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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Effects of long-term low intensity silviculture and habitat on birds in Nothofagus antarctica forests of south Patagonia

    Blazina, Ana P.Pastur, Guillermo J. MartinezPeri, Pablo L.Lencinas, Maria V....
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Low intensity silviculture has been used to decrease the impact of forest harvesting, for example, on bird species and structural diversity. The objective of this work was to analyse the long-term effect of thinning on bird communities of Nothofagus antarctica forests in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), compared with unthinned forests at two different locations. Thinning was performed 15 and 50 years ago at each location (ranches), therefore we also evaluated other common forest habitat types to differentiate these effects (location and time). We sampled four habitat types associated to overstory canopy cover (CC) categories: thinned (35-65% CC), and three unthinned forests (open with < 35% CC, closed with 65-85% CC, and very closed with > 85% CC), totalling 32 sampling sites (2 ranches x 4 canopy cover x 4 replicates). Bird assemblages' structure and functional traits (e. g., richness, density, trophic groups, use of strata) were surveyed during two consecutive summers (2017-2020) at each site. We also characterized habitats by: (i) forest structure and ground cover (e.g., basal area, debris, and saplings); and (ii) food availability, considering understory plants consumed by birds (e.g., plant richness, grasses and dicots cover) and arthropods (e.g., total abundance). We evaluated the effect of CC, ranch, time, habitat and food availability by Generalised Linear Mixed Models and multivariate analyses (Multiple Response Permutation Procedure, Canonical Correspondence Analysis). In thinned forests, some bird structure and functional traits remained similar to closed forests; however, thinning increased bird species richness, being more similar to open forests. Effect of time could not be detected. CC and ranch were the factors that better described bird community structure, while forest structure, ground cover and food availability (e.g., dominant height, basal area, proportion of Hymenoptera) were the main drivers of most functional traits. The whole bird assemblage was better
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Does successful forest regeneration require the nursing of seedlings by nurse trees through mycorrhizal interconnections?

    Hogberg, PeterHogberg, Mona N.
    4页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Competitiveness of Rosa multiflora Thunb. in varying plant communities and light regimes compared with co-occurring native species

    Vander Tuig, AndrewWilkes, NathanDornbos Jr, David L.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.) is a non-native invasive shrub of central lower Michigan that is broadly distributed throughout much of the non-mountainous U.S. Like many non-native invasive species, multiflora rose (MR) colonizes a variety of habitats where it competes with and replaces native plant species. The goal of this research was to compare the light and water use efficiency of MR with co-occurring native woody plants in mature forests with minimal light penetration to the forest floor, young forests with substantial light penetration, and edge or meadow habitats with full sunlight exposure. Photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and leaf chlorophyll content were measured for MR and two co-occurring native woody plants. Black cherry and Virginia creeper are native woody plants found to co-occur with MR in every replicate location of all three habitats assessed. MR was significantly more light use efficient than Black cherry at light intensities greater than 750 W/ m2 and exhibited a much broader light use efficiency advantage over Virginia creeper at light intensities greater than 100 W/m2. These results indicate land managers should prioritize surveillance of high value landscapes with high levels of incident light when there is little or no MR infestation, choosing first to remove MR from quality forest habitats with less light because mitigation efforts in these areas are more likely to be successful. Removal or death of overstory plants will increase the risk of encroachment by MR which could also inhibit juvenile recruitment by desired tree and forest floor ephemeral species. Encouraging the growth of overstory plants to shade MR in forests to minimize the amount of light reaching it will reduce MR competitiveness even after MR has been established.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of burn season on fire-excluded plant communities in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

    Vaughan, Matthew C.Hagan, Donald L.Bridges, William C., Jr.Barrett, Kyle...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Following decades of fire exclusion, managers are increasingly implementing prescribed fire in southern Appalachian forests. To date, the use of prescribed fire in the region has often been focused on reducing hazardous fuel loads and has typically occurred in the dormant season. Understanding the effects of burning in different periods of plant growth may reveal how burn season influences patterns of vegetative succession. In this study, we compared the effects of prescribed burn treatments conducted in the dormant season (January-early April) vs. the early growing season (mid-late April) on changes in plant abundance by understory, midstory, and overstory forest strata. Plant groups were distinguished by growth habit, stem origin, functional characteristics, and species of management interest (red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.)). Burn season had minimal effect on understory cover, density, richness, or diversity. In the midstory, early growing season burns were more effective in reducing shrub density than dormant season burns (-1,585 +/- 188 ha- 1 vs. -813 +/- 240 ha- 1, respectively), with greater differences among smaller stems. Early growing season burns also reduced midstory red maple density to a greater degree than dormant season burns (-356 +/- 57 ha- 1 vs. -219 +/- 69 ha- 1), a response that was not observed among other mesophytic hardwood species. Burning slightly reduced canopy cover, but neither canopy cover nor overstory density response varied by burn season. Our results demonstrate that managers may find increased opportunities to promote forest restoration objectives in the southern Appalachians by extending the use of prescribed fire into the early growing season.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Logging legacies in a plant biodiversity hotspot: Altered distribution and abundance patterns of the shrub layer in the southern Appalachians

    Woodbridge, MargaretDovciak, Martin
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Altered disturbance regimes in forest ecosystems can lead to the formation of dense, persistent understory vegetation composed of a small number of dominant species. This understory layer often limits tree seedling recruitment, decreases biodiversity, and can alter forest ecosystem structure and functioning. In the southern Appalachians - one of the most biodiverse regions in North America - pervasive logging in the 19th and early 20th centuries may have contributed to the formation of a dense understory shrub layer that suppresses plant diversity and tree recruitment, but the evidence for this idea has been mixed. To help clarify this issue, we tested whether (a) the two dominant understory shrub taxa (Kalmia latifolia and evergreen Rhododendron species) were more common or more abundant in areas with a history of intense logging than in areas undisturbed by logging, and (b) the relationships between the understory shrub layer and environmental gradients that drive regional biodiversity and plant distributions in the Southern Appalachians (e.g., climate, soils) differ in logged versus undisturbed areas. We used publicly available, extensive, and spatially explicit data on vegetation, climate, topography, soils, solar radiation, and logging history in Great Smoky Mountains National Park to build beta and binomial regression models of shrub frequency and cover as a function of logging history and environmental variables. Contrary to our expectation and speculations in the literature, we found that the dominant shrub taxa were more common (frequent) in areas with no logging history. However, we also found that logging history effects on shrub abundance (cover) varied along environmental gradients. For example, in topographically shaded landscape positions evergreen Rhododendron thickets exhibited greater cover in logged areas than in areas with no logging history. On the other hand, Rhododendron thickets exhibited lower cover in logged areas than in areas with no logging history at low elevations. Thus, conservation planning and forest management in topographically complex regions need to consider both landscape context (e.g., elevation, landscape position) and past logging as important interacting drivers that either facilitate or suppress local formation of dense shrub understories that can ultimately impact tree regeneration patterns, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Larger hardwood trees benefit from removing Rhododendron maximum following Tsuga canadensis mortality

    Dharmadi, Sandra N.Elliott, Katherine J.Miniat, Chelcy Ford
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forest disturbance to overstory vegetation can result in increased abundance of understory vegetation, potentially affecting various ecosystem processes. Habitat expansion of a native evergreen woody shrub, Rhododendron maximum (rosebay rhododendron), in southern Appalachian Mountain riparian forests of the eastern United States has occurred following the mortality of Castanea dentata (American chesnut) in the early 20th century and more recently Tsuga canadensis (Eastern hemlock). Increased abundance of R. maximum has been associated with reduced tree seedling recruitment and survival, as well as shorter overstory tree height compared to where R. maximum understory was not present. As part of a larger investigation into the removal of R. maximum to restore vegetation structure and composition, this study examined the effects of removing R. maximum understory (by cutting) and soil O-horizon (by prescribed fire) on microclimate, whole tree and plot-level transpiration during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. We found increased soil moisture in the wetter year (2017) and greater variation in light transmission to the forest floor after the treatment. Larger trees were able to increase their water use in the drier year (2016), resulting in similar plot-level transpiration of treatment and reference plots. Removal of R. maximum understory is not expected to significantly alter streamflow or stream chemistry during the growing season; however, it can help restore forest structure through improving tree seedling survival and recruitment as well as increasing growth of established trees.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Root-soil facilitation in mixed Eucalyptus grandis plantations including nitrogen-fixing species

    Zhang, DanjuLi, JinjinHuang, YumeiGao, Shun...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：The success of mixed plantation systems is ultimately the net result of positive and negative interactions, including belowground interactions, among the respective species. Despite increasing knowledge on positive interactions on biomass and productivity in mixed-species plantations, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying belowground interactions. Based on biodiversity data from four mixed Eucalyptus grandis plantations, we determined the optimal ecological facilitative interactions of mixed plantation, i.e., E. grandis and Alnus formosana. We then investigated in situ root exudation of E. grandis using a cuvette-based method and analysed root patterns, defence chemicals, bacterial communities, and biochemical properties of rhizosphere soils in mixed E. grandis with alder. Compared with pure Eucalyptus plantations, the fine root production by E. grandis was higher in subsoil layers (40-80 cm) in mixed plantations with alder. Autotrophic root respiration and associated enzymes were also increased in mixed plantations. Root exudates and defence allelochemicals of E. grandis changed in the presence of alder. Compared with the pure Eucalyptus plantations, E. grandis roots in mixed plantations reduced the release of potential allelochemicals, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, unsaturated lactone, and glycosides. Methyl jasmonate, a common signal chemical, was significantly decreased in mixed-species plantations. The bacterial community of E. grandis rhizosphere soil was improved in mixed stands and recruited more nitrifying, N-fixing, and cellulose-decomposing bacteria, such as family Nitrosomonadaceae, genera MND1, Marmoricola, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groups. Thus, belowground ecological facilitative interactions occurred in mixed plantations with alder, which were due to E. grandis altering its rooting pattern, reducing the levels of released allelochemicals, recruiting more beneficial bacteria, and improving the biochemical properties of rhizosphere soil. This mechanism may be useful in reforestation programs for Eucalyptus monocultures that are suffering from problems associated with low biodiversity and reduced soil fertility.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Species-specific growth and transpiration response to changing environmental conditions in floodplain forest

    Szatniewska, JustynaZavadilova, InaNezval, OndrejKrejza, Jan...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recent changes in the floodplain forests of Central Europe, caused mainly by changes in hydrological manage-ment , the increased frequency of droughts due to climate change, have led to severe degradation of floodplain ecosystems. Our main objective was to determine the sensitivity of trees to drought by observing the response of the tree phenology, stem radial growth , physiology (sap flow) of three predominant tree species, namely English oak, narrow-leaved ash, and common hornbeam, to the environmental variables (climate). Stem radial growth began before bud break in ring-porous oak and ash, whereas in diffuse-porous hornbeam, growth onset occurred after leaf formation. The early onset with intense growth during favorable months (April-May) observed in ring-porous species was a major prerequisite for the successful growth of oak and ash at this site. Tree water deficit (TWD), an indicator of stem hydration, was triggered by decreasing soil moisture in all species, and was most prominent in ash, followed by oak. Intriguingly, sap flow was decoupled from TWD in all species and was driven primarily by evaporative demand from the atmosphere. Oak was the least conservative in regulating sap flow under atmospheric drought followed by hornbeam, whereas ash was most restricted and reduced its transpiration during dry periods. In contrast, ash was characterized by the highest radial growth and growth -based water-use efficiency. The lower water storage capacity of oak and ash is likely compensated by deep rooting and drought avoidance strategies, respectively. Tree species that tend to use surface soil water could be severely limited by more extractive species such as hornbeam. Despite the contrasting leaf and wood phenology, stomatal control, and rooting depth among the studied floodplain tree species, they exhibited analogous sap flow and water storage dynamics responses to drier conditions that enabled them to co-exist in the South Moravian Region. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the severe droughts and human-induced alterations in groundwater pose serious threats to floodplain forests in Central Europe, with certain tree species being unable to adapt to these altered conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Tree species mixing enhances rhizosphere soil organic carbon mineralization of conifers in subtropical plantations

    Li, Wen-QingWu, Zi-JunZong, Ying-YingWang, G. Geoff...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tree species mixing is a prevalent practice to improve soil quality in monoculture plantations and the rhizosphere soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics of conifers will be affected by mixing the species with broad-leaved trees; however, the influence characteristics and underlying mechanism of mixing on rhizosphere SOC mineralization remain elusive. Herein, the rhizosphere soils of two conifers (Pinus massoniana and Pinus elliottii) from pure and mixed plantations were incubated for 50 days. Bacterial communities were investigated by high throughput sequencing and qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene. The SOC quality represented by carbon functional groups was analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. A higher rhizosphere SOC quality of conifers, particularly the lower ratios of aromatic/aliphatic compounds and (aromatic + aliphatic compounds)/polysaccharide, was found in the mixed plantation compared to the pure plantation. Mixing increased the relative abundance of the conifer rhizosphere copiotrophic bacteria (Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and led to an increase in the bacterial copiotroph:oligotroph ratio. The redundancy analysis showed that the aromatic/aliphatic compound ratio was the predominant factor that significantly affected the soil bacterial communities. The rhizosphere SOC mineralization rate increased after mixing and had a positive relationship with copiotrophic bacteria and the bacterial copiotroph:oligotroph ratio. Our analyses indicate that planting broad-leaved trees in coniferous plantations increases organic carbon mineralization from the rhizosphere soil of conifers and provide potential driving patterns of SOC mineralization related to SOC quality and bacterial life strategy.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier