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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Phloem and defence traits in relation to tree size and age: Implications for host selection by bark beetles

    Hutchison, Isabella K.Reid, Mary L.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tree size often predicts the occurrence of bark beetles that breed in the inner bark (phloem) of trees. A notable example is mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, which primarily kills large, old trees during out-breaks. The tree mortality pattern is often attributed to increasing phloem thickness with tree size, although tree size-dependent defences may also be important. Age effects may confound interpretations of tree size effects. We examined phloem and anatomical defence traits in single-cohort lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, stands as a function of tree size and age within and across young mature stands (trees 25-45 years old) and old stands (115-140 years old). Phloem thickness increased linearly with tree size within and across stands, more strongly for trees in young stands that had thicker phloem than same-sized trees in old stands. Phloem nitrogen was greater in young stands and did not vary with tree size. Resin duct investment was generally greater in larger trees within stands, but young trees had more and larger ducts than old trees. These results are consistent with canopy dominance of larger trees within stands that can acquire more carbon for both growth and defence; relationships between tree size and both phloem and defence traits were weaker across stands of different ages. Greater defence in young trees may reflect greater risk and costs of herbivory that might be associated with higher phloem nitrogen in younger stands. Our results suggest that the best phloem resources (quantity and quality) are found in relatively large trees in young stands, which is a poor match for the pattern of attacks by mountain pine beetles that favour large trees in old stands. Lower defences in old stands may also explain the pattern of tree mortality by beetles. Other benefits of large trees merit more attention in understanding the importance of tree size to bark beetles.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Timing of leaf fall and changes in litter nutrient concentration compromise estimates of nutrient fluxes and nutrient resorption efficiency

    Wang, XingchangSong, HuiminLiu, FanQuan, Xiankui...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nutrient resorption in the canopy and return to soil with litterfall are two major nutrient processes in forested ecosystems. However, leaf-fall phenology and seasonal dynamics of canopy nutrient concentration have not been comprehensively quantified, compromising the confidence in estimates of litterfall nutrient fluxes and nutrient resorption efficiency. Here, we used high-frequency litter collections for 28 species in nine plots for a temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in northeastern China. Based on leaf-fall phenology and temporal shifts in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaf litter for major tree species, we quantified the errors in canopy nutrient flux and resorption efficiency for 15 species and nine plots. The day of year (DOY) of start of leaf-fall, DOY of peak leaf-fall, and the length of leaf-fall period differed dramatically among tree species. Concentrations of N and P in leaf litter usually declined during the summer and autumn seasons. Annual nutrient fluxes in total canopy litterfall at the ecosystem level were 65.70 +/- 6.14 kg N ha-1 and 4.70 +/- 0.80 kg P ha-1 of which leaf litterfall accounted for 78 and 76%, respectively. The N (NRE) and P (PRE) resorption efficiencies at the ecosystem level calculated based on the percentage of nutrient pool resorbed from canopy leaves were 49.8 +/- 3.9 and 48.0 +/- 7.1%, respectively. Calculating nutrient fluxes with species-specific nutrient concentration at the DOY of peak leaf-fall (Nupeak) underestimated N and P fluxes by an average of 11 and 14%; the corresponding errors in N and P fluxes estimated using plot-specific Nupeak were -5 and -7%. In addition, NRE and PRE for major species based on Nupeak were overestimated by an average of 9 and 12%, and those for nine plots by 11 and 17%; using plot-specific Nupeak lowered mean errors in NRE and PRE to 10 and 11%. These results indicate that estimating canopy nutrient fluxes and resorption efficiency using litterfall collected at the DOY of peak leaf-fall can lead to non-negligible errors, and species-specific combined litterfall collected at and slightly before the DOY of peak leaf-fall may be a better metric for estimating nutrient flux and resorption efficiency at both species and ecosystem scales.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Patterns of infestation by subcortical insects (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) after widespread wildfires in mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests

    Kitchens, Katherine A.Peng, LucasDaniels, Lori D.Carroll, Allan L....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Warming temperatures and changing weather patterns are causing more frequent and severe disturbances in western North American forests. The increasing length and severity of recent wildfire seasons have annually caused widespread injury to millions of trees, facilitating the subsequent outbreak of various subcortical insect species that infest damaged hosts. The subcortical woodboring beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) comprises insects that feed primarily within the phloem and sapwood of defensively compromised trees, often causing severe degradation of high value stands slated for post-fire salvage logging. We studied three 2017 fire complexes within mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in southern British Columbia to investigate the post-fire infestation patterns of woodborers. We observed the highest levels of woodborer infestation in forests with moderate to high levels of fire injury, rather than in extremely burnt stands with greater tree mortality. We also found that woodborer infestation likelihood could be predicted from a combination of tree height and fire injury for individual trees. In addition, infestation was more likely in large (>13.1 m tall) rather than small trees (<13 m tall) with the same levels of fire injury. We conclude that the woodboring beetle assemblage present in dry interior Douglas-fir forests is more aggressive and ubiquitous than previously observed, and these insects actively attack and kill living trees that may otherwise survive after fires with both economic and ecological ramifications. Economically, post-fire salvage may be more effective in preventing woodborer population build-up and timber degradation by targeting moderately scorched stands immediately after wildfire. Ecologically, woodborer impacts to trees that would otherwise survive may compromise their biological legacy and impair the diversity and composition of future Douglas-fir stands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term effects of forest thinning on soil respiration and its components in a pine plantation

    Niu, ShuliTian, DashuanZhao, XiuhaiWang, Jinsong...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Mounting evidence has indicated that forest thinning would increase soil respiration (SR) in the early stage (c. < 5 years) after thinning. However, the responses of SR and its components to different thinning intensities in the long-term have not been sufficiently studied. In April 2010, four levels of thinning intensities including control (CK, no thinning), light thinning (LT, 20% basal are removed), moderate thinning (MT, 40% basal area removed), and heavy thinning (HT, 60% basal area removed) were conducted in a Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation in northern China. SR and its components were measured monthly in growing seasons (May to October) from 2016-2018. After 6-8 years of thinning, on average, HT significantly reduced SR by 24.56%, compared to the control. Declines in SR were ascribed to the decreased heterotrophic respiration (HR) and autotrophic respiration (AR) in HT plots, because heavy thinning inhibited soil nutrients, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and fine root biomass (FRB). Thinning increased temperature sensitivity (Q(10)) of HR (CK = 2.24, LT = 2.58, MT = 2.82, HT = 2.51), but decreased the Q(10) values of AR (CK = 2.76, LT = 1.14, MT = 1.82, HT = 2.23). Soil moisture had a positive relationship with HR but did not correlate with AR (expect for MT). In addition, two-factor models combining soil temperature and soil moisture explained 40-64% and 1-12% of variation in the HR and AR, respectively. The effects of thinning on soil respiration and its components varied substantially over time. Our study highlights that fine root and microbial biomass should be incorporated into biogeochemical models when accurately predicting long-term effects of thinning on soil respiration and its components.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Escaping the fire trap: Does frequent, landscape-scale burning inhibit tree recruitment in a temperate broadleaf ecosystem?

    Knapp, Benjamin O.Maginel, Calvin J.Graham, BradleyKabrick, John M....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Frequent prescribed burning is commonly used to restore and maintain open forest ecosystems in temperate broadleaf regions of the eastern United States. Repeated surface fires reduce the abundance of small woody stems through top-kill or mortality, with implications for age structure and ecosystem development. In this study, we quantified tree recruitment patterns over two decades across two landscape-scale studies in Missouri: the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (a control, with no burning) and the Chilton Creek Management Area (burned on 2-3 year fire return interval). Through time, frequent burning reduced the rate of ingrowth (i.e., new trees entering the overstory size class, defined as >= 11.4 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)), and the effect of burning on the ingrowth rate was consistent across site types (summits, exposed backslopes, protected back slopes, or upland waterways). Two decades of frequent burning reduced the abundance of scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) in the ingrowth population. In the unburned control, the proportional abundance of mesic species such as red maple (Acer rubrum) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica) increased during the study period; frequent fire controlled the population of red maple but resulted in a similar increase in blackgum abundance in the ingrowth population of the burned area. Our results indicate that frequent burning affects the tree recruitment process in multiple ways: 1) reducing the source population for recruitment by reducing midstory abundance; 2) increasing probability of mortality or top-kill during the recruitment period. Fire-free periods may be necessary to allow eventual replacement of canopy trees in temperate broadleaf open forest ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Drastic impoverishment of the soil seed bank in a tropical dry forest exposed to slash-and-burn agriculture

    Bezerra, Jakelyne S.Arroyo-Rodriguez, VictorTavares, Jonathan M.Leal, Adrielle...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forest ecosystems are increasingly threatened by unsustainable agricultural practices, especially by those that damage their regenerative potential. This can be the case of slash-and-burn agriculture - a farming method that can negatively impact the soil seed bank, potentially limiting the resilience of forest ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, and thus look for management practices aimed at enhancing forest recovery, we examined the impact of fire throughout an experiment of slash-and-burn agriculture on the soil seed bank of woody plants in the Caatinga tropical dry forest, northeast Brazil. We compared seed damage and viability, and the structure (seed density and diversity) and composition (taxonomic and functional) of seed bank assemblages before and after fire. We found a significant decrease in the frequency and proportion of intact (undamaged) seeds after fire, and a 3.6-fold decrease in the proportion of viable seeds. While seed density remained constant, species diversity drastically decreased after fire, especially the number of rare species. The compositional dissimilarity (beta-diversity) between plots also dropped after fire, particularly its turnover component, thus causing the homogenization of seed assemblages across space. The functional composition of seed assemblages was also altered, with the relative frequency of shrub species increasing after fire, especially species with fleshy fruits and biotic dispersal. Taken together, our findings highlight the low resistance of the soil seed bank to this common farming method in tropical dry forests. Therefore, the recovery of this and potentially of other species-rich tropical forests exposed to slash-and-burn agriculture cannot rest on the soil seed bank, but on other processes such as seed dispersal and resprouting - an interesting avenue for future research.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Response of functional traits in Machilus pauhoi to nitrogen addition is influenced by differences of provenances

    Zou, YuxingLi, BaoyinPenuelas, JosepSardans, Jordi...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Comprehensive studies on the response of whole plant functional traits to nitrogen deposition can provide insight into the resource acquisition strategies of plants. However, current studies on nitrogen deposition have mainly focused on leaves or roots. We conducted nitrogen deposition simulation experiments with Machilus pauhoi (Lauraceae) from five provenances in a common garden experiment in the southeast of China.We measured 29 traits (biomass, phenology traits, and nutrient concentrations) of leaves, stems, and roots in response to nitrogen addition and selected 26 distinct important functional traits related to resource acquisition strategies of the whole M. pauhoi seedlings. We found that N (Nitrogen) addition significantly increased the biomass of M. pauhoi seedlings and altered biomass allocation among organs. The response of the leaf, stem and root traits to nitrogen addition was not always consistent among the different provenances of M. pauhoi seedlings. A uniform variation pattern of the three organs was found in the C (Carbon) and P (Phosphorus) concentrations, as well as N:P ratio. In contrast, N concentration, the C:N ratio and the phenotypic trait specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root area (SRL) did not respond in the same direction at the organ level.We concluded that nitrogen addition alters the biomass allocation pattern of M. pauhoi and the resource acquisition capacity of above-and below-ground organs. N concentrations and C:N ratio may play a key role in this regulatory process. Overall, N addition increased leaf mass fraction (LMF) and SRL, and instead decreased SLA and root mass fraction (RMF) of M. pauhoi. There are also differences in biomass allocation and resource acquisition patterns between the different provenances. AF and SC seedlings can be preferred provenances for M. pauhoi due to their balanced resource acquisition strategy and high phenotypic plasticity, respectively.Our study may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how N deposition affects the plant as a whole and provide a theoretical basis for precise nutrient management of M. pauhoi seedlings and their plantations in the context of nitrogen deposition.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Forage availability, supplementary feed and ungulate density: Associations with ungulate damage in pine production forests

    Felton, Annika M.Hedwall, Per-OlaFelton, AdamWidemo, Fredrik...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Populations of large herbivores, including members of the deer family Cervidae, are expanding across and within many regions of the northern hemisphere. Because their browsing on trees can result in economic losses to forestry and strongly affect ecosystems, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how best to mitigate resultant damage. Previous research has highlighted the importance of regulating deer density and the availability of alternative forage to reduce browsing damage levels in conifer production stands. However, often only one or two proxies of forage availability have been used instead of applying a broad foodscape approach and more knowledge is needed to understand which types of alternative forage best mitigate damage. We conducted field inventories of damage that occurred during the previous fall/winter in 112 production stands in southern Sweden, while also measuring forage availability and cervid faecal pellets in the surrounding landscape (16 ha). Local landowners provided data on supplementary feeding. We found that variation in cervid (Alces alces, Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus and Dama dama) browsing damage to top shoots or stems of young Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris, hereon pine), was better explained by the availability of alternative natural forage (using several indices and species of trees and shrubs) than by supplementary feeding. The proportion of damaged pine trees was higher in stands with a lower density of pine stems; in landscapes with a lower density of key broadleaf tree species (genera Sorbus, Salix, Populus and Quercus); and in landscapes with more open land (agricultural fields and paddocks). Damage was also higher in stands where relatively large amounts of moose faeces was found, while not related to the amount of faeces from other cervid species. The amount of supplementary feed (silage or other types such as root vegetables) did not explain variation in pine damage, but the result was possibly affected by relatively few study areas supplying sufficient data on supplementary feeding. The results from our inventory illustrate the efficacy of using naturally growing forage to mitigate browsing damage to young pine trees in managed landscapes. Creation of such forage is also recommended over supplementary feeding because of co-benefits to forest biodiversity and ecosystem services.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing logging legislation parameters and forest growth dissimilarities in the Brazilian Amazon

    Capanema, Vinicius do PradoSobral Escada, Maria IsabelAndrade, Pedro R.Landini, Lucas Gustavo...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Selective logging has been occurring in the last three centuries in the Amazon region. Depending on its intensity , it can result in forest degradation, contributing to increasing CO2 emissions. In Brazil, selective logging rules have been established by federal law based on forest growth parameters collected in the field. Since the Amazon forest is highly heterogeneous, selective logging parameters established by current forestry law s may be modified based upon specific studies conducted in targeted regions. However, few studies have collected forest growing parameters over long periods of time. This study focusses on the impact of selective logging policies in the Amazon, comparing thresholds in legislation with recommended practices found in literature regarding forest structure and dynamics in selective logging areas. We have undertaken a literature review of the main parameters found in studies conducted on different forest phytophysiognomies in the Amazon. Our analysis concludes that forest resources may be misused by uniformly applying the same selective logging strategy established by law for the entire Brazilian Amazon, regardless of site features. This study emphasizes the importance of considering parameters available in the current literature regarding distinct forest phytophysiognomies to inform regulation, since they may substaintially vary depending on site, which can affect timber activity, biomass production and carbon allocation estimations. Our results aim to provide precise information to support the development of informed forest regulation for sustainable timber harvesting in the Brazilian Amazon.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) demonstrates a high resistance against bark stripping damage

    Simunek, VaclavMachacek, ZdenekBrichta, JakubProkupkova, Anna...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Bark stripping damage reduces timber quality due to fungal infection and structural defects. Weakened stems may break and induce the death of trees, which strongly affects forest stability. Some tree species, such as Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), are highly susceptible to bark stripping, but Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been studied to a lesser extent. The objective of this study was to predict the effect of the degree of bark stripping damage and rot on the production parameters of Scots pine and to determine the influence of climatic factors on various damaged trees. The research was conducted on 15 pine forest stands aged 40-42 years with a numerous sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) population in the western part of the Czech Republic (425-492 m a.s. l.). The results showed significant differences in tree diameter and volume (but not height) between healthy and extensively damaged trees according to 417 pines measured. However, no differences were found between lightly damaged trees. Similarly, circumference damage did not significantly affect mean tree stem volume, in contrast to previously reported results for Norway spruce. The trees were first damaged by deer at the age of 18.5 years on average. According to the prediction model based on 40 felled and sampled trees, rot did not reach a distance > 50 cm from the site of the bark stripping on the stem, with a mean speed of vertical spreading of 0.9 cm yr(-1). Concerning the effect of climatic factors on radial growth (60 core samples taken), the difference between healthy and minor to extensively damaged trees was negligible. However, healthy trees responded more to the effects of temperature, and damaged trees were more sensitive to the precipitation amounts. Scots pine appears to be a suitable tree species for afforestation in areas with high game pressure during continuing climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier