.Agossou C.Kim E....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Recent findings on non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) highlight their importance for plant growth and survival. Process-based biogeochemical models (BGC) focusing on primary production hardly capture the lagged NSC-related effects on tree mortality and growth. This study modified BIOME-BGC by adding sugar and starch NSC pools to incorporate NSCs as a temporary carbon reservoir between production and growth. The modified BGC-NSCs were evaluated with field NSC and flux sites across different biomes. As a result, the BGC-NSCs simulated the daily variations in gross primary production (GPP), the monthly and interannual variations of starch with a mean R2 of 0.60, 0.55 and 0.62, respectively. The simulation demonstrates that the starch pool size regulates the coupling strength between production and growth, implicating the involvement of NSCs in tree growth and mortality lagging. Consequently, we proposed future modeling guidance for mapping and simulating NSC dynamics to analyze growth and die-back process under climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial-temporal dependence of the neighborhood interaction in regulating tree growth in a tropical rainforest

    Weng X.-X.Guo Y.Tang Z.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The intensity of interactions among tree individuals in forests is regulated by distance and time. However, few studies have considered the variability of neighborhood competition with varying spatial and temporal scales simultaneously. Based on census data of a 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) during 1981–2015, we analyzed the variation in the relationship between the neighborhood interaction, represented as the neighborhood competition index (NCI), and the tree growth rate of 41,965 individuals from 211 species along a gradient of the neighborhood radius and over time. The results showed that the neighborhood interaction negatively impacted tree growth, especially for smaller trees, across spatial and temporal scales. The strength of the NCI–growth relationship was scale- and time-dependent. This relationship intensified initially with the increasing neighborhood radius and then plateaued at an average of about 20 m from the target trees, indicating the strong influence from neighbors could be detected at a distance up to 50 m or even 100 m. The intensifying tendency of the NCI–growth relationship over time probably results from the warming trend in recent years or the continuous radial growth of the BCI forest. We emphasize the importance of individual interactions in dynamic forest growth, and that an appropriate radius and forest age should be considered for the neighborhood analysis.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier