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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Agroforestry orchards support greater avian biodiversity than monoculture oil palm and rubber tree plantations

    Yahya, Muhammad SyafiqAtikah, Sharifah NurMukri, IzereenNorhisham, Ahmad Razi...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The suitability of agricultural matrices to support biodiversity, including birds, varies depending on agricultural land-use. In Southeast Asia, monoculture plantations of oil palm and rubber tree have replaced the native rainforests and displaced forest biodiversity. Compared to such single functionality plantations, agroforestry orchards may provide a more complex habitat for biodiversity via polyculture and less intensive farming practices. However, little is known about the conservation value of agroforestry orchards for biodiversity. Here, we investigated the effects of different agricultural habitats on avian biodiversity in Peninsular Malaysia. Using point count method, we assessed bird community in three focal agricultural habitats (i.e., agroforestry orchards, oil palm, and rubber tree plantations). From 6,248 bird encounters, we recorded 110 species comprising 43 families. Bird species richness and abundance were significantly greater in agroforestry orchards than the other two agricultural habitats. Bird abundance was similar in oil palm and rubber tree plantations, but the latter supported significantly more species. Agricultural land-use type had significant effects on certain bird dietary groups (i.e., frugivores, insectivores, omnivores, and granivores). Overlap in bird species composition between habitats was rather evident, though some bird groups were more represented than others in the different habitat types. Our key findings may imply the importance of habitat heterogeneity in relation to vegetation structural complexity (as commonly found in fruit orchards) on farmland birds. Our data suggest that incorporating diverse native fruit trees into large-scale monoculture plantations could promote habitat heterogeneity and floristic composition, which can improve bird conservation and ecosystem services (e.g., pest insect control).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Masting benefits seedling recruitment of Armeniaca sibirica through directed dispersal by rodents

    Zhang, HongmaoYan, ChuanNiu, HongyuLi, Hongjun...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：In animal-dispersed plants, masting is often claimed to promote fitness through increasing seed survival (e.g., predator satiation hypothesis) and/or seed dispersal (e.g., predator dispersal hypothesis). Plant fitness is also enhanced when seeds are disproportionally deposited at the safe sites by animals in spatially heterogeneous environments (i.e., directed dispersal hypothesis). However, little is known about the relationship between masting and directed dispersal in animal-dispersed plants. Here, we tracked seed production, seed dispersal and seedling establishment of a rodent-dispersed plant (Armeniaca sibirica) from 2005 to 2017 in a warm-temperate forest in northern China. We hypothesized that masting would improve seed dispersal fitness through directed dispersal mediated by small rodents. Compared to the null model of random dispersal, more seeds were deposited at the safe sites and more seedlings were established from the safe sites in seed-rich years, indicating that directed dispersal occurred in the masting years. The proportions of seed deposition and seedling establishment at the safe sites were positively associated with seed abundance and seed-rodent ratio, suggesting that masting increased directed dispersal effects. Overall, seed abundance was better in predicting directed dispersal effects than rodent abundance or seed-rodent ratio. Beyond the most commonly considered advantages of predator satiation and predator dispersal, our results are the first to suggest that masting is beneficial for seed dispersal through directed dispersal mediated by animals. This finding might contribute to a better understanding of masting effects on plant recruitment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A decade of diversity and forest structure: Post-logging patterns across life stages in an Afrotropical forest

    Sullivan, Megan K.Biessiemou, Prince Armel MouguiamaNiangadouma, RaoulAbernethy, Katharine...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tropical forests are under threat of increasing pressure from income-generating land uses. Selective logging is a compromise that allows use of the land while leaving much of the forest canopy intact across a landscape. However, the ecological impacts of selective logging are unclear, with evidence of positive, negative, and negligible effects on forest structure and diversity. We examined the impact of selective logging on the structure and diversity of evergreen tropical forest in the Monts de Cristal region, a chain of mid-elevation hills in northwestern Gabon. For three size classes (seedling, sapling, and adult) of woody plant species, we tested whether forest structure (canopy openness, stem density, basal area, and relative liana abundances) and diversity were altered in forests that had been logged one year and ten years prior, compared to unlogged forest. In general, we found no large impact of selective logging treatment on the structure and diversity of adult woody plant communities, but the seedling and sapling communities were affected. Compared to unlogged forest, oneyear post-logging forest had greater variation in canopy openness and lower sapling stem density. Ten-year post logging forest had higher seedling and sapling species evenness, higher sapling species diversity, and higher relative abundance of sapling-sized lianas compared to unlogged forest. Our results show that key differences between intact and selectively logged forests persist in the understory at least a decade after logging. Overall, these results contribute an additional data point in the literature on selective logging, specifically representing the impacts of very low impact selective logging in Central African forests. Our study highlights the value of exploring selective logging impacts at multiple time periods of recovery, and makes an important contribution to the knowledge Central African managed forests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial comparisons of carbon sequestration for redwood and radiata pine within New Zealand

    Watt, Michael S.Kimberley, Mark O.
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Accurate spatial characterisation of plantation carbon will become increasingly important as countries look to offset anthropogenic emissions and growers seek fair payment for carbon. Although much research has characterised carbon in existing forests, estimates are often required for unplanted areas to gain insight into the suitability of greenfield sites for carbon forests. Ideally, these predictions should be made for multiple species as matching of species to site is critical for maximising carbon sequestration. Using a novel prediction method that leverages stand level carbon prediction models, and utilises previously developed geospatial productivity surfaces, our objectives were to (i) develop national surfaces for New Zealand of carbon sequestration for redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and (ii) compare carbon sequestration between these two species across a range of ages (30, 40 and 50 years) and stand densities (planting densities of 400, 650 and 900 stems ha-1).Spatial predictions of volume productivity show that suitable areas for radiata pine covered, respectively, 98% and 71% of the total land area in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The suitable range for redwood was more restricted, and a subset of the radiata pine range, with 87% and 28% of total land area suitable for redwood, respectively, within the North and South Islands. Within regions suited to both species (i.e. the redwood range), the mean carbon for redwood growing for 40 years at 650 stems ha-1 (mid-range scenario), exceeded that of radiata pine by 23% (636 vs. 519 tonnes C ha-1) and 35% (540 vs. 399 tonnes C ha-1), respectively, within the North and South Islands. When compared across the larger range suitable for radiata pine, mean carbon for redwood, under the mid-range scenario, was 12% higher (569 vs. 508 tonnes C ha-1) than radiata pine within the North Island but 49% lower (204 vs. 402 tonnes C ha-1) within the South Island, as large areas of the South Island are too cold or dry for redwood, but still suitable for radiata pine. Averaged across all regions, within the area suitable for both species, percentage gains in carbon were markedly higher for redwood than radiata pine between ages of 30 and 50 years and between stand densities of 400 and 900 stems ha-1. Our results highlight the potential of redwood for further afforestation as this species is capable of high and sustained rates of carbon sequestration on suitable sites within New Zealand.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Patterns and potential drivers of exotic plant diversity in managed northern temperate and boreal forests

    Bell, F. WayneDeighton, Holly D.Antunes, Pedro M.Newmaster, Steven G....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although exotic (i.e., non-native) plant species are among the main factors contributing to ecosystem change globally, investigations of northern temperate and boreal forest ecosystems in North America in the context of invasion science are scarce. Multiple hypotheses, including the 'biotic resistance', 'intermediate disturbance' and 'disturbance-mediated' hypotheses, can serve as a framework to assess invasibility. Here we used the NEBIE (natural disturbances and extensive, basic, intensive, and elite silviculture intensities) plot network, consisting of field sites across different forest types that originated from a range of silviculture systems to assess the role of silviculture intensity on exotic plant diversity. Botanical surveys were conducted pre-and two-, five-, and ten years post-forest harvesting. Thirty exotic plant species were observed across all studied forests, of which 20 belonged to the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae families. Exotic species richness was highly correlated with native species richness and peaked as a result of intermediate linked-press (i.e., climate, soils, historic disturbance regimes, and silviculture systems) stresses/disturbances and compounded pulse (i.e., harvest intensity, site preparation, and herbicide use) disturbances for all post-harvesting measurement years. Observed exotic species are considered to have traits consistent with those of ruderal species. In this context, our results support the intermediate disturbance and disturbance-mediated hypotheses, but not the biotic resistance hypothesis. To reduce the richness of exotic plant species in northern temperate and boreal forests we recommend minimizing the use of intermediate compounded pulse disturbances.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Influence of forest landscape on birds associated with lowland water bodies

    Psenickova, TerezaHorak, Jakub
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water surfaces are important landscape elements with respect to ongoing climate change. The most important water surfaces in central Europe are rivers and ponds. Forest ponds are beneficial reservoirs of water and neglected islands, potentially promoting bird fauna. We aimed to determine the response of the bird fauna associated with ponds in lowlands to forest land use type. We predicted that forest ponds would host different species composition and would be of importance mainly for forest dwelling species. Birds were studied in the lowland landscape of the Czech Republic, which is dominated by a large area of the eastern Bohemian Forest. We focused on two groups of birds: (i) water communities on the pond surface and (ii) tree communities in vegetation on pond dikes. The species richness of water bird communities was mainly influenced by water surface area and diversification. Tree bird communities were influenced by the total length of woody vegetation surrounding the ponds. Forest ponds most promoted several species of passerines, including some that are not forest specialists. We found that the bird species richness of forest ponds was generally not greater than that of non forest ponds. Nevertheless, forest ponds also supported open landscape specialists and increased the diversity of forests. Increases in woody vegetation surrounding ponds appear to be important management targets for improving bird diversity. The same effect could be achieved by diversifying of the water surface with terrestrial islets and the occurrence of plants, both of which goes hand in hand with low water pollution.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Managing existing forests can mitigate climate change

    Kauppi, Pekka E.Arnesson-Ceder, LinaSramek, Isabella HallbergHoen, Hans Fredrik...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Planting new forests has received scientific and political attention as a measure to mitigate climate change. Large, new forests have been planted in places like China and Ethiopia and, over time, a billion hectares could become available globally for planting new forests. Sustainable management of forests, which are available to wood production, has received less attention despite these forests covering at least two billion hectares globally. Better management of existing forests would improve forest growth and help mitigate climate change by increasing the forest carbon (C) stock, by storing C in forest products, and by generating wood-based materials substituting fossil C based materials or other CO2-emission-intensive materials. Some published research assumes a trade-off between the timber harvested from existing forests and the stock of C in those forest ecosystems, asserting that both cannot increase simultaneously. We tested this assumption using the uniquely detailed forest inventory data available from Finland, Norway and Sweden, hereafter denoted northern Europe. We focused on the period 1960 - 2017, that saw little change in the total area covered by forests in northern Europe. At the start of the period, rotational forestry practices began to diffuse, eventually replacing selective felling management systems as the most common management practice. Looking at data over the period we find that despite significant increases in timber and pulp wood harvests, the growth of the forest C stock accelerated. Over the study period, the C stock of the forest ecosystems in northern Europe increased by nearly 70%, while annual timber harvests increased at the about 40% over the same period. This increase in the forest C stock was close to on par with the CO2-emissions from the region (other greenhouse gases not included). Our results suggest that the important effects of management on forest growth allows the forest C stock and timber harvests to increase simultaneously. The development in northern Europe raises the question of how better forest management can improve forest growth elsewhere around the globe while at the same time protecting biodiversity and preserving landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Phenology, cold injury and growth of American chestnut in a Range-Wide provenance test

    Schaberg, Paul G.Murakami, Paula F.Collins, Kendra M.Hansen, Christopher F....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：The primary factor limiting the distribution and growth of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) in eastern North America is tolerance to chestnut blight that is caused by the introduced fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. However, a better understanding of how genetics and the environment influence American chestnut physiology and growth will also be needed to guide restoration as blight-tolerant growing stock becomes available. Here we describe patterns of phenology, cold injury and radial growth for American chestnut from 13 seed sources that represent three temperature zones (warm, moderate and cold) grown together in a unique provenance test in Vermont, USA. Temperature zones were established using data on the mean minimum winter temperatures over 10-30 years for weather stations nearest seed source locations; these averages were-5 ? and above for the warm temperature zone,-5 to-10 ? for the moderate temperature zone, and below-10? for the cold temperature zone. There was a consistent trend for trees from the warm temperature zone to break bud and leaf out earlier, and experience greater spring leaf frost damage and shoot winter injury than trees from other temperature zones. After initial establishment, woody growth (approximately 6 years of ring counts) was robust and tended to be greatest among moderate temperature zone sources and lowest for cold zone sources. Especially for trees from the warm zone, earlier budbreak was associated with greater growth. Foliar frost injury was not associated with altered growth, whereas winter shoot damage was associated with lower growth - especially following significant shoot loss. Even though warm temperature zone sources experienced more winter injury than trees from cold temperature zones, the growth of cold temperature zone sources tended to underperform that for warm and moderate zone sources - this suggests that, at least for the limited time that we evaluated growth, greater protection from the cold may come at the cost of greater growth potential. Although American chestnut is considered to be a relatively drought-tolerant species and growth was assessed during a period of historically high precipitation, higher moisture availability the year before, and occasionally during, the year of ring formation was broadly associated with greater growth across the temperature zones. Despite the negative influences of winter shoot injury on growth, the overall productivity of trees was exceptional, even at the northern edge of the species' range provided that moisture availability was adequate.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modeling fire hazards for the maintenance of long-term forest inventory plots in Alberta, Canada

    He, FangliangXu, KunHuang, Shongming
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Long-term forest inventory plots provide important data for forest research and management. Maintaining such sites is a challenge as they are vulnerable to numerous unforeseeable anthropogenic and natural disturbances. This is particular so given the ongoing global change and the resultant risks of intensified disturbances. Of these disturbances, fire is the most important regime that dictates the dynamics of northern forests. However, little is known about how fire may threaten the forest inventory plots in the region. To address this question, we compiled data on forest fires occurred over the past six decades for permanent sample plots in Alberta, Canada. We employed the Cox proportional hazards model to quantify the effects of stand conditions and climate on the fire hazards of these plots. The results showed that 17% of the plots were burned, and they had an average 28.7 year lifespan, and more recently established plots suffered higher fire hazards. Our model predicted that 15% of the plots in Alberta would be disturbed due to fire 30 years after plot establishment, and that prediction increased to 35% after 50 years. The plots located in the Boreal ecoregion suffered 2.85 and 3.36 times higher fire risk than those in the Foothills and Rocky Mountain ecoregions, respectively. Tree species richness and density of deciduous trees of the plots were found to reduce their fire hazards, while mean annual temperature increased the hazards. By 2050, the mean fire hazards of the plots are projected to be 1.63 times higher than the current level as global warming persists, posing a great threat to the long-term maintenance of forest inventory plots.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Uncovering forest dynamics using historical forest inventory data and Landsat time series

    Myroniuk, ViktorBell, David M.Gregory, Matthew J.Vasylyshyn, Roman...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：While many countries regularly produce timely and accurate estimates for a range of forest attributes through national forest inventory programs, many have access to no such inventory or their inventory is discontinuous in space and time, such as a sample-based approach in Ukraine limited to two regional (Ivano-Frankivsk and Sumy) inventories conducted in 2008-2015 at a total area of 37,700 ha. This study addresses the extent to which limited historical forest inventory data may facilitate forest mapping efforts using dense Landsat time series (LTS) and mapping techniques (i.e., classification and imputation) to predict multiyear forest dynamics. We used the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) segmentation approach to extract inter-and intra-annual trends in LTS and utilized these fitted trends as covariates in further modeling. We developed random forest (RF) classification models for forest mapping based on field data collection and LTS, and then generated yearly forest maps for 1990-2020. The RF model accuracies were high for both producer's and user's accuracy (> 0.93 +/- 0.04). Based on yearly forest dynamics, we detected an increasing trend in forest loss during 2000-2010 and 2010-2020 in our regions. We used the gradient nearest neighbor (GNN) method to generate species presence (basal area (BA) >= 1.0 m(2) ha(-1)) and growing stock volume (GSV) maps at the 30-m pixel level. Our nearest neighbor imputation models achieved better accuracies (Cohen's kappa > 0.4) for species that are prevalent within regions, occupy distinct geographical areas, and have higher plot BA abundance. To obtain estimates of species abundance with higher R-2, we used the GNN model with k = 3 nearest neighbors. Aggre-gating species based on similar environmental niche resulted in greater R-2 values of BA that varied within two regions from low (0.129 and 0.416) for a group of hardwood deciduous species to high (0.531 and 0.712) for coniferous species. The accuracy was systematically better at 5-km hexagonal level, thus we recommend using the maps at coarser aggregations. The study showed that forests accumulated more GSV in 1990-2000, albeit higher rates of GSV loss were observed during the two last decades. We attribute the spatial and temporal character of forest change to forestry activities in the past, the current age structure of forests, and afforestation of abandoned farmlands. We are aware that forecasting performance of the nearest neighbor imputation approach merits more detailed consideration as new forest inventory data are available.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier