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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Riparian buffer effects on headwater-stream vertebrates and habitats five years after a second upland-forest thinning in western Oregon, USA

    Olson D.H.Ares A.
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Riparian-management zones protect aquatic species and their habitats in managed forests, yet the effects of riparian-management alternatives warrant further study. We examined effects of alternative riparian-buffer widths on fish and amphibians in small headwater streams with upland forest thinning in western Oregon, USA. Previously, we reported apparent lag-time effects developing 10 years after thinning of upland second-growth forest, and additional effects 1–2 years after a second-thinning harvest. Here, we analyze effects on fish and amphibian abundances, body-size metrics, and habitats 5 years after the second thinning at 58 stream reaches across eight study sites. Riparian-buffer effects were evident for several species and species groups: higher densities of fish and amphibians (e.g., coastal giant salamander [Dicamptodon tenebrosus], torrent salamanders [Rhyacotriton spp.], sculpins [family Cottidae]) were detected in reaches with a no-entry one site-potential tree-height buffer (～70 m wide) in comparison with lower densities in two narrower no-entry buffers (6-m-wide, and a variable-width buffer with a 15-m minimum width) and a thin-through managed buffer (two site-potential tree-heights wide, ～140 m). In addition, indicator-species analyses showed that torrent salamander densities were positively associated with stream reaches in unmanaged controls. Some amphibians changed habitat affinities slightly, being found during the most-recent sampling in locations with habitats related to larger stream sizes (i.e., more-perennial stream flows) than they had been in earlier sampling. Analyses of body-size metrics showed associations with buffers across 42% of species × post-treatment years analyzed, yet patterns were inconsistent within species, and more consistent associations of body metrics were found with microhabitat types, finding larger animals in pools. Although the mechanism driving changes is unclear, the positive associations of species’ densities with one-tree buffers suggest that either lag-time or cumulative effects of factors associated with treatments are developing, with benefits of wider streamside protections over longer time periods for headwater-associated fish and amphibians. Our findings of higher densities of headwater-reliant Rhyacotriton species in stream-reach treatments with the one-tree buffers, and affinities with unthinned control reaches, support the benefits of greater headwater-stream protections for that species complex, which includes species of conservation concern. The mix of different buffer widths and unmanaged units across our eight sites may be promoting site-scale persistence of a community of aquatic-vertebrate species—a mix of buffer widths with upslope forest management may be an alternative for larger-scale riparian forest-management objectives.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Drought impacts in forest canopy and deciduous tree saplings in Central European forests

    Beloiu M.Stahlmann R.Beierkuhnlein C.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Forests worldwide are increasingly exposed to extreme weather events. Drought deteriorates the health, structure, and functioning of forests, which can lead to reduced diversity, decreased productivity, and increased tree mortality. Therefore, it is an urgent need to assess the impact of drought on tree species. Due to differences in tree physiology, saplings and mature trees are likely to respond specifically to drought conditions. In contrast to mature trees, little is known about the response of saplings to drought. Here, we combine in-situ field measurements for saplings of deciduous tree species with remote sensing for forest canopy to assess drought damage, recovery, and sapling mortality patterns during a centennial drought (2018, 2019) and beyond (2020). We measured 2051 saplings out of 214 plots in Central Germany. Forest canopy health was assessed using 10 × 10 m resolution satellite observations for the same locations. We (1) demonstrate that forest canopy exhibits long-lasting drought-induced effects, (2) show that saplings have a remarkable capacity to recover from drought and survive a subsequent drought, (3) demonstrate that reduced sapling recovery leads to their mortality, (4) reveal that drought damage on saplings increases from pioneer to non-pioneer species, and mortality is ranking from Sorbus aucuparia > Sambucus nigra > Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Frangula alnus > Ulmus glabra > Carpinus betulus > Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica > Acer pseudoplatanus > Quercus petraea > Corylus avellana, Crataegus spp., > Prunus avium, Quercus robur; and (5) link drought response to site conditions, indicating that species diversity and winter precipitation as relevant indicators of tree health. If periods of drought become more frequent, as expected, this could negatively impact mid-term forest recovery, alter long-term tree species assemblages and reduce biodiversity and functional resilience of forest ecosystems. We suggest that models of forest response to drought should differentiate between the forest canopy and understory and also consider species-specific responses as we found a broad spectrum of responses within the same plant functional type of deciduous tree species in terms of drought damage and recovery.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Understory palms are not canopy palms writ small: Factors affecting Amazonian understory palms within riparian zones and across the landscape

    Falen L.Lima A.P.Jorge R.F.Magnusson W.E....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Understory palms are subject to different ecological pressures than those experienced by canopy palms, but most studies do not distinguish between understory and canopy palms, or include only canopy palms. Much of the variation in the taxonomic composition of understory palms in the Amazon is concentrated in riparian zones. However, abiotic characteristics of the riparian zone that influence this variation are underexplored or have been modeled only through additive relationships. Our objectives were to determine (1) if the abundance of understory palms is related to the abundance of canopy palms, (2) how topographic and soil variables, and their interactions, affect variation in composition of understory-palm assemblages across the entire landscape, which includes riparian and non-riparian zones, and (3) how understory-palm assemblages vary in species composition along streams as a result of variation in abiotic factors and their interactions within the riparian zone. We sampled 40 riparian areas and analyzed the data in combination with existing data from 72 non-riparian plots. Plots (250 m × 4 m) were distributed across 64 km2 of a terra-firme forest (Reserva Ducke) covering two major drainage basins that differ in topography and soil characteristics. Abundances of understory and canopy palms have opposite relationships to the same environmental variables and, therefore, should not be treated as a single group. In addition, interactions among environmental factors at the mesoscale (entire landscape) and at the local scale (riparian zone), generate compositional turnover even among sites with only subtle environmental differences. Stream discharge and soil structure are among the first variables to be affected by human occupation of riparian zones, which indicates that a better understanding of interactions between environmental predictors and a landscape approach will be necessary to conserve Amazonian understory palms.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Post-fire ecological restoration in Latin American forest ecosystems: Insights and lessons from the last two decades

    Souza-Alonso P.Merino A.Saiz G.Garcia R.A....
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)Wildfires are responsible for a substantial loss of forest ecosystem services globally and represent a major driving force of forest degradation across Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC). The detrimental effect of forest fires is particularly relevant in regions where fire has been historically absent or has rarely occurred. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest to promote and develop ecological restoration (ER) following fire. LAC constitutes a hotspot where work and interest in ER has been steadily increasing over the last decades, mainly due to the drive of a new generation of young and experienced ecologists and foresters. Despite the increasing attention in post-fire restoration in the region, there is a dearth of initiatives compiling and organizing all the available information on this topic. This work aims to address such constraint, providing current information on post-fire ER in LAC forests. After a brief contextualization of environmental and social consequences of wildfires, we collect and discuss recent advances on restoring degraded forests. From the conifer Mexican ecosystems to the Southern Patagonian evergreen forests, we look back over the last two decades (2000–2020) mainly discussing experiences of success and failure, as well as limitations of implementing approaches based on passive/natural restoration or active/assisted restoration. Furthermore, we also explore other aspects of the restoration process, including those related to social participation and community engagement (e.g. education in restored areas), the use of fire regulation and management to reduce fire risks and increase ecosystem resilience, educational aspects and intermediate approaches as agroforestry and silviculture practices. In the last sections, we identify three major categories of specific constraints that condition ER, including environmental limitations (biotic and abiotic factors), technical/management factors and the socio-economic challenge of restoration. Finally, we briefly discuss future perspectives for ER in LAC.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Landscape-scale forest restoration decreases vulnerability to drought mortality under climate change in southwest USA ponderosa forest

    McCauley L.A.Robles M.D.Woolley T.J.Bradford J.B....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsDrought-induced tree mortality is predicted to increase in dry forests across the globe as future projections show hotter, drier climates. This could potentially result in large-scale tree die-offs, changes in species composition, and loss of forest ecosystem services, including carbon storage. While some studies have found that forest stands with greater basal areas (BA) have higher drought mortality, many have not evaluated the extent to which forests restored to lower densities via restoration activities affect drought mortality. The southwestern USA is particularly susceptible to tree mortality due to the predicted increases in temperature, drier soils, and forests with high density. Our objective was to evaluate how ponderosa pine mortality is expected to be influenced by the Four Forests Restoration Initiative (4FRI), a large-scale forest restoration effort ongoing in northern Arizona, USA, that will reduce stand BA by approximately 40%. Specifically, we modeled drought mortality in three time periods, one contemporary (1970–2010), and two future (2020–2059 and 2060–2099) under three restoration scenarios: no thinning, 4FRI thinning, and a BA reduction beyond the 4FRI plan (4FRI-intensive). We estimated mortality using 11 climate models under two emissions scenarios. Without thinning, our model predicted that by mid-century (2020–2059), changes in climate could increase annual ponderosa pine mortality rates by 45–57% over contemporary rates. However, with thinning, mid-century mortality was predicted to remain near or below contemporary rates and these rates are 31–35% (4FRI) and 46–51% (4FRI-intensive) less than the mid-century scenarios without thinning. Our study shows that while climate change is likely to increase tree mortality rates, large-scale forest restoration projects, such as 4FRI, have the potential to ameliorate the effects of climate change and keep mortality rates near contemporary levels for decades.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Mortality and resprouting responses in forest trees driven more by tree and ecosystem characteristics than drought severity and fire frequency

    Bendall E.R.Bedward M.Clarke H.Bradstock R.A....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Increases in tree mortality linked to drought and fires have been reported across a range of forests globally over the last few decades. Forests that resprout epicormically/aerially should be the most resistant and resilient to changes in fire regime, yet they may be at risk of increased mortality, demographic shifts and changes to species composition due to the compounding effects of drought and fire. Despite this, the synergistic effects of drought and fire frequency on resprouters has received less attention than for obligate seeder tree species. Our study examined the effects of drought severity and fire frequency on the fire resistance of eucalypts (i.e., including Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia) that can resprout epicormically. Following large-scale wildfires and drought in 2013, we conducted field surveys of temperate eucalypt forests in the Sydney Basin Bioregion, focusing on two major Eucalyptus forest assemblages: dry ridgetops and wet gullies. We measured tree size, previous fire damage (i.e., fire scars), bark type, mortality and resprouting position (e.g., canopy, stem, base) of reproductive-age trees. We used a Bayesian modelling approach to derive bounded estimates of response probabilities for trees sampled in each combination of drought severity (mild/moderate versus severe) and fire frequency (low versus high), as well as bounded estimates of differences between trees with and without fire scars, different bark types and drought/fire histories. Eucalypt populations in both vegetation types were resilient to increases in mortality and changes in resprouting position under severe drought and frequent fire, and mortality and resprouting position varied substantially with tree size, fire scar presence/absence and among bark types. Tree mortality and changes in resprouting position were considerably more likely in smaller trees with fire scars. Species with non-compact bark (e.g., fibrous, stringy, rough) were less resilient to lowering in resprouting position, e.g., from canopy to stem. Populations dominated by species that have small stem diameters, thin/non-compact bark and previous fire damage are likely at elevated risk of mortality and changes in resprouting position under future climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Natural disturbances risks in European Boreal and Temperate forests and their links to climate change – A review of modelling approaches

    Machado Nunes Romeiro J.Eid T.Tromborg E.Anton-Fernandez C....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)It is expected that European Boreal and Temperate forests will be greatly affected by climate change, causing natural disturbances to increase in frequency and severity. To detangle how, through forest management, we can make forests less vulnerable to the impact of natural disturbances, we need to include the risks of such disturbances in our decision-making tools. The present review investigates: i) how the most important forestry-related natural disturbances are linked to climate change, and ii) different modelling approaches that assess the risks of natural disturbances and their applicability for large-scale forest management planning. Global warming will decrease frozen soil periods, which increases root rot, snow, ice and wind damage, cascading into an increment of bark beetle damage. Central Europe will experience a decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature, which lowers tree defenses against bark beetles and increases root rot infestations. Ice and wet snow damages are expected to increase in Northern Boreal forests, and to reduce in Temperate and Southern Boreal forests. However, lack of snow cover may increase cases of frost-damaged seedlings. The increased temperatures and drought periods, together with a fuel increment from other disturbances, likely enhance wildfire risk, especially for Temperate forests. For the review of European modelling approaches, thirty-nine disturbance models were assessed and categorized according to their required input variables and to the models’ outputs. Probability models are usually common for all disturbance model approaches, however, models that predict disturbance effects seem to be scarce.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Allocation to tree bark in pine and oak species in fire affected mixed forests across the Northern Hemisphere

    Daman Singh R.Gumber S.Joshi H.Singh S.P....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Pines (Pinus, with 120 species) and oaks (Quercus, with at least 400 species), the two principal forest forming genera of the Northern Hemisphere occur in fire affected landscapes over a large geographical area from 120°W to 150°E long, and from 10° to 60°N lat. We compiled studies of 116 such sites of which 75 sites had data of bark thickness. Taking a meta-analysis approach, here we have compared the absolute and relative bark thickness (bark thickness per unit stem diameter) of oak species sharing mixed stands to generalize adaptational significance of bark in relation to fire. For the meta-analysis we considered only natural forests with adequate evidences of fire history. We gave importance to relative bark thickness, which is less sensitive to tree size than absolute thickness while comparing species. At 100 cm girth the average absolute bark thickness was significantly higher for Diploxylon pines (3.65 cm) than for oaks (2.2 cm) and Haploxylon pines (1.65 cm). On an average, the relative bark thickness was higher for the fire adapted Diploxylon pines (6.3%) than for Quercus species, (4.4%). The resource allocation efficiency was higher in pine species than for oak species, emphasizing the importance of bark characters in their persistence and range expansion. The difference between species of two principal forest genera in relative bark thickness and hence success in fire affected landscapes across a wide geographical range strongly testifies its adaptational significance to fire.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biomass and demographic dynamics of the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae) in a mature Central Amazon rain forest

    Milton T.Dick C.W.Cabello N.Mori S....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.In this study, we analyze the demographic rates and biomass dynamics of Lecythidaceae in a 100-ha permanent forest plot in the Central Amazon. We characterize habitats in the plot, analyze the effect of habitat on tree density, species richness, and biomass and demographic dynamics, and quantify significant species habitat associations. The plot experienced a 13.2 % net loss of Lecythidaceae individuals (n = 1023) but aboveground biomass (AGB; Mg ha?1) did not differ between the two censuses. Growth rates averaged 1.2 mm year?1 with high intraspecific variation and differed significantly among species height classes. Stem density and species richness decreased in all six terra firme habitats and were significantly lower in both years in the flood disturbed habitat. Only the flood disturbed areas experienced a significant loss in AGB, along with the highest annual mortality, recruitment, and growth rates across the plot. The lower-lying habitats experienced higher mortality rates than the slopes and plateaus, suggesting too much moisture is a higher risk to Lecythidaceae individuals than drought in this plot. There were no overlapping habitat associations among sister species, or among the seven most abundant species, which suggests that terra firme habitat association provides a niche partitioning mechanism for closely related Lecythidaceae species. As intended with its establishment, this plot continues to provide integral baseline data for one of the most ecologically dominant and culturally significant tree families in the Amazon region.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Small clear-cuts in managed forests support trap-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids

    Pufal G.Eckerter T.Klein A.M.Braunisch V....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Most forests in Europe are managed but differ in their management intensity. This has different implications for structural- and environmental conditions and subsequently for the conservation of ecological communities, their interactions and functional consequences. Differences in silvicultural treatments, especially those promoting rare habitat structures, could foster trap-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids. We therefore tested how forest management and associated vegetation characteristics influence their abundance, richness, parasitism rates and the structure of the bee/wasp-parasitoid networks. Using 180 standardised trap nests on 45 forest plots (1 ha) in the Black Forest, Germany, we compared three management types representing a management intensity gradient: ‘unmanaged’, ‘close-to-nature’, and small ‘clear-cuts’. Host and parasitoid abundance were highest on clear-cut plots and parasitoids were positively influenced by vegetation diversity, whereas bee and wasp richness were highest on clear-cut and close-to-nature plots. The wasp genus Trypoxylon had the highest abundance on clear-cut plots whereas abundance of Deuteragenia was highest on the other management types. Unmanaged plots supported the lowest abundance and richness of the community. Whilst parasitism rate was not directly influenced by management, networks on clear-cut plots were less specialised and more linked. Our results highlight the importance of early successional habitats for trap-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids and the subsequent effect on the size and speciality of their networks. We demonstrate that different forest management types lead to changes in habitat suitability for some species, which translates to changes in host-parasitoid networks. Small-scale forest openings such as those created naturally by windthrows, and those created anthropogenically such as small-scale clear-cuts promote forest biodiversity and functions associated to Hymenoptera such as bees and wasps.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier